List of active coal-fired power stations in Turkey

As of 2020, there are 47 coal-fired power stations in Turkey which generate to the grid a third of the nation's electricity.[note 1] Coal-fired power stations emit over 1 kg of carbon dioxide for every kilowatt hour generated,[4] over twice that of gas-fired power stations, and are the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey.[note 2] Although the stations' total capacity is 17 gigawatts (GW),[note 3] almost half are smaller than 100 MW and provide electricity, and often heat, to factories.

Yeniköy (pictured), Yatağan and Kemerköy have made Muğla a sulfur dioxide hotspot of air pollution in Turkey.[1][2]

Lignite (brown coal) is mined locally, whereas almost all hardcoal is imported; 69 and 22 million tonnes respectively in 2019.[7][8] To minimize transport costs, power stations burning imported coal are usually located on the coast: there are clusters in Çanakkale and Zonguldak provinces and around Iskenderun Bay, and 31.7 million tonnes of thermal coal was imported in 2019.[9] Those burning lignite tend to be near local coalmines, such as Elbistan, because Turkish lignite's calorific value is less than 12.5 MJ/kg (and Afsin Elbistan lignite less than 5 MJ/kg, which is a quarter of typical thermal coal[10]) so is not worth transporting. Lignite-burning power stations have priority over other types of generation,[11] and in 2019 large lignite-burning stations were subsidized with capacity payments totalling almost 1 billion lira (almost 150 million USD).[12][2]

A 1996 court order to shut 3 polluting power stations was not enforced.[13] Five 20th century power stations were shut down at the end of 2019 because they did not meet new pollution limits,[14] but they were all re-licensed after improvements in 2020 (some temporarily until the end of the year).[15][16] Despite overcapacity and abundant sun and wind,[17] Emba Hunutlu is under construction.[18] Unlike neighbouring Greece, which is closing down all its lignite-fired power stations,[19] Turkey has approved building Afşin-Elbistan C,[20] which at over 5 kg of CO2 per kWh generated would be less carbon efficient than any power station on the list of least carbon efficient power stations.[note 4] The Turkey Wealth Fund, the country's sovereign wealth fund, is financing it because, it says, the country needs to maintain energy security by reducing fossil fuel imports.[22] The fund aims to pay dividends to the government,[22] but according to Carbon Tracker, a think tank, new coal power will lose money.[23] The Energy Ministry wants to fully utilize not just renewable energy in Turkey, but also other local energy resources to support the country's development and to reduce dependence on energy imports.[24]

The main opposition Republican People's Party says temporary licenses for 2020 for older power stations which exceed sulfur dioxide pollution limits are illegal,[25] and Greenpeace has applied to the government for them to be shut down as a health risk.[15] Larger power stations must measure local pollutants vented into the atmosphere from the smokestack and report them to the Environment Ministry but, unlike the EU, they are not required to publish the data.[16] Because lignite quality varies greatly, to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions from a particular power station, the net calorific value of the lignite it burnt must be reported but is not required to be published.[26] So, unlike some other countries,[27] public information on the carbon-dioxide emissions of individual power stations may not be available until space-based measurements of carbon dioxide become more precise perhaps by GOSAT-GW in 2023.[28] Much of the operational fleet was built in the 21st century. The oversupply of generating capacity, and drop in demand in 2020 may create financial problems for power station operators,[29] as a quarter of power stations are estimated to be cashflow negative.[30] Moreover the price of natural gas fell in 2020,[31] making Turkey's already existing gas-fired power stations more competitive,[32] so new coal-fired power stations may not in fact be completed,[33] due to public opposition,[34] and the risk of becoming stranded assets.[35]

Active coal-fired power stations in Turkey
For annual capacity payments and CO
2 emissions, see list of power stations in Turkey.

All coal-fired power stations which sent power to the grid in 2020 are listed below. There may be other small coal-fired power stations which generated in 2020, but did not send any power to the grid, but that is hard to know because they do not require licenses.[36][37]

Coal-fired power stations in Turkey
Station Operational Capacity (MWe) Generation to grid in 2019 (GWh)[note 5] Capacity factor in 2019 (%)[note 6] Province and District Construction or operational start year [note 7] Owner Type[40] Coal type Retirement Notes Ref

[note 8]

[note 9]

[44]

18 Mart Çan a.k.a. Çan 320 2134 76 Çanakkale

Çan

 2003 EÜAŞ Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 1][15]
Adapazarı Sugar Factory a.k.a. Ada Şeker a.k.a. Sakarya 10 13 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Sakarya

Adapazarı

 2014 Adapazarı Sugar Unknown Lignite Unknown Captive power plant: no output to grid first half 2020 [lower-alpha 2][45]
Afşin Elbistan A 1355 1899 16 Kahramanmaraş

Afşin

 1984–1987 EÜAŞ Subcritical Lignite Uncertain but current temporary license for 2 of 4 units expires January 2021[16] [lower-alpha 3][16]
Afşin Elbistan B 1440 2773 22 Kahramanmaraş

Afşin

 2004–2005 EÜAŞ Subcritical[46] Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 4][15]
Afyon Sugar Factory Cogeneration a.k.a. Afyon Şeker 15 0 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Afyonkarahisar

Afyonkarahisar

 2018 Doğüş Food and Drink Unknown Unknown Unknown Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020 [lower-alpha 5]
Albayrak Balıkesir Cogeneration a.k.a. Albayrak TES 80
[47]		 57 8 Balıkesir

Balıkesir

 2019
[48]		 Varaka Paper Unknown Imported[47] Unknown Averages 150 tons steam from 27 tons coal per hour[48] [lower-alpha 6][47]
Atlas 1200 8502 81 Hatay

İskenderun

 2014 Diler Holding via Atlas Enerji Supercritical Imported Unknown Diler is on the Global Coal Exit List.[49] [lower-alpha 7]
Aynes Cogeneration a.k.a. Aynes Gıda 6 9 18 Denizli

Acıpayam

 2014 Aynes Food Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 8]
Bandırma Boron Factory a.k.a. Bandırma Boraks 36
[50][note 10]		 53 17 Bandırma

Acıpayam

 2014 ETİ Mining Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 9]
Bekirli-1 a.k.a. Biga a.k.a. İçdaş Çelik Enerji 405 3164 89 Çanakkale

Biga

 2005 (unit 1), 2009 (units 2–3) İÇDAŞ Subcritical Imported Unknown [lower-alpha 10]
Bekirli-2 a.k.a. Bekirli 1200 8658 82 Çanakkale

Biga

 2011 (unit 1), 2015 (unit 2) İÇDAŞ Supercritical Imported Unknown [lower-alpha 11]
Beypazarı ETİ Soda Cogeneration a.k.a. ETİ Soda 20
[47]		 94 54 Ankara

Beypazarı

 Unknown Ciner Group via ETİ Soda[47] Unknown Lignite[47] Unknown [lower-alpha 12]
Bolluk a.k.a.

Alkim Konya

 1
[51]		 2 19 Konya

Cihanbeyli[51]

 2014 Alkim Alkali Chemicals[51] Unknown Lignite[51] Unknown [lower-alpha 13][51]
Bolu Göynük a.k.a. Aksa Göynuk TES 270 1964 83 Bolu

Göynük

 2015 Kazancı Holding Subcritical fluidized bed Lignite Unknown uses 1.8 million tons of lignite with a thermal value of 2,450 kcal/kg per year [lower-alpha 14][52][53]
Cenal 1320 9167 79 Çanakkale

Biga

 2017 Alarko Holding and Cengiz Holding via Cenal Elektrik Ultra-Supercritical Imported Bituminous Unknown Cenal is on the Global Coal Exit List.[54] [lower-alpha 15]
Çan-2 330 1524 53 Çanakkale

Çan

 2018 ODAŞ Group Combined cycle[55] Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 16][51]
Çankırı Salt Factory Cogeneration

a.k.a.

Med-mar Sağlık

 2 9 64 Çankırı

Çankırı

 2014 Med-mar Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 17]
Çatalağzı

a.k.a. Yeni Çatalağzı

 314 1494 54 Zonguldak

Kilimli

 1979 (opening:1989) Aydem Enerji Subcritical Anthracite[56] Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[16] [lower-alpha 18][57]
Çayırhan 620 4312 79 Ankara

Nallıhan

 1987–2000 Ciner Group Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 19][15]
Çayırhan Sodium Sulphate Cogeneration a.k.a. Alkim Çayırhan 3 9 39 Ankara

Nallıhan

 2014 Alkim Alkali Chemicals Unknown Unknown Unknown [lower-alpha 20]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra Termik Santrali a.k.a. Çobanyıldızı (Cumra)[58] 37 35 11 Konya

Çumra

 2015 Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish) Unknown Lignite Unknown At Çumra Campus [lower-alpha 21]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra[58] 24 35 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Konya

Çumra

 2014 Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish) Unknown Lignite Unknown Supplies both sugar factory and grid.[59] Claimed to be most environment friendly factory in Turkey.[60] [lower-alpha 22]
Çolakoğlu a.k.a. Çolakoğlu-2 190 1191 72 Kocaeli

Gebze

 2003 Çolakoğlu Metalurji Subcritical Bituminous Unknown [lower-alpha 23]
Dazkırı Cogeneration

a.k.a.

Alkim Afyon

 3 16 72 Afyonkarahisar Dazkırı 2014 Alkim Alkali Chemicals Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 24]
Göknur 2 0 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Niğde

Niğde

 2014 Göknur Food Unknown Unknown Unknown Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020 [lower-alpha 25]
İsken Sugözü

a.k.a. Sugözu İsken

a.k.a. İskenderun

 1320 7110 61 Adana

Yumurtalık

 2003 OYAK Subcritical Hard coal[61] Anthracite[56] Unknown [lower-alpha 26]
İzdemir 350 2484 81 İzmir

Aliağa

 2014 İzdemir Enerji Supercritical Imported[62] Unknown [lower-alpha 27]
Kahramanmaraş Paper Factory 16 73 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Kahramanmaraş

Kahramanmaraş

 2014 Kahramanmaraş Paper Unknown Imported Unknown [lower-alpha 28]
Kangal 457[63] 2588 65 Sivas

Kangal

 1989 (Unit 1) 1990 (Unit 2) 2000 (Unit 3) Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish) Subcritical Lignite Uncertain but unit 1 current temporary license expires January 2021[16] On the Global Coal Exit List[64] [lower-alpha 29][15]
Kardemir a.k.a. Karabük 78 546 80 Kütahya

Karabük

 Unknown Kardemir A.Ş. Unknown Hard coal Unknown May need update to meet 2020 standards[65][66] [lower-alpha 30]
Kemerköy 630 4128 75 Muğla

Gökova

 1994 (units 1–2), 1995 (unit 3) Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 31][15]
Kipaş Paper Factory 8 1 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Kahramanmaraş

Türkoğlu

 2014 Kipaş Paper Unknown Imported Unknown [lower-alpha 32]
Küçüker Cogeneration 5 34 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Denizli

Denizli

 2014 Küçüker Textiles Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 33]
Kütahya Sugar Factory 7 7 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Kütahya

Kütahya

 2014 Kütahya Sugar factory Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 34]
Orhaneli 210 1570 85 Bursa

Orhaneli

 1992 Çelikler Holding Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 35][15]
Petlas Tyres 6 0 Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory Kırşehir

Kirşehir

 2014 Petlas Tyres Unknown Unknown Unknown Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020 [lower-alpha 36]
Polat a.k.a. Polat-1 51 132 30 Kütahya

Tavşanlı

 2013 Polatyol Circulating fluidized bed Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 37]
Seydişehir a.k.a. ETİ Alüminyum 14 33 27 Konya

Seydişehir

 2014 ETİ Aluminium Unknown Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 38]
Seyitömer 600 3968 75 Kütahya Kütahya 1973–1989 Çelikler Holding Subcritical Lignite Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[16] [lower-alpha 39][15][16]
Soma Kolin 510 2527 57 Manisa

Soma

 2019 Kolin Group Circulating fluidized bed Lignite Unknown The environmental impact assessment does not mention greenhouse gas (sera gaz) emissions.[67] [lower-alpha 40][47]
Soma

a.k.a. Soma A

 44 0 Unknown as some electricity might have been used for other purposes Manisa

Soma

 2016 EÜAŞ Unknown Lignite Unknown No output to grid 2019 or first half 2020 [lower-alpha 41]
Soma B a.k.a. Soma 660 5059 Unknown as the steam is also used for residential heating Manisa

Soma

 1981–1992 Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish) Subcritical Lignite Uncertain but current temporary license for 4 of 6 units expires January 2021[16] Of the six 165 MW units, 2 units are shutdown and 4 units operating under temporary license.[68] Steam from the power station is used for residential heating in the winter.[33] [lower-alpha 42]
Şırnak Silopi a.k.a. Silopi 405 2324 66 Şırnak

Silopi

 2013 (unit 1), 2015 (units 2–3) Ciner Group Circulating fluidized bed Asphaltite Unknown May need update to meet 2020 standards[65][66] Although technically not coal the solid fuel is treated similarly by regulators so is included here. [lower-alpha 43][15]
Tufanbeyli 450 3283 83 Adana

Tufanbeyli

 2016 Sabancı Holding via Enerjisa Circulating fluidized bed Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 44]
Tunçbilek 365 Unknown Unknown Kütahya

Tavşanlı

 1973 Çelikler Holding Subcritical Lignite Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[16] Not listed on "real time generation" query so no generation figure shown [lower-alpha 45][69]
Yatağan 630 3764 68 Muğla

Yatağan

 1984 (units 1–2), 1986 (unit 3) Aydem Enerji Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 46][70][15]
Yeniköy 420 2997 81 Muğla

Milas

 1986–1987 Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik Subcritical Lignite Unknown [lower-alpha 47][15]
ZETES-1 160 1141 81 Zonguldak

Zonguldak

 2010 Eren Holding via Eren Enerji Circulating fluidized bed Bituminous Unknown Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES [lower-alpha 48]
ZETES-2 1230 8931 83 Zonguldak

Zonguldak

 2010 Eren Holding via Eren Enerji Supercritical Bituminous Unknown Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES [lower-alpha 49]
ZETES-3 1400 9212 75 Zonguldak

Zonguldak

 2016 Eren Holding via Eren Enerji Supercritical Bituminous Unknown Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES [lower-alpha 50]
18 Mart Can
Afşin-Elbistan A
Afşin-Elbistan B
Atlas Enerji İskenderun
Bolu Göynük
Cenal
Çan-2
Çatalağzı
Çoban Yıldızı Çümra
Gebze Çolakoğlu
İÇDAŞ Bekirli1
İÇDAŞ Bekirli2
İzdemir
Orhaneli
Polat
Soma Kolin
Tufanbeyli
Location of operational and under construction coal-fired power stations larger than 50 megawatts in Turkey (yellow dot means under construction)

See also

Notes
  1. The Energy Ministry gives a figure of 67 power stations,[3] but does not list them or say whether they are active or grid-connected. The Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) database lists 46 licences for operational stations but the ZETES licence covers 3 stations, and as of June 2020 Afyon, Adapazarı and Göknür have not sent any electricity to the grid. EMRA list 4 stations as partly operational but of those only Bandırma and Karabuk have sent electricity to the grid in 2020 up to June. Thus the total number of grid-connected active stations is 47. If there are any pure autoproducers they are not known as they do not require licences.
  2. UNFCCC category 1.A.1. Energy industries a. Public electricity and heat production:solid fuels. shows 111 megatonnes of CO2, which is larger than any other category.[5]
  3. In 2018 coal-fired power stations gross generation was 113 terawatt hours (TWh), which was 37% of total gross generation.[6] The figures in the table below are net generation.
  4. By routine calculation 61,636,279.98 tCO2/year[21] divided by 11380 GWh/year[20] equals 61,636.27998 Gg CO2 divided by 11,380 GWh equals 5.4 kg CO2/kWh
  5. A graph of a power station's generation over a specified period of time can be seen on the Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) transparency platform "Real-Time Generation" option, with the total above the graph.[38] Recent generation by unit can be seen on the "Final Daily Production Program" option by first entering the company name and then dropping down the list of unit names.[39] Even so some small power stations may not show on the platform if they do not sell to the grid (that is they are just autoproducers).
  6. By routine calculations from the 2 columns to the left as described in Capacity_factor#Sample_calculations - note that there are 366 days in 2020
  7. Where the construction year is not known, the start of the current EDPK operational license is shown – nevertheless there may have been "pre-licenses" before that.
  8. Public information about a power station (e.g. Cenal) can be displayed from the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority database as follows. Click the bracketed letter link in its cell below (e.g. [n]) and copy the license number (e.g. EÜ/4315-42/02574) into the "Lisans No." box on the query screen.[41] Tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and then press the "Sorgula" (query) button. A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful.[42].
  9. To attempt to list operational coal-fired power stations from the licence database enter: "Lisans Durumu"="Yürülükte" (license status=In force),"Tesis Türü"="Termik" (facility type=Thermal) and "Tesis Durumu"="İşletmede" (facility status=In business). Then tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and "Sorgula" (Query) which should list licensed, operational thermal power stations.[41] Click "Raporla" (Report) to download it. Using your spreadsheet software select "Yakıt Türü"="Kömür" (Fuel=Coal) OR "İthal Kömür" (Imported Coal) OR "Yerli Kömür" (Local Coal) OR "Yerli Asfaltit" (Local Asphaltite). Then sort by "Tesis Adı"(Facility Name). A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful.[43].
  10. The link at the top of this column queried with "Tesis Durumu"="Kısmi İşletmede" (Facility Status=İn Partial Business) on 13 February 2020 shows this. It also claims that Kirazlıdere in Lapseki in Çanakkale is under construction but from other web sources we can see that is wrong.
  1. EÜ/101-44/020
  2. EÜ/4969-177/2877
  3. EÜ/8263-5/04139
  4. EÜ/101-43/019
  5. EÜ/8140-9/04101
  6. EÜ/6660-5/03613
  7. EÜ/1813-3/1274
  8. EÜ/4969-230/2930
  9. EÜ/4969-196/2896
  10. EÜ/1435-26/1041
  11. EÜ/1160-3/833
  12. EÜ/4969-120/2820
  13. EÜ/4969-2/2702
  14. EÜ/3734-19/2290
  15. EÜ/4315-42/02574
  16. EÜ/6083-2/03428
  17. EÜ/4969-240/2940
  18. EÜ/5358-1/03178
  19. EÜ/5088-4/03041
  20. EÜ/4969-16/2716
  21. EÜ/5603-8/03299
  22. EÜ/4969-46/2746
  23. EÜ/4969-33/2733
  24. EÜ/4969-24/2724
  25. EÜ/4969-153/2853
  26. EÜ/8886-12/04341
  27. EÜ/2116-8/1490
  28. EÜ/4969-202/2902
  29. EÜ/4537/02625
  30. EÜ/4969-204/2904
  31. EÜ/5358-2/03180
  32. EÜ/4969-259/2959
  33. EÜ/4969-211/2911
  34. EÜ/4969-212/2912
  35. EÜ/5642-3/03300
  36. EÜ/4969-166/2866
  37. EÜ/1866-11/1342
  38. EÜ/4969-236/2936
  39. EÜ/4447/02616
  40. EÜ/5906-18/03394
  41. EÜ/6604-3/03635
  42. EÜ/5642-1/03298
  43. EÜ/308-3/424
  44. EÜ/298-1/415
  45. EÜ/5642-4/03301
  46. EÜ/5327/03164
  47. EÜ/5358-3/03181
  48. EÜ/369-1/479
  49. EÜ/369-1/479
  50. EÜ/369-1/479

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Sources
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See also

Category:Coal mines in Turkey

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