Pescetarianism

Pescetarianism or pescatarianism[2] (/ˌpɛskəˈtɛəriənɪzəm/) is the practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates seafood as the only source of meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet.[1]

Pescetarianism


Japanese sushi; shrimp cocktail with lettuce; pizza topped with sardines
Description
A pescetarian diet is a plant-based diet where seafood is the only meat.[1]
Related Dietary Choices
Associated and similar diets
Diet(Nutrition)#Diet classification table

Etymology

Pescetarian is a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the Italian word pesce ('fish') and the English word vegetarian.[1] The English pronunciation of both pescetarian and its variant pescatarian is /ˌpɛskəˈtɛəriən/, with the same /sk/ sequence present in pescato (Italian: [peˈskaːto]),[3] although pesce is originally pronounced [ˈpeʃʃe], with a /ʃ/ sound.

History
See also: History of vegetarianism

Vegans, vegetarians and pescetarians were described as people practicing similar dietary principles as those of the Vegetarian Society in 1884.[4] In the 21st century, the Vegetarian Society does not consider pescetarianism to be a vegetarian diet.[5]

In 2018, Ipsos MORI reported 73% of people followed a conventional pattern diet where both meat and non-animal products were regularly consumed, with 14% considered as flexitarians, 5% vegetarians, 3% vegans, and 3% pescetarians.[6] A 2018 poll of 2,000 United Kingdom adults found that 12% of adults adhered to a meat free diet, with 2% vegan, 6-7% ovo-lacto-vegetarian, and 4% pescetarian.[7]

Plant foods, such as fresh produce, make up most of a pescetarian diet
Seafoods are part of a pescetarian diet

As a plant-based diet, pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing plant foods as well as seafood.[8][9] Regular fish consumption and decreased red meat consumption are recognized as dietary practices that may promote health.[10][11]

Motivations and rationale

Sustainability and environmental concerns
See also: Sustainable diet

Ecological sustainability and food security are growing concerns. Livestock is the world’s largest user of land, representing some 80% of total agricultural land. Beef consumption is 24% of the world's total intake of meat, but accounts for less than 2% of calories consumed worldwide.[12] The environmental impact and amount of energy needed to feed livestock greatly exceeds its nutritional value.[13][14] People may adopt a pescetarian diet out of desire to lower their dietary carbon footprint.[15][16]

Some pescetarians may regard their diet as a transition to vegetarianism, while others may consider it an ethical compromise,[17] often as a practical necessity to obtain nutrients absent or not easily found in plants.[18] Pescetarianism may be perceived as a more ethical choice because fish and other seafood may not associate pain and fear as more complex animals like mammals do.[19][20]

Health

A common reason for adoption of pescetarianism is perceived health, such as fish consumption increasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids which are associated with reduced risk of cerebrovascular disease.[21] Fish and plant food consumption are parts of the Mediterranean diet which is associated with lowered risk of cardiovascular diseases.[22] In one review, pescetarians had relatively low all-cause mortality among dietary groups.[23]

Other considerations
Further information: Mercury in fish

Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins such as mercury and PCBs,[24] although it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[25]

Abstinence in religion
Further information: Vegetarianism and religion

Christianity

Marcion of Sinope and his followers ate fish but no fowl or red meat.[26] Fish to the Marcionites was seen as a holier kind of food.[27] They consumed bread, fish, honey, milk and vegetables.[26][28]

The Cathars, a Christian dualist sect, did not eat cheese, eggs, meat or milk because they were the products of coition.[29] The Cathars believed that animals were carriers of reincarnated souls and forbid the killing of all animal life apart from fish.[29][30] The Cathars ate fish which they believed were produced by spontaneous generation.[30]

In both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, pescetarianism is referred to as a form of abstinence. During fast periods, Eastern Orthodox and Catholics often abstain from meat, dairy, and fish, but on holidays that occur on fast days (for example, 15 August on a Wednesday or Friday), fish is allowed, while meat and dairy remain forbidden.[31]

The Rule of Saint Benedict insisted upon total abstinence of meat from four-footed animals, except in cases of the sick.[32] Thus, Benedictine monks followed a diet based on vegetables, eggs, milk, butter, cheese and fish where available.[33] Paul the Deacon (Cir. 775 AD) specified that cheese, eggs and fish were part of a monk's ordinary diet.[33] Walafrid Strabo, a Benedictine monk, commented that "some salt, bread, leeks, fish and wine; that is our menu".[34]

The Carthusians followed a strict diet that consisted of fish, cheese, eggs and vegetables, with only bread and water on Fridays.[32] In the 13th century Cistercian monks consumed fish and eggs.[35] Ponds were created for fish farming.[35] From the early 14th century Benedictine and Cistercian monks no longer abstained from consuming meat of four-footed animals.[35][36] In 1336, Pope Benedict XII permitted monks to eat meat four days a week outside of the fast season if it was not served in the refectory.[36]

Jerome recommended an ascetic diet of fish, legumes and vegetables.[37] Peter the Hermit, a key figure during the First Crusade was described by an eyewitness as having lived on diet of fish and wine.[38]

Judaism

Pescetarianism (provided the fish is ruled kosher) conforms to Jewish dietary laws, as kosher fish is "pareve"—neither "milk" nor "meat". In essence, aquatic animals such as mammals like dolphins and whales are not kosher, nor are cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays, since they all have dermal denticles and not bony-fish scales. In 2015, members of the Liberal Judaism synagogue in Manchester founded The Pescetarian Society, citing pescetarianism as originally a Jewish diet, and pescetarianism as a form of vegetarianism.[39]

Hinduism

By tradition, most Hindu Brahmin communities follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet. However, there are Brahmin sub-groups allowing the consumption of fish, such as the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community of coastal south-western India.[40] This community regards seafood in general as "vegetables from the sea", and refrains from eating land-based animals. Other Hindu Brahmin communities who consume seafood are the Maithili Brahmin, Viswa Brahmin and the Bengali Brahmin.[41] The Bengali Brahmins consume fish and are known to cook it daily.[42]


See also
  • Ikaria Study — Dietary study of long-lived Ikarian people found to have semi-vegetarian diets similar to pescetarianism.
  • Legal Sea Foods – Boston, Massachusetts–based network of seafood restaurants that use the "pescatarian" term in their TV advertising
  • List of diets
  • List of pescetarians
  • Semi-vegetarianism – other forms of semi-vegetarianism that include occasional seafood or meat consumption

References
  1. "Definition of Pescatarian by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster.
  2. Luna, Taryn (1 July 2015). "Legal Sea Foods launches 'Pescatarianism' ad campaign". The Boston Globe.
  3. "Pescato: significato e definizione". la Repubblica.
  4. "International Health Exhibition". The Medical Times and Gazette. 24 May 1884. Retrieved 18 May 2019. There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food whatever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division
  5. "Fish". The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom Limited. 2019.
  6. "An exploration into diets around the world" (PDF). Ipsos. UK. August 2018. pp. 2, 10, 11.
  7. Johnson, Georgia-Rose (2019-01-30). "UK diet trends". Finder UK. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  8. Taylor Wolfram (1 October 2018). "Vegetarianism: The basic facts". Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  9. Summerfield, Liane M. (2012-08-08). Nutrition, Exercise, and Behavior: An Integrated Approach to Weight Management (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 181–182. ISBN 9780840069245. A plant-based diet is not necessarily a vegetarian diet. Many people on plant-based diets continue to use meat products and/or fish but in smaller quantities.
  10. Judith C. Thalheimer. "The pescaterian diet". Today's Dietitian. p. 32. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  11. "Becoming a vegetarian". Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard University. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  12. "Agriculture at a crossroads: Meat and animal feed". Global Agriculture. 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  13. "U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell ecologist advises animal scientists". Cornell Chronicle. 1997-08-07. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
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  15. "Carbon footprint factsheet". Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
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  24. Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Sciences, Commission on Life; Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and; Methylmercury, Committee on the Toxicological Effects of (2000). Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. ISBN 978-0-309-07140-6.
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  38. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095-1396. University of Toronto Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4426-0058-4
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