Pakatan Harapan
Pakatan Harapan (PH; Malay for 'Alliance of Hope') is a political coalition in Malaysia, a successor to Pakatan Rakyat (the other being Gagasan Sejahtera). It was established in 2015 as an opposition to the former-ruling Barisan Nasional coalition that ruled the country since independence (Barisan Nasional's direct predecessor was known as the Alliance Party coalition). The coalition is allied with the Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) and the United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO) in the state of Sabah. At the state level, the coalition is the largest party in five of thirteen state legislative assemblies and forms the government in the states of Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Sabah.[note 1] Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang and Selangor.
Alliance of Hope | |
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| Malay name | Pakatan Harapan ڤاكتن هارڤن |
| Chinese name | 希望联盟 Xīwàng liánméng |
| Tamil name | நம்பிக்கை கூட்டணி |
| Abbreviation | PH |
| Chairman | Anwar Ibrahim |
| President | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| Deputy Presidents | Lim Guan Eng Mohamad Sabu |
| Vice-Presidents | Chong Chieng Jen Salahuddin Ayub M. Kulasegaran Christina Liew[1] |
| Founded | 22 September 2015 |
| Legalised | 16 May 2018[2] |
| Preceded by | Pakatan Rakyat |
| Headquarters | Kuala Lumpur (DAP and AMANAH) Petaling Jaya (PKR) |
| Newspaper | The Rocket Roketkini Suara Keadilan Suara Amanah Keadilan Daily Suara Pakatan Daily |
| Student wing | Mahasiswa Pakatan Harapan |
| Youth wing | Pemuda Pakatan Harapan[3][4] |
| Women's wing | Wanita Pakatan Harapan[5] |
| Membership | People's Justice Party (PKR) Democratic Action Party (DAP) National Trust Party (Malaysia) (AMANAH) |
| Ideology | Social democracy Progressivism Reformism |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| Colours | Red and white |
| Slogan | Pakatan Harapan Rakyat! |
| Dewan Negara | 20 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 108 / 222 |
| Dewan Undangan Negeri | 245 / 593 |
| Election symbol | |
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| Website | |
| pakatanharapan | |
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| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Malaysia |
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The coalition was formed on 22 September 2015, consisting of the Democratic Action Party, People's Justice Party, National Trust Party and Malaysian United Indigenous Party.[6] The coalition was formed as an alliance of centre-left to centre-right parties to contest the 2018 Malaysian general election. The coalition contested the election under the logo of a component party, the People's Justice Party (PKR), due to inability to register as an official coalition.
After the 2018 general elections, Pakatan Harapan chairman Mahathir Mohamad was appointed Prime Minister of Malaysia while its president, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, was appointed Deputy Prime Minister. Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister from Pakatan Harapan, and the first prime minister to have tenures with two different parties.
On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as Prime Minister. Malaysian United Indigenous Party and 10 MPs from People's Justice Party subsequently withdrew from the Pakatan Harapan coalition, depriving the government of its majority in Parliament.[7][8][9]
History
Formation
Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party (PKR), the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Pakatan Harapan was founded on 22 September 2015, two years after the 2013 general election, due to disagreements and conflicts between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the issue of the implementation of the sharia law, resulting in PAS splitting off from Pakatan Rakyat and the break-up of the coalition on 16 June 2015.[10][11] The dissolution resulted in the formation of a new coalition named Pakatan Harapan, consisting the former Pakatan Rakyat parties, PKR and DAP, and a PAS split-off party, the National Trust Party (AMANAH).[12][13]
On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) split-off party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), founded and led by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining the opposition bloc Pakatan Harapan.[14][15] Later, on 13 December, the party formed an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan,[16] and finally on 14 March 2017, BERSATU officially joined Pakatan Harapan as a member party.[17]
2018 general election
On 14 July 2017, the Presidential council line-up was confirmed. A common logo was also introduced with the word “Harapan” with the “A” shaped as a chevron in white on a red background. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but the use of the logo and registration of the coalition was denied by the Election Commission.[18] To pursue the coalition's plan to contest under a common logo, Pakatan announced that the PKR logo will be used by all component parties of the coalition as its election symbol in the elections,[19] excluding for DAP who chose to contest under their own party flag in Sabah and Sarawak.[20][21][22]
The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) for the 2018 general election. WARISAN's president, Shafie Apdal, promised that the party would be represented on the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power,[23] adding that through the electoral pact they will only co-operate with Pakatan as an ally, and not joining the pact as a component party since they will only contest in Sabah, not in Peninsular Malaysia.[24] Following the victory of Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN in the general election, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) announced that they have left Barisan Nasional and will form a new Sabah state government with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.[25] UPKO and WARISAN are currently both the allies for Pakatan Harapan since both parties are also allied towards each others in Sabah.[26]
At the state level, due to 2018 general election results that the coalition forms the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Melaka Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.[note 2] Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.
Post-election
On 16 May 2018, the coalition was officially registered.[27]
On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. PPBM, which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from PKR resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This leaves Pakatan Harapan 37 seats short of the 112 seats needed to form a government. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim.[7][8][9] However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act.[28]
At the state level, Pakatan Harapan lost control of Johor, Melaka, Kedah and Perak. A few PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in the state legislative assemblies quit their party and expressed support for the new government Perikatan Nasional in those four states.[29][30][31][32] However, certain PPBM members in Kedah, Johor and Selangor continued to support Pakatan Harapan.
Member parties, allied parties and strategic partners
| Flag | Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2018 result | Current seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | |||||||
| Member parties | |||||||||
 |
DAP | Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik |
Social democracy | Lim Guan Eng | 47 | 17.37% | 42 / 222 |
42 / 108 | |
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PKR | People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat |
Progressivism | Anwar Ibrahim | 71 | 16.94% | 47 / 222 |
38 / 108 | |
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AMANAH | National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara |
Islamic modernism | Mohamad Sabu | 34 | 5.43% | 11 / 222 |
11 / 108 | |
| Allied parties | |||||||||
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WARISAN | Sabah Heritage Party Parti Warisan Sabah |
Sabahan regionalism | Shafie Apdal | 17 | 2.32% | 8 / 222 |
9 / 108 | |
| PSB | Sarawak United Party Parti Sarawak Bersatu |
Regionalism | Wong Soon Koh | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
2 / 108 | ||
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UPKO | United Progressive People of Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu |
Sabahan regionalism | Wilfred Madius Tangau | 4 (under BN) |
0.47% | 1 / 222 |
1 / 108 | |
 |
MAP | Malaysian Advancement Party Parti Kemajuan Malaysia |
Dravidianism, Malaysian Indian | Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 108 | |
| Strategic partners | |||||||||
| MIRA | Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti |
Minority rights | S. Gobi Krishnan | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 108 | ||
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HINDRAF | Hindu Rights Action Force Barisan Bertindak Hak-Hak Hindu |
Malaysian Hindu | Several | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 108 | |
| Independent politicians | |||||||||
| IND | Independent Ahli Parlimen Bebas |
N/A | Mahathir Mohamad | 24 | 0.59% | 3 / 222 |
5 / 108 | ||
Leadership structure
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Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Liew Chin Tong (DAP)
- Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
- Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy (HINDRAF)
- Monalan Mohamad (PKR)
- Mohamad Imran Abdul Hamid (PKR)
- Alan Ling Sie Kiong (DAP)
- Adrian Banie Lasimbang (DAP)
- Husam Musa (AMANAH)
- Raj Munni Sabu (AMANAH)
- Theodore Douglas Lind (WARISAN)
- Marzuki Yahya (PPBM)
- Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Mohd. Yusmadi Mohd. Yusoff (PKR)
- Lim Hui Ying (DAP)
- Perak State Legislative Assembly:
- Ismail Yusop (PKR)
- Nga Hock Cheh (DAP)
- Selangor State Legislative Assembly:
- Suresh Singh (DAP)
- Yaakob Sapari (PKR)
- Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair (DAP)
- Ahmad Azam Hamzah (PKR)
- Sabah State Legislative Assembly:
- Donald Peter Mojuntin (UPKO)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament
Pakatan Harapan has 108 members in the House of Representatives (with allied parties).
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
General election results
| Election | Total seats won | Seats contesed | Total votes | Voting Percentage | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 121 / 222 |
222 | 5,615,822 | 45.56% |  |
Mahathir Mohamad |
State election results
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Sarawak State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
| 2016 | 10 / 82 | |||||||||||||
| 2018 | 3 / 15 | 18 / 36 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 37 / 40 | 29 / 59 | 9 / 42 | 51 / 56 | 20 / 36 | 15 / 28 | 36 / 56 | 29 / 60 | 241 / 587 | |
Pakatan Harapan state governments
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | PKR | Sikamat | |
.svg.png){kind=small} | Chief Minister | Chow Kon Yeow | DAP | Padang Kota | |
 | Chief Minister | Shafie Apdal | WARISAN | Senallang | |
 | Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | PKR | Sungai Tua | |
Notes
- The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.
- The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.
References
- Ram Anand (11 September 2017). "Pakatan Harapan adds two VPs to represent Indians, Sabahans". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- Yimie Yong (17 May 2018). "It's official! Pakatan gets its certificate of registration from RoS". The Star. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- Masriwanie Muhamading (12 May 2017). "Pakatan Harapan youth wings' economic model targeting 1mil jobs for youth". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- "Senarai penuh Majlis Pimpinan Pemuda Pakatan Harapan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- "Wanita Pakatan pledges to raise women in politics, economy, social welfare". The Malaysian Insight. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- Melissa Goh (22 September 2015). "Malaysia's opposition band together under new Pakatan Harapan alliance". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- "Malaysia's Mahathir submits resignation, 'quits' his party". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- Teoh, Shannon (24 February 2020). "Mahathir resigns as Malaysian Prime Minister, PH loses majority after MPs leave". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- Regan, Helen (24 February 2020). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- "Pakatan Rakyat Split Will Change Country's Political Landscape". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- Asrul Hadi Abdullah Sani (18 June 2015). "Break up of Malaysia's opposition bloc Pakatan Rakyat: What happened and what's next?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- Harits Asyraf Hasnan (22 September 2015). "New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- Shannon Teoh (23 September 2015). "Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- Melissa Goh (12 November 2016). "'The only way to win is to unite and contest under one party': Mahathir". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- Sheridan Mahavera (16 November 2016). "By courting rural Muslims, has Malaysia's opposition found key to winning power for first time in 60 years?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- Hana Naz Harun (13 December 2016). "PPBM officially signs agreement to join Pakatan Harapan". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- "PPBM wants name change before joining Pakatan Harapan". Antara Pos. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- "Dr Mahathir Mohamad is Pakatan chairman, Dr Wan Azizah made president". The Malay Mail. Today Online. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- Rizalman Hamim; Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof (6 April 2018). "Pakatan to use PKR logo in GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- "Opposition Pact to unveil common logo for GE14 on Friday". New Straits Times. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
In a press conference at Parliament lobby on Thursday, Lim Guan Eng however said the change will only be for peninsula in the polls and the four parties will not use the common Pakatan Harapan logo in Sabah and Sarawak for GE14 election campaign. They’re different because they have autonomy. So we respect this and they can use the DAP rocket logo.
- Julia Chan (6 April 2018). "Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
- Sharon Ling (9 April 2018). "Sarawak DAP to use rocket logo for GE14". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
We have decided that DAP will use the rocket symbol while PKR and Amanah will both use the PKR logo.
- "Warisan seals electoral pact with DAP and PKR". Malaysiakini. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.(subscription required)
- Suzianah Jiffar (2 April 2018). "Warisan will work only with Pakatan Harapan for GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- Tan Su Lin (10 May 2018). "UPKO umum keluar BN, wujud kerajaan campuran dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- "UPKO bentuk pakatan dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- "Pakatan Harapan is officially registered". Free Malaysia Today. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- "Mahathir did not mastermind treacherous act, clarifies Anwar". malaysiakini. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- "Johor's Pakatan Harapan state government falls, new coalition to take over". CNA. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- "Umno leader tipped to be new Melaka Chief Minister". New Straits Times. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- "Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan Perak tumbang". Berita Harian. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- "Four Perak PH assemblymen quit party, support Perikatan Nasional". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pakatan Harapan. |
- Official website
- Pakatan Harapan on Facebook
- Alternative federal budgets (2016, 2017, 2018)
- 2019 Malaysian federal budget