Sakmarian

In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 295 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.[2]

System/
Period		 Series/
Epoch		 Stage/
Age		 Age (Ma)
Triassic Lower/
Early		 Induan younger
Permian Lopingian Changhsingian 251.902 254.14
Wuchiapingian 254.14 259.1
Guadalupian Capitanian 259.1 265.1
Wordian 265.1 268.8
Roadian 268.8 272.95
Cisuralian Kungurian 272.95 283.5
Artinskian 283.5 290.1
Sakmarian 290.1 295.0
Asselian 295.0 298.9
Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Gzhelian older
Subdivision of the Permian system
according to the ICS, as of 2017.[1]

Stratigraphy

The Sakmarian stage is named after the Sakmara River in the Ural Mountains, a tributary to the Ural River. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874. In Russian stratigraphy, it originally formed a substage of the Artinskian stage. Currently, the ICS uses it as an independent stage in its international geologic timescale.

The base of the Sakmarian stage is laid with the first appearance of conodont species Streptognathodus postfusus in the fossil record. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed. The top of the Sakmarian (the base of the Artinskian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Sweetognathus whitei and Mesogondolella bisselli first appear.

Sakmarian life

Cartilaginous fishes
Chondrichthyes of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany An acanthodian
Acanthodes
Orthacanthus
Triodus
Xenacanthus
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany A xenacanthidan elasmobranch

Ray-finned fishes
Actinopterygii of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Czech Republic, France An aeduellid non-neopterygian
Amblypterus
Cisuralian Czech Republic An amblypterid non-neopterygian
Cisuralian Czech Republic, France An amblypterid non-neopterygian

Lungfishes
Dipnoi of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Permian to Early Triassic United States A gnathorhizid dipnoan
Gnathorhiza

†Osteolepiforms
Osteolepiformes of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian North America A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph
Ectosteorhachis
  • Palatinichthys
 Cisuralian Germany A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph

†Temnospondyls
Temnospondyli of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Kansas A genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Eobrachyopidae.
Archegosaurus
Platyhystrix
Trimerorhachis
Zatrachys
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany A temnospondyl
Cisuralian Texas A temnospondyl of uncertain affinities.
Carboniferous to Cisuralian United States A temnospondyl
Asselian-Sakmarian Germany A species of temnospondyl in the family Eryopidae.
Abo Formation, New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas A temnospondyl
Cisuralian Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States A zatracheidid

†Lepospondyls
Lepospondyli of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
North America A diplocaulid "nectridean".
Diploceraspis

†Seymouriamorphs
Seymouriamorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Boskovice Furrow, Czech Republic A reptiliomorph
Discosauriscus

†Diadectomorphs
Diadectomorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian North America A reptiliomorph
Diadectes
Cisuralian North America A reptiliomorph

†Procolophonomorphs
Procolophonomorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian Europe A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile
Belebey
Bolosaurus
Cisuralian North America and North Asia A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile

Eureptilians
Eureptilia of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian USA A captorhinid reptile
Captorhinus
Cisuralian Texas, USA A captorhinid reptile
Cisuralian Texas, USA A captorhinid reptile
Cisuralian Texas, USA A captorhinid reptile

Synapsids
Synapsids of the Sakmarian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Cisuralian United States A varanopid
Aerosaurus
Ctenospondylus
Cutleria
Edaphosaurus
Palaeohatteria
Sphenacodon
Cisuralian Germany A varanopid
Sakmarian-Kungurian Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA A sphenacodontid
locality 3, Cutler Formation, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA A sphenacodontid
Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian United States An edaphosaurid
Cisuralian United States An edaphosaurid
Kasimovian-Kungurian

Kenilworth, Kenilworth Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire Group, Warwickshire, England; Autun, France, Cutler Formation, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort Riley, Chase Group, Kansas, Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio; Wellington Formation, Oklahoma; Clyde Formation, Texas and Oklahoma; Admiral Formation; Belle-Plains Formation; Wichita Group; Putnam Formation, all four in Texas,

An ophiacodontid
Niederhäslich locality, Dresden, Niederhäslich Limestone Member, Niederhäslich Formation, Rotliegend Group, Döhlen Basin, Saxony, Germany A sphenacodontid
Gzhelian-Artinskian New Mexico; Utah-Arizona border region, USA; possibly England The English specimen known as S?. brittanicus) is now generally classified as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis separate from the other Sphenacodon species so may need reassigning.

References
  1. "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
  2. Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
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