Longyan Min

Longyan Min
	龍巖閩語
Native to	China.
Region	Fujian Province
Native speakers	740,000 (approx.)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Min Coastal Min Southern Min Longyan Min; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	zhan1240 Zhangping-Longyan[1]
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jei /-jej
	Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow.

Longyan Min (龍巖閩語) or Longyan Minnan (龍巖閩南語), is a Southern Min language spoken in the urban city area of Longyan (eastern Longyan) in the province of Fujian while Hakka is spoken in rural villages of longyan (western part) by the peasantry. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern part of Fujian Province as early as the Tang dynasty period (618–907). Although Longyan Min has some Hakka influence to a limited extent by the peasant Hakka Chinese language due to close distance of rural village Hakka peasants of the region, Longyan Min is a close dialect of the Minnan language and has more number of tones than Hakka (8 as compared to 6). Longyan Min has a high but limited intelligibility with Southern Min dialects such as Hokkien–Taiwanese. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district Xinluo District while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in Zhangping City. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the nom-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture: Changting County, Yongding County, Shanghang County, Liancheng County and Wuping County.[2]

Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.[3] However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.[4]

Phonology

Longyan Min has 14 initials, 65 rimes and 8 tones.

Initials

p, pʰ, m, b, pʰ, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, h.

Rimes

l, i, u, iu, ui

a, ia, ua, iua, o, io, ei, ie

ue, ɛ, iɛ, uɛ, ai, uai, au, iau

m, im, am, iam, iep, ap, iap

in, un, an, ian, uan

it, at, iat, uat, uot, ŋ

aŋ, iaŋ, uaŋ, oŋ, ioŋ, ak, iak, uak, ok, iok

ĩ, ũ, ũi, ã, iã, uã, iuã, iãt, õ, iõ, ɛ̃, iɛ̃, uɛ̃, ãi, ãu, iãu.

Tones

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Tones	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	dark rising 陰上	light rising 陽上	dark departing 陰去	light departing 陽去	dark entering 陰入	light entering 陽入
Tone contour	˧˧˦ (334)	˩ (11)	˨˩ (21)	˥˨ (52)	˨˩˧ (213)	˥ (55)	˥ (5)	˧˨ (32)
Example Hanzi	邊	寒	碗	近	漢	尺	曲	白

Tone sandhi

Longyan Min has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

	dark level, 334	light level, 11	dark rising, 21	light rising, 52	dark departing, 213	light departing, 55	dark entering, 5	light entering, 32
dark level, 334	remain unchanged
light level, 11	remain unchanged
dark rising, 21	remain unchanged	dark departing, 213		remain unchanged
light rising, 52	light level, 11
dark departing, 213	dark rising, 21	remain unchanged		dark rising, 21
light departing, 55	dark level, 334	remain unchanged		dark level, 334
dark entering, 5	dark level, 334	remain unchanged		dark level, 334
light entering, 32	dark rising, 21

References

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Zhangping-Longyan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). Language Atlas of China. Longman. ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
Branner, David Prager (1999). "The Classification of Longyan" (PDF). In Simmons, Richard VanNess (ed.). Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series. 15. pp. 36–83. p. 78.
Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka (PDF). Trends in Linguistics series. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-015831-1.

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Longyan City 龙岩市地方志编纂委员会 (1993). Long yan shi zhi 龙岩市志 ["Chorography of Longyan City"]. 36. Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]. ISBN 978-7-5046-1575-6.

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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Zhangping-Longyan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). Language Atlas of China. Longman. ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.

[3] Branner, David Prager (1999). "The Classification of Longyan" (PDF). In Simmons, Richard VanNess (ed.). Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series. 15. pp. 36–83. p. 78.

[4] Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka (PDF). Trends in Linguistics series. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-015831-1.