Lyot (Martian crater)

Lyot is a large peak ring crater in the Vastitas Borealis region of Mars, located at 50.8° north latitude and 330.7° west longitude within the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. It is 236 km in diameter. Its name refers to Bernard Lyot, a French astronomer (1897–1952).[1]

This article is about the crater on Mars. For the lunar crater, see Lyot (lunar crater).
Lyot
Shaded relief topographic map of Lyot
PlanetMars
RegionIsmenius Lacus quadrangle
Coordinates50.8°N 330.7°W / 50.8; -330.7
Diameter236 km
EponymBernard Lyot, French astronomer (1897–1952)

Lyot crater, featuring a central peak in the middle, stands out on the flat plains of Vastitas Borealis, which is generally flat and smooth with few large craters.[2] Lyot is the deepest point in the northern hemisphere of Mars.[3] South are the Deuteronilus Mensae, and further southeast are Protonilus Mensae. West is the smaller Micoud crater, and east-southeast is Moreux crater.

Viking Orbiter 2 mosaic

Research published in 2009 describes evidence for liquid water in Lyot in the past.[4]

Many channels have been found near Lyot Crater. Research, published in 2017, concluded that the channels were made from water released when the hot ejecta landed on a layer of ice that was 20 to 300 meters thick. Calculations suggest that the ejecta would have had a temperature of at least 250 degrees Fahrenheit. The valleys seem to start from beneath the ejecta near the outer edge of the ejecta. One evidence for this idea is that there are few secondary craters nearby. Few secondary craters were formed because most landed on ice and did not affect the ground below. The ice accumulated in the area when the climate was different. The tilt or obliquity of the axis changes frequently. During periods of greater tilt, ice from the poles is redistributed to the mid-latitudes. The existence of these channels is unusual because although Mars used to have water in rivers, lakes, and an ocean, these features have been dated to the Noachian and Hesperian periods—4 to 3 billion years ago.[5][6][7]

Former rivers

Images from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show valleys carved by rivers on the floor of Lyot Crater. Scientists are excited because the rivers seem to have formed more recently than others on Mars; water could have flowed in them only 1.25 million years ago. The source of the water is believed to have been ice from nearby glaciers. The river valleys are over 250 meters wide and tens of kilometers long.[8]

  • Wide view of channels in Lyot Crater, as seen by HiRISE unser HiWish program
  • Close view of channels in Lyot Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
  • Close view of channels in Lyot Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
  • Curved channel in Lyot Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
  • Channels in Lyot as seen by HiRISE
  • Lyot crater with elevations exaggerated showing distribution of channels caused by hot ejecta melting ice.

Dust devil tracks

Many areas on Mars, including Lyot, experience the passage of giant dust devils. A thin coating of fine bright dust covers most of the Martian surface. When a dust devil goes by it blows away the coating and exposes the underlying dark surface. These dust devils have been seen from the ground and high overhead from orbit.

  • Lyot Crater Dunes, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see light toned deposits and dust devil tracks.
  • Gullies on Central Uplift of Lyot Crater, image reprocessed from HiRISE data.
  • MOLA map of Lyot and other nearby craters. Colors indicate elevations.
  • Lyot Crater Gullies, as seen by HiRISE.
  • Lyot Crater Channel, as seen by CTX. Water-carved channels have been spotted in Lyot Crater; the curved line may be one. Click on image for a better view.

Interactive Mars map
Acheron FossaeAcidalia PlanitiaAlba MonsAmazonis PlanitiaArabia TerraArcadia PlanitiaArgyre PlanitiaChryse PlanitiaClaritas FossaeCydonia MensaeDaedalia PlanumElysium MonsElysium PlanitiaGale craterHellas MontesHellas PlanitiaHesperia PlanumHolden craterIcaria PlanumIsidis PlanitiaJezero craterLomonosov craterLucus PlanumLycus SulciLyot craterMalea PlanumMaraldi craterMareotis FossaeMareotis TempeMargaritifer TerraMie craterMilankovič craterNepenthes MensaeNereidum MontesNilosyrtis MensaeNoachis TerraOlympica FossaeOlympus MonsPlanum AustralePromethei TerraProtonilus MensaeSirenumSisyphi PlanumSolis PlanumSyria PlanumTantalus FossaeTempe TerraTerra CimmeriaTerra SabaeaTerra SirenumTharsis MontesTractus CatenaUtopia PlanitiaValles MarinerisVastitas BorealisXanthe Terra
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.
(See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)

See also

References
  1. "Lyot". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  2. U.S. department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map of the Eastern Region of Mars M 15M 0/270 2AT, 1991
  3. http://space.com/scienceastronomy/090514--mars-rivers.html
  4. Dickson, J. L.; Fassett, C. I.; Head, J. W. (2009). "Amazonian‐aged fluvial valley systems in a climatic microenvironment on Mars: Melting of ice deposits on the interior of Lyot Crater". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (8): L08201. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.8201D. doi:10.1029/2009GL037472.
  5. Weiss, David K. (2017). "Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5336–5344. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5336W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073821.
  6. Weiss, D.; et al. (2017). "Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5336–5344. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5336W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073821.
  7. http://spaceref.com/mars/hot-rocks-led-to-relatively-recent-water-carved-valleys-on-mars.html
  8. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090514-mars-rivers.html
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