Barisan Nasional
The National Front (Malay: Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. They are currently the largest coalition in the country's Dewan Rakyat.
National Front | |
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Malay name | Barisan Nasional باريسن ناسيونل |
Chinese name | 國民陣線 Guómín zhènxiàn |
Tamil name | பாரிசான் நேசனல் |
Abbreviation | BN |
Chairman | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
Secretary-General | Annuar Musa |
Deputy Chairman | Mohamad Hasan |
Vice Chairmen | Wee Ka Siong Vigneswaran Sanasee Joseph Kurup |
Advisor | Najib Razak |
Founder | Abdul Razak Hussein |
Founded | 1 January 1973[1] |
Legalised | 1 June 1974 (as a party) |
Preceded by | Alliance |
Headquarters | Aras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
Newspaper | Pro-BN newspapers: New Straits Times Utusan Malaysia (formerly) The Star Nanyang Siang Pau Tamil Nesan |
Student wing | Barisan Nasional Student Movement |
Youth wing | Barisan Nasional Youth Movement |
Ideology | Ketuanan Melayu[2][3] National conservatism Social conservatism[4] Economic liberalism[5] |
Political position | Right-wing |
Colours | Royal blue and sky white |
Slogan | Rakyat Didahulukan Hidup Rakyat Bersama Barisan Nasional Hidup Negaraku |
Anthem | Barisan Nasional |
Dewan Negara | 20 / 70 |
Dewan Rakyat | 43 / 222 |
Dewan Undangan Negeri | 130 / 593 |
Election symbol | |
Website | |
www | |
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Malaysia |
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The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), it had a combined period of rule from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world.[6]
In the aftermath of the 2018 general election, the Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition after almost, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), 61 years in power, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader. The coalition returned to power under Perikatan Nasional together with four other parties in the aftermath of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis.
History
Formation
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, as well as Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[7] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations began with former opposition parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party (myPPP), both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).
In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.[1][8] The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB)), registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.[8] It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.[9]
1977–2007
In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt within the Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party (PBS) which later joined Barisan Nasional.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the Dewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.[10]
2008–2018
In the 2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor, Kelantan, Penang, Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.[11]
The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah, but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[12]
And finally, during the 2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote, despite redrawing the electoral boundaries in their favour. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to the Gagasan Sejahtera (GS). Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis, Pahang and Sarawak.
Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.[13]. These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (UPKO, PBS and LDP),[14][15] four Sarawak-based parties (PBB, SUPP, PRS and PDP, which formed a new state-based pact GPS),[16][17] myPPP (under Kayveas faction)[18] and Gerakan.[19] MyPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announced that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announced that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.
Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since after 16 members of parliament left the party,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery,[28] but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the 2019 by-election.[29]
As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN has won in the general election.
MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with secretary-general, Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.
2019–present
In 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the 2019 Cameron Highlands by-election, 2019 Semenyih by-election, 2019 Rantau by-election, 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election and the 2020 Kimanis by-election, defeating Pakatan.
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[30] There is however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there are calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[31][32] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS, but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[33]
Organisation
In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB). For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[34]
Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed.[35] The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[36]
Member parties
Logo | Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2018 result | Current seats | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | |||||||
UMNO | United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu |
Ketuanan Melayu | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 120 | 21.10% | 54 / 222 |
39 / 43 | ||
MCA | Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia |
Conservatism | Wee Ka Siong | 39 | 5.30% | 1 / 222 |
2 / 43 | ||
MIC | Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia |
Social conservatism | Vigneswaran Sanasee | 9 | 1.39% | 2 / 222 |
1 / 43 | ||
PBRS | United Sabah People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah |
Nationalism | Joseph Kurup | 1 | 0.10% | 1 / 222 |
1 / 43 |
Leadership Structure
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:[37]
- Chairman of Advisor Council:
- Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (UMNO)
- Chairman:
- Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (UMNO)
- Deputy Chairman:
- Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Vice-Chairman:
- Wee Ka Siong (MCA)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
- Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
- Secretary-General:
- Annuar Musa (UMNO)
- Treasurer-General:
- Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor (UMNO)
- Women Leader:
- Dr. Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)
- Youth Leader:
- Dr. Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (UMNO)
- Executive Secretary:
- Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad (UMNO)
- Supreme Council Members:
- Ismail Sabri Yaakob (UMNO)
- Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
- Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Mah Hang Soon (MCA)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Lim Ban Hong (MCA)
- Yew Teong Look (MCA)
- Saravanan Murugan (MIC)
- Sivarraajh Chandran (MIC)
- Thinalan T. Rajagopalu (MIC)
- Kamalanathan Panchanathan (MIC)
- Arthur Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
- Johnson Tee (PBRS)
- Zainon Hj. Kayum (PBRS)
- Matusin Bowie (PBRS)
- State Chairman:
- Johor: Hasni Mohammad (UMNO)
- Kedah: Jamil Khir Baharom (UMNO)
- Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
- Malacca: Abdul Raouf Yusoh (UMNO)
- Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
- Penang: Tan Teik Cheng (MCA)
- Perak: Saarani Mohammad (UMNO)
- Perlis: Shahidan Kassim (UMNO)
- Sabah: Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
- Selangor: Mat Nadzari Ahmad Dahlan (UMNO)
- Terengganu: Ahmad Said (UMNO)
- Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Abdul Halim Abdul Samad (UMNO)
- Bashir Alias (UMNO)
- Chai Kim Sen (MCA)
- Fahariyah Md. Nordin (UMNO)
- Hanafi Mamat (UMNO)
- Ibrahim Shah Abu Shah (UMNO)
- Ismail Ibrahim (UMNO)
- Khairul Azwan Harun (UMNO)
- Mohan Thanarasu (MIC)
- Mustapa Kamal Mohd. Yusoff (UMNO)
- Rabiyah Ali (UMNO)
- Rahemah Idris (UMNO)
- Rahimah Mahamad (UMNO)
- Sopiah Sharif (UMNO)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
- Perlis State Legislative Assembly:
- Kamarudin Abdun (UMNO)
- Sabani Mat (UMNO)
- Kedah State Legislative Assembly:
- Ananthan Somasundaram (MIC)
- Pahang State Legislative Assembly:
- Siti Fatimah Yahaya (UMNO)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Melaka State Legislative Assembly:
- Abidullah Salleh (UMNO)
- Lee Tian Sing (MCA)
- Johor State Legislative Assembly:
- Lim Pay Hen (MCA)
- Zahari Sarip (UMNO)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament
Barisan Nasional has 43 MPs in the House of Representatives, with 39 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Perlis State Legislative Assembly 10 / 15
Pahang State Legislative Assembly24 / 42
Malacca State Legislative Assembly13 / 28
|
Perak State Legislative Assembly 25 / 59
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly15 / 36
Terengganu State Legislative Assembly10 / 33
|
Johor State Legislative Assembly 16 / 56
Kelantan State Legislative Assembly7 / 45
Selangor State Legislative Assembly5 / 56
|
Kedah State Legislative Assembly 2 / 36
Penang State Legislative Assembly2 / 40
Sabah State Legislative Assembly1 / 65
|
Barisan Nasional state governments
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Menteri Besar | Hasni Mohammad | UMNO | Benut | ||
Chief Minister | Sulaiman Md Ali | UMNO | Lendu | ||
Menteri Besar | Azlan Man | UMNO | Bintong | ||
Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | Jelai | ||
General election results
Election | Total seats won | Share of seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 | 135 / 154 |
87.7% | 1,287,400 | 60.8% | Abdul Razak Hussein | |
1978 | 131 / 154 |
85.1% | 1,987,907 | 57.2% | Hussein Onn | |
1982 | 132 / 154 |
85.7% | 2,522,079 | 60.5% | Mahathir Mohamad | |
1986 | 148 / 177 |
83.6% | 2,649,263 | 57.3% | Mahathir Mohamad | |
1990 | 127 / 180 |
70.6% | 2,985,392 | 53.4% | Mahathir Mohamad | |
1995 | 162 / 192 |
84.4% | 3,881,214 | 65.2% | Mahathir Mohamad | |
1999 | 148 / 193 |
76.2% | 3,748,511 | 56.53% | Mahathir Mohamad | |
2004 | 198 / 219 |
90.4% | 4,420,452 | 63.9% | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | |
2008 | 140 / 222 |
63.1% | 4,082,411 | 50.27% | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | |
2013 | 133 / 222 |
59.9% | 5,237,555 | 47.38% | Najib Razak | |
2018 | 79 / 222 |
35.59% | 3,794,827 | 33.96% | Najib Razak |
State election results
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Sarawak State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
1974 | 12 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 36 / 36 | 27 / 28 | 23 / 27 | 31 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 30 / 48 | ||
1976 | ||||||||||||||
1978 | 12 / 12 | 19 / 26 | 23 / 36 | 28 / 28 | 20 / 27 | 32 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 29 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 239 / 257 | ||
1979 | ||||||||||||||
1981 | ||||||||||||||
1982 | 11 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 26 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 25 / 27 | 38 / 42 | 31 / 32 | 31 / 33 | 22 / 24 | 18 / 20 | 32 / 32 | |||
1983 | 30 / 48 | 30 / 32 | ||||||||||||
1985 | 6 / 48 | 6 / 48 | ||||||||||||
1986 | 14 / 14 | 25 / 28 | 29 / 39 | 30 / 32 | 23 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 32 / 33 | 37 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 35 / 36 | 1 / 48 | 300 / 351 | |
1987 | 28 / 48 | 28 / 48 | ||||||||||||
1990 | 14 / 14 | 26 / 28 | 0 / 39 | 22 / 32 | 19 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 31 / 33 | 35 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 32 / 36 | 0 / 48 | 253 / 351 | |
1991 | 49 / 56 | 49 / 56 | ||||||||||||
1994 | 23 / 48 | 23 / 48 | ||||||||||||
1995 | 15 / 15 | 34 / 36 | 7 / 43 | 25 / 32 | 32 / 33 | 51 / 52 | 37 / 38 | 45 / 48 | 30 / 32 | 22 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 338 / 394 | ||
1996 | 57 / 62 | 57 / 64 | ||||||||||||
1999 | 12 / 15 | 24 / 36 | 2 / 43 | 4 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 44 / 52 | 30 / 38 | 42 / 48 | 32 / 32 | 21 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 31 / 48 | 312 / 329 | |
2001 | 60 / 62 | 60 / 62 | ||||||||||||
2004 | 14 / 15 | 31 / 36 | 21 / 45 | 28 / 32 | 38 / 40 | 52 / 59 | 41 / 42 | 54 / 56 | 34 / 36 | 26 / 28 | 55 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 452 / 504 | |
2006 | 62 / 71 | 62 / 71 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 14 / 15 | 14 / 36 | 6 / 45 | 24 / 32 | 11 / 40 | 28 / 59 | 37 / 42 | 20 / 56 | 21 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 50 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 307 / 504 | |
2011 | 55 / 71 | 55 / 71 | ||||||||||||
2013 | 13 / 15 | 21 / 36 | 12 / 45 | 17 / 32 | 10 / 40 | 31 / 59 | 30 / 42 | 12 / 56 | 22 / 36 | 21 / 28 | 38 / 56 | 48 / 60 | 275 / 505 | |
2016 | 77 / 82 | 77 / 82 | ||||||||||||
2018 | 10 / 15 | 3 / 36 | 8 / 45 | 10 / 32 | 2 / 40 | 24 / 59 | 25 / 42 | 4 / 56 | 16 / 36 | 13 / 28 | 16 / 56 | 12 / 60 | 143 / 505 |
Notes
References
- Joseph Liow; Michael Leifer (20 November 2014). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8.
- Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35].
UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato’ Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as “the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else”. Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the “National Front”], is multiethnic in its composition.
- Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
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- Stuart Grudgings; Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Niluksi Koswanage; Raju Gopalakrishnan (5 May 2013). "Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- "A dangerous result". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- "PBRS will remain with BN for now, says Kurup". Free Malaysia Today. 30 September 2018.
- Avila Geraldine; Norasikin Daineh (11 May 2018). "Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- "PBS keluar BN, bentuk Gabungan Bersatu" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- Lee Poh Onn (15 June 2018). "Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- "MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect". New Straits Times. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". New Straits Times. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- Ivan Loh (24 June 2018). "Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan". The Star. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- "Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls". The Star. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- "Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- "Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- "Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
- Vanar, Muguntan; Lee, Stephanie; Joibi, Natasha. "Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- "Six Umno MPs leave the party - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- Hamdan, Nurbaiti. "Court nullifies BN's GE14 victory for Cameron Highlands seat (Updated) - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- "BN retains Cameron Highlands parliamentary seat". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
- "MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear". New Straits Times. 30 November 2019.
- Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
- Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Strait Times.
- Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 967-9940-45-4.
- Ahmad, Zuhrin Azam. "Barisan amends constitution to allow direct membership - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- Rachagan, p. 21.
- "Organisational Chart of Barisan Nasional". Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Investvine. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Literature
- Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". New Straits Times, p. 1, 6.
- Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. ISBN 1-889119-41-5.
- Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Not Today
External links
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