Wuchiapingian

In the geologic timescale, the Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian (from Chinese: 吴家坪; pinyin: Wújiāpíng; lit.: 'Wu Family Flatland"' in the Liangshan area of Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province[2]) is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between 259.1 and 254.14 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Capitanian and followed by the Changhsingian.[3]

System/ Period	Series/ Epoch	Stage/ Age	Age (Ma)
Triassic	Lower/ Early	Induan	younger
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902	254.14
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14	259.1
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.1	265.1
		Wordian	265.1	268.8
		Roadian	268.8	272.95
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	272.95	283.5
		Artinskian	283.5	290.1
		Sakmarian	290.1	295.0
		Asselian	295.0	298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	older
Subdivision of the Permian system according to the ICS, as of 2017.[1]

Wuchiapingian aged stratigraphic succession including the Kupferschiefer in the Kamsdorf mine near Saalfeld, Thuringia, Germany

Regional stages with which the Wuchiapingian is coeval or overlaps include the Djulfian or Dzhulfian, Longtanian, Rustlerian, Saladoan, and Castilian.[4]

Stratigraphic definitions

The Wuchiapingian was first used in 1962, when the Lopingian series of southwestern China was divided in the Changhsingian and Wuchiapingian formations. In 1973 the Wuchiapingian was first used as a chronostratigraphic unit (i.e. a stage, as opposed to a formation, which is a lithostratigraphic unit).[5]

The base of the Wuchiapingian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri first appears. A global reference profile for this boundary (a GSSP) is located near Laibin in the Chinese province of Guangxi.[6]

The top of the Wuchiapingian (the base of the Changhsingian) is at the first appearance of conodont species Clarkina wangi.

The Wuchiapingian contains two ammonite biozones: that of the genus Araxoceras and that of the genera Roadoceras and Doulingoceras.

Biodiversity

An extinction pulse occurred during the Wuchiapingian; faunas were recovering when another larger extinction pulse, the Permian–Triassic extinction event devastated life.[7]

Wuchiapingian Life

Chondrichthyans

Chondrichthyes of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Erikodus	Lopingian	Greenland	a eugeneodontid holocephalian	Hopleacanthus Janassa (left, background) and Menaspis (right) Sarcoprion Wodnika
Fadenia	Carboniferous to Early Triassic	Greenland	a eugeneodontid holocephalian
Hopleacanthus	Lopingian	Germany	a neoselachian elasmobranch
Janassa	Carboniferous to Lopingian	Germany, Pakistan, Greenland, United States	a petalodontiform holocephalian
Menaspis	Lopingian	Germany	a holocephalian
Sarcoprion	Lopingian	Greenland	a eugeneodontid holocephalian
Wodnika	Lopingian	Germany

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygii of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Acentrophorus	Lopingian	Germany, England	A neopterygian	Acrolepis Dorypterus Palaeoniscum Platysomus
Acrolepis	Carboniferous to Lopingian	Germany, England	A non-neopterygian
Boreolepis	Lopingian	Greenland	A non-neopterygian
Dorypterus	Lopingian	Germany, England	A bobasatraniid non-neopterygian
Palaeoniscum	Lopingian	Germany, England	A palaeonsicid non-neopterygian. One of the most common ray-fins of the late Permian
Platysomus	Carboniferous to Lopingian	Germany, England	A non-neopterygian
Pygopterus	Lopingian to Middle Triassic	Germany	A non-neopterygian
Varialepis	Permian	Russia	A non-neopterygian

Coelacanths

Actinistia of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Coelacanthus	Permian	Germany, England	The first described coelacanth	Coelacanthus (foreground)

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Intasuchus		Inta Formation, Russia	A basal temnospondyl amphibian, possibly an archegosauroid.	Intasuchus Rhineceps
Rhineceps		Malawi, Africa	A genus of stereospondyl amphibian in the family Rhinesuchidae.
Rhinesuchoides Rhinesuchus capensis		Karoo Supergroup, South Africa	A species of stereospondyl amphibian in the family Rhinesuchidae.

†Chroniosuchians

Chroniosuchia of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Chroniosaurus	Guadalupian to Lopingian	Russia	A reptiliomorph	Chroniosaurus Jarilinus
Dromotectum Dromotectum largum		Shangshihezi Formation, Henan, China	A species of bystrowianid reptiliomorph.
Jarilinus	Lopingian	Russia	A reptiliomorph

†Seymouriamorphs

Seymouriamorpha of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Karpinskiosaurus	Lopingian	Russia	A seymouriamorph reptiliomorph	Karpinskiosaurus Kotlassia
Kotlassia		Russia	A seymouriamorph reptiliomorph

†Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Arganaceras	Lopingian	Morocco	A pareiasaurid parareptile	Arganaceras Emeroleter Owenetta Pareiasaurus Procolophon
Emeroleter	Lopingian	Russia	A nycteroleterid parareptile
Owenetta	Lopingian to Early Triassic	South Africa	A owenettid parareptile
Pareiasaurus	Lopingian	South Africa	A pareiasaurid parareptile
Procolophon	Lopingian to Early Triassic	South Africa, Brazil, Antarctica	A procolophonid parareptile
Scutosaurus	Lopingian	Russia	A procolophonid parareptile

Eureptiles

Eureptilia of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Saurorictus	Lopingian	South Africa	A captorhinid reptile

Diapsids

Diapsida of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Coelurosauravus	Lopingian	Madagascar, Germany, England	A gliding weigeltisaurid reptile	Coelurosauravus

Archosauromorphs

Archosauromorpha of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Protorosaurus	Lopingian	England, Germany	An early archosauromorph reptile	Protorosaurus

Therapsids

Therapsida of the Wuchiapingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cistecephalus	Lopingian, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone; Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Karoo Basin, South Africa and Zambia	A dicynodont therapsid	Cistecephalus Diictodon Endothiodon Gorgonops Lycaenops
Colobodectes	Lopingian	South Africa	A basal dicynodont therapsid
Dicynodon	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodont therapsid
Diictodon	Lopingian	Zambia, South Africa	A dicynodont therapsid
Dinanomodon	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodont therapsid
Endothiodon	Lopingian	Brazil, India, South Africa	A dicynodont therapsid
Gorgonops	Lopingian	Mildenhalls, Fort Beaufort; Karoo Basin, Beaufort West, both in South Africa, possibly Chiweta Beds, Malawi	A grogonopsian therapsid
Leucocephalus	Lopingian	South Africa	A biarmosuchian therapsid
Lophorhinus	Lopingian	South Africa	A biarmosuchian therapsid
Lycaenops	Guadalupian to Lopingian	South Africa	A grogonopsian therapsid
Tropidostoma	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodont therapsid

References

"Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
"陕西汉中梁山吴家坪灰岩的再研究 (Restudies on the Wujiaping Limestone Liangshan of Hanzhong, Shaanxi)". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
"Wuchiapingian". GeoWhen Database, International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Retrieved 4 March 2010.
Kanmera, Kametoshi; and Nakazawa, Keiji, 1973, Permian-Triassic relationships and faunal changes in the eastern Tethys, in Logan, A.; and Hills, L. V.; eds.; The Permian and Triassic Systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 2, pp. 100–129
Jin, Y.; Shen, S.; Henderson, C. M.; Wang, X.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Cao, C. & Shang, Q.; 2006: The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian), Episodes 29(4), pp. 253–262
Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Wuchiapingian
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

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[1] "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[2] "陕西汉中梁山吴家坪灰岩的再研究 (Restudies on the Wujiaping Limestone Liangshan of Hanzhong, Shaanxi)". Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[3] Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press

[4] "Wuchiapingian". GeoWhen Database, International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Retrieved 4 March 2010.

[5] Kanmera, Kametoshi; and Nakazawa, Keiji, 1973, Permian-Triassic relationships and faunal changes in the eastern Tethys, in Logan, A.; and Hills, L. V.; eds.; The Permian and Triassic Systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 2, pp. 100–129

[6] Jin, Y.; Shen, S.; Henderson, C. M.; Wang, X.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Cao, C. & Shang, Q.; 2006: The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian), Episodes 29(4), pp. 253–262

[SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-7] Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.