List of Tamil monarchs
This is a list of Tamil-speaking monarchs, who ruled in Tamilakam and Sri Lanka. The ancient Tamil monarchy was largely hereditary and supported by numerous chieftains.[1]
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Tamil royal titles
- Pérun-kō or Perarasan (emperor)
- Perarasi (empress)
- Kō(கோ) or Arasan or Araiyan (king)
- Arasi (queen)
- Ilavarasi or Piratti (Princess)
- Ilam-kō or Ilavarasan (prince)
- Kuru-nïla mannan or Chitarasan (petty king)
- Chitarasi (petty queen)
- Āṇṭavaṉ (ruler)
- Āḻiyāṉ (king)
- Iṟai or Iṟaivaṉ or Chakravarti (emperor)
Pandyan Kingdom
Early Pandyans (6th century BCE – 3rd century CE)
- Koon Pandiyan
- Nedunjeliyan I (he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi)
- Pudappandiyan
- Mudukudumi Peruvazhudhi
- Nedunjeliyan II
- Nanmaran
- Nedunjeliyan III
- Maran Vazhudhi
- Kadalan Vazhudhi
- Mutriya Chezhiyan
- Ukkirap Peruvazhudhi
Medieval Pandyans (6th – 10th centuries CE)
- Kadungon (590–620 CE)
- Maravarman Avani Culamani (c. 620-645 CE)
- Jayantavarman (c. 645-670 CE)
- Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (c. 670–710 CE)
- Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (710 CE-735 CE)
- Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I (735–765)
- Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–815)
- Rasasingan II (790–800)
- Varagunan I (800–830)
- Srimara Srivallabha (815–862)
- Varagunavarman II (862–880)
- Parantaka Viranarayana (880–900)
- Maravarman Rajasimha III (900–920)
Pandyans under Chola empire (10th – 13th centuries)
- Sundara Pandyan I
- Vira Pandyan I
- Vira Pandyan II
- Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
- Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
- Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
- Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
- Jatavarman Chola Pandya
- Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
- Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
- Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162)
- Kulasekara Pandyan III
- Vira Pandyan III
- Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180)
- Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216)
Later Pandyans (13th – 14th centuries)
- Parakrama Pandyan II (1212–1215)
- Maravarman Sundara Pandyan (1216–1238)
- Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II (1238–1240)
- Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251)
- Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268)
- Maaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308)
- Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1327)
- Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1345)
Tenkasi Pandyans (15th – 17th centuries)
During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.
- Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan 1422–1463
- Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan 1429–1473
- Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan 1473–1506
- Kulasekara Pandyan 1479–1499
- Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan 1534–1543
- Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan 1543–1552
- Nelveli Maran 1552–1564
- Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan 1564–1604
- Varathunga Pandyan 1588–1612
- Varakunarama Pandyan 1613–1618
- Kollankondan ?–?
Chola Empire (c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE)
.jpg)
A bronze statue of Karikalan.
A sculpture of Rajaraja Chola I.
Legendary Cholas
Early Cholas (c. 300 BCE – 848 CE)
- Ellalan
- Kulakkottan
- Ilamcetcenni
- Karikalan
- Nedunkilli
- Nalankilli
- Killivalavan
- Kopperuncholan
- Kocengannan
- Perunarkilli
Medieval Cholas (850 CE–1070 CE)
- Vijayalaya Chola 850-870
- Aditya Chola I 870–907
- Parantaka Chola I 907–950
- Gandaraditya Chola 950–957
- Arinjaya Chola 956–957
- Sundara Chola 957–970
- Uttama Chola 970–985
- Rajaraja Chola I 985–1014
- Rajendra Chola I 1012–1044
- Rajadhiraja Chola 1018–1054
- Rajendra Chola II 1051–1063
- Virarajendra Chola 1063–1070
- Athirajendra Chola 1067–1070
Later Cholas (1070 – 1279 AD)
- Kulothunga Chola I 1070–1120
- Vikrama Chola 1118–1135
- Kulothunga Chola II 1133–1150
- Rajaraja Chola II 1146–1173
- Rajadhiraja Chola II 1166–1178
- Kulothunga Chola III 1178–1218
- Rajaraja Chola III 1218–1246
- Rajendra Chola III 1246–1280
16th Century
- Virasekhara Chola (early 16th century, opponent of Nagama Nayak)
Chera Kingdom
_(cropped).jpg)
A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"
A Chera coin with legend "Kuttuvan Kotai"
Early (pre-Pallava) Cheras
- Uthiyan Cheral Athan
- Nedum Cheral Athan
- Palyani Sel Kelu Kuttuvan
- Narmudi Cheral
- Vel Kelu Kuttuvan (Senguttuvan Chera)
- Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan
- Selva Kadumko Valia Athan
- Anthuvan Cheral
- Perum Cheral Irumporai
- Illam Cheral Irumporai
- Mantharan Cheral Irumporai
- Kanaikkal Irumporai
From inscriptions
- Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai
- Perum Kadungo Irumporai
- Ilam Kadungo Irumporai
- Kadummi Pudha Chera
From inscribed coins
- Mak-kothai
- Kuttuvan Kothai
- Kollippurai/Kollippurai
- Kol Irumporai
- Sa Irumporai
Kongu Cheras/Keralas (Karur)
- Ravi Kotha
- Kantan Ravi
- Vira Kotha
- Vira Narayana
- Vira Chola
- Vira Kerala
- Amara Bhujanga Deva
- Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva
Kodungallur Cheras (the Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)
- Rama Rajasekhara (c. 800–844 CE)
- Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
- Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (c. 844–883 CE)
- Kulasekhara Alvar
- Kulasekhara Varma
- Kotha Ravi Vijayaraga (c. 883–913)
- Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari (c. 913–c.943 CE)
- Indu Kotha (943–962 CE)
- Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya (962–1021)
- Ravi Kotha Rajasimha (c. 1021– c.1036 CE)
- Raja Raja (c. 1036–1089 CE)
- Ravi Rama Rajadithya (c. 1036–1089 CE)
- Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya (c. 1036–1089 CE)
- Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 CE)
Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas)
- Rama Kulasekhara (1090–1102)
- Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125)
- Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
- Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
- Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150)
- Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
- Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
- Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
- Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
- Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?)
- Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
- Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
- Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
- Ravi Varma (1299–1313)
- Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
- Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
- Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
- Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
- Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
- Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
- Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
- Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
- Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
- Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
- Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458)
- Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
- Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484
- Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503)
- Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
- Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528)
Pallava Kingdom
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A Pallava coin with lion insigne of Narasimhavarman I.
Early Pallavas
- Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan (son of Chola king Killivalavan with Nākar princess Pili Valai according to Manimegalai) - The Great Founder of a Pallava Dynasty Lineage
- Bappa - Virakurcha - married a Naga of Mavilanga (Kanchi).
- Simha Varman I (275–300 or 315–345)
- Skanda Varman I (345–355) (Shivaskandavarman)
Middle Pallavas
- Visnugopa (340–355) (Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa)
- Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
- Skanda Varman II (370–385)
- Vira Varman (385–400)
- Skanda Varman III (400–435)
- Simha Varman II (435–460)
- Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
- Nandi Varman I (480–500)
- Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
- Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
- Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
- Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)
Later Pallavas
- Simhavishnu (537–570)
- Mahendravarman I (571–630)
- Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) (630–668)
- Mahendravarman II (668–672)
- Paramesvaravarman I (672–700)
- Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha) (700–728)
- Paramesvaravarman II (705–710)
- Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (732–796)
- Dantivarman (775–825)
- Nandivarman III (825–869)
- Nirupathungan (869–882)
- Aparajitavarman (882–897)
Ay Kingdom
Ay chieftains (early historic)
- Ay Andiran
- Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan)
- Ay Atiyan
Medieval Ay kings
- Chadayan Karunanthan
- Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856-884)
- Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. 884-911 CE)
Jaffna Kingdom (Aryacakravartis) (c. 1215 – 1619 AD)
Image of Singai Parasasekaran, his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and Cankili I
- Cinkai Ariyan Cekaracacekaran I 1215-1240
- Kulasekara Pararacacekaran I 1240-1256
- Kulottunga Cekaracacekaran II 1256-1279
- Vikkrama Pararacacekaran II 1279-1302
- Varotaya Cekaracacekaran III 1302-1325
- Marttanta Pararacacekaran III 1325-1348
- Kunapusana Cekaracacekaran IV 1348-1371
- Virotaya Pararacacekaran IV 1371-1380
- Jeyavira Cekaracacekaran V 1380-1410
- Kunavira Pararacacekaran V 1410-1440
- Kanagasuriya Cekaracacekaran V 1440-1478
- Pararacacekaran VI 1478-1519
- Cankili I (Cekaracacekaran VI) 1519-1565
- Ilavarasan Puvi Raja Pandaram 1561-1565
- Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran 1565-1570
- (Name Not Known) 1565-1565
- Periya Pillai Pandaram Cekaracacekaran 1570-1582
- Puvi Raja Pandaram Pararacacekaran 1582-1591
- Ethirmanna Cinkam Pararacacekaran 1591-1615
- Paddilarasan Arasakesari Pandaram 1615-1616 (Assassinated)
- Cankili II Cekaracacekaran 1616-1619[2]
Nayakars
Madurai Nayakar (1529 AD – 1736 AD)
- Nagama Nayaka
- Viswanatha Nayaka
- Vitthala Raja Nayaka (1546–1558)
- Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka (1563–1573)
- Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka (1602–1609)
- Muttu Virappa Nayaka (1609–1623)
- Tirumalai Nayaka (1623–1659)
- Muttu Alakadri Nayaka (1659–1662)
- Chokkanatha Nayaka (1662–1682)
- Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689)
- Mangammal (1689–1704)
- Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayaka (1704–1731)
- Queen Meenakshi, and the End of the Nayakas (1731–1736)
Gingee Nayakar (1509 – 1649)
- Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521)
- Chennappa Nayaka
- Gangama Nayaka
- Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
- Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
- Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
- Varadappa Nayaka
- Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
- Venkata Perumal Naidu
- Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
- Ramakrishnappa Naidu (d. 1649)
Thanjavur Nayakar (1532 – 1673 AD)
- Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580)
- Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614)
- Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634)
- Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1883)
Kandy Nayakar (1739 – 1815 AD)
- Sri Vijaya Rajasinha (reigned 1739–1747)
- Kirti Sri Rajasinha
- Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha
- Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
Ramnad Sethupathis
Under Madurai Nayakars (1590 – 1670 AD)
- Sadasiva Thevar Sethupathi (1590–1621)
- Kootan Sethupathi (1621–1637)
- Dalavai Sethupathi (1637–1659)
- Raghunatha Sethupathi (1659–1670)
Independent Sethupathis (1670 – 1794 AD)
- Raghunatha Kilavan (1670–1708)
- Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I (1708–1723)
- Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1723–1724)
- Bhavani Shankara Thevar (1724–1728)
- Kumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1728–1734)
- Muthukumara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1734–1747)
- Rakka Thevar (1747–1748)
- Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi II (1748–1760)
- Muthuramalinga Sethupathi I (1760–1794)
Under British Raj (1795 – 1979 AD)
- Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1807)
- Annaswami Sethupathi (1807–1820)
- Ramaswami Sethupathi (1820–1830)
- Muthu Chella Thevar Sethupathi (1830–1846)
- Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar (1846–1862)
- Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II (1862–1873)
- Court of Wards (1873–1889)
- Bhaskara Sethupathy (1889–1903)
- Dinakara Sethupathy
- Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi (1903–1929)
- Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi (1929–1967)
- Ramanatha Sethupathi (1967–1979)
Pudukkotai Tondaimans (1680 – 1948 AD)
- Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1686–1730)
- Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I (1730–1769)
- Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769–December 1789)
- Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (December 1789–February 1, 1807)
- Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II (February 1, 1807–June 1825)
- Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825–July 13, 1839)
- Ramachandra Tondaiman (July 13, 1839–April 15, 1886)
- Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman (April 15, 1886–May 28, 1928)
- Rajagopala Tondaiman (October 28, 1928–August 15, 1947)
Sivaganga estate (1725 – 1947 AD)
- Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1730-1750)
- Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1750-1780)
- Velu Nachiyar (1780-1790)
- Vellacci (1790-1793)[3]
- Vangam Periya Udaya Thevar (1793-1801)
- Zamindar under British rule (1803-1947)
Others
- Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar (aka Suvaran Maran)
- Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte (aka Chempaha Perumal)
- Kadava dynasty
- Mutharaiyar dynasty
- Sambuvaraya
- Pandara Vanniyan of Vanni Nadu
- Akkarayan
- Magadai Mandalam
- Valvil Ori
- Sena and Guttika
- The Five Dravidians
- The Six Dravidians
- Valai Vannan (A Nakar king, who was mentioned in Manimekalai).
- Mushika Kingdom
- Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan was a vassal and brother-in-law of Rajaraja Chola I.
References
- Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146
- "genealogy of the royal house of jaffna".
- K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
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