List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2019, 919 individual laureates in total).[1] This list considers Nobel laureates as equal individuals and does not consider their various prize shares or if they received the prize more than once.[2] It does not include Nobel-winning organizations (as of 2019, 24 such organizations) or any individuals affiliated with those organizations. In this list, universities are presented in descending order, beginning with those affiliated with most Nobel Prize winners.

The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment, including academic positions at research organizations formally affiliated with or operated by a university. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduates and attendees), 2) Long-term academic staff, and 3) Short-term academic staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate or equivalent degrees from a university, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in degree programs at a university but did not complete the programs; thus, honorary degrees, posthumous degrees, summer attendees, exchange students and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term academic staff" consists of tenure or tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term academic staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers, visiting professors or scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At any university, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term academic staff" are now presented. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching or research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) for award-based visiting positions, this list includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching or research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "appointment" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vitae. To be specific, some award-based visiting positions such as the "Morris Loeb Short-term Lectureship" at Harvard University and Guggenheim Fellowship are awards/honors without employment-level duty;[3][4] attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars are not employment-level duties. On the other hand, positive award-based examples include "Morris Loeb Long-term Lectureship" at Harvard University (teaching duty), "Visiting Miller Professorship" at UC Berkeley (research duty) and Fulbright Scholarship.[4][5][6] Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years; the same rule applies to extension schools of universities.

In this list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the institution (including emeritus staff) containing that asterisk. A name underlined implies that this person has been listed for a same institution previously (i.e., multiple affiliations). If a person had multiple positions under one category, only the position with highest rank is listed.

Different universities adopt different criteria—from generous to conservative—for claiming Nobel affiliates, which may not encompass all types of affiliations in this list.[7] The University Counts (Univ Counts), which are published by the universities themselves, are thus shown as comparison below. Finally, this list, together with the List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation and the List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation, presents the university affiliation of people who have won highest honors in fundamental academic disciplines.

Abbreviations: UG (Undergraduate), Grad (Graduate), Med (Medical), Atten (Attendee), Prof (Professor), Assoc (Associate), Asst (Assistant), Adj (Adjunct), PSD (Postdoc), Lect (Lecturer), Inst (Instructor), Res (Research/Researcher), Sci (Scientist), Fel (Fellow), Sch (Scholar), Vis (Visiting/Visitor).

Summary of results

Top 30 universities worldwide since 1901

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

By subject

Rank University Total SCI Total[Note 1] PHY CHE P/M ECO LI PE
1 Harvard University 160 112 33 36 43 32 8 8
2 University of Cambridge 120 97 36 30 31 15 5 3
3 University of California, Berkeley 107 80 33 30 17 24 3 1[Note 2]
4 University of Chicago 100 62 32 19 11 33 3 2
5 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 97 62 33 17 12 34 0 1
6 Columbia University 96 70 33 15 22 15 5 6
7 Stanford University 83 55 26 13 16 26 2 1[Note 2]
8 California Institute of Technology 74 67 30 17 21 6 0 1[Note 2]
9 University of Oxford 72 52 14 19 19 10 5 6[Note 2]
10 Princeton University 68 41 28 9 4 21 5 1
11 Yale University 62 33 8 11 14 22 4 3
12 Cornell University 59 48 22 12 14 5 4 2
13 Humboldt University of Berlin 55 47 14 21 12 1 4 3
14 University of Paris[Note 3] 50 34 15 9[Note 4] 10 4 6 7
15 University of Göttingen 45 43 19 16 8 0 1 1
16 University of Munich 42 41 13 19 9 0 1 1[Note 2]
17 Johns Hopkins University 39 30 4 8 18 5 1 3
University of Copenhagen 39 34 19 7 8 3 2 1[Note 2]
19 New York University 37 19 3 4 12 14 2 2
20 Rockefeller University 36 36 1 10 25 0 0 0
University of Pennsylvania 36 25 4 10 11 11 0 0
22 University College London 33 30 4 7 19 2 1 0
23 ETH Zurich 32 32 11 17 4 0 0 0
24 University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 30 27 11 5 11 3 0 0
University of Minnesota 30 15 7 4 4 12 2 1
26 University of California, San Diego 27 24 5 9 10 3 0 1[Note 2]
University of Heidelberg 27 24 11 8 5 0 1 2
28 University of Manchester 25 22 11 9 2 3 0 0
University of Michigan 25 18 9 3 6 5 2 0
University of Wisconsin–Madison 25 22 5 7 10 2 1 0

By affiliation type

Rank University Total Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff Overlap[Note 5]
1 Harvard University 160 79 56 76 -51
2 University of Cambridge 120 70 45 55 -50
3 University of California, Berkeley 107 34 40 51 -18
4 University of Chicago 100 34 48 39 -21
5 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 97 39 37 40 -19
6 Columbia University 96 43 33 38 -18
7 Stanford University 83 13 46 35 -11
8 California Institute of Technology 74 22 21 41 -10
9 University of Oxford 72 30 18 35 -11
10 Princeton University 68 20 27 30 -9
11 Yale University 62 22 28 23 -11
12 Cornell University 59 18 19 26 -4
13 Humboldt University of Berlin 55 32 20 11 -8
14 University of Paris 50 41 21 7 -19
15 University of Göttingen 45 21 12 17 -5
16 University of Munich 42 28 12 10 -8
17 Johns Hopkins University 39 16 15 16 -8
University of Copenhagen 39 12 8 26 -7
19 New York University 37 10 13 16 -2
20 Rockefeller University 36 3 26 13 -6
University of Pennsylvania 36 8 14 15 -1
22 University College London 33 9 12 14 -2
23 ETH Zurich 32 12 9 14 -3
24 University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 30 11 10 14 -5
University of Minnesota 30 11 13 6 0
26 University of California, San Diego 27 3 16 8 0
University of Heidelberg 27 15 10 6 -4
28 University of Manchester 25 9 13 5 -2
University of Michigan 25 8 6 13 -2
University of Wisconsin–Madison 25 13 7 7 -2

Top 20 universities worldwide since 2000

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

By subject

Rank University Total SCI Total[Note 1] PHY CHE P/M ECO LI PE
1 Harvard University 63 36 12 14 10 20 2 5
2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 44 20 9 6 5 23 0 1
3 Stanford University 37 20 4 8 8 16 1 0
University of California, Berkeley 37 25 8 11 6 12 0 0
5 Princeton University 32 15 10 4 1 16 1 0
University of Cambridge 32 24 5 9 10 6 1 1
7 Yale University 31 15 4 8 3 15 0 1
8 California Institute of Technology 27 22 8 9 5 5 0 0
9 University of Chicago 25 11 7 3 1 12 1 1
10 Columbia University 20 11 2 5 4 4 1 4
11 University of Oxford 18 13 4 4 5 3 1 1
12 University of Pennsylvania 17 10 2 5 3 7 0 0
13 Cornell University 16 13 7 3 3 3 0 0
14 New York University 14 4 0 2 2 9 0 1
15 Johns Hopkins University 13 12 2 4 6 0 1 0
Kyoto University 13 12 5 4 3 1 0 0
17 Hebrew University 11 5 1 4 0 6 0 0
Northwestern University 11 3 0 3 0 8 0 0
University of Minnesota 11 1 0 1 0 9 1 0
University of Paris 11 8 4 2 2 2 0 1

By affiliation type

Rank University Total Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff Overlap
1 Harvard University 63 35 16 32 -20
2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 44 22 19 14 -11
3 Stanford University 37 9 16 19 -7
University of California, Berkeley 37 13 15 14 -5
5 Princeton University 32 8 12 16 -4
University of Cambridge 32 16 8 18 -10
7 Yale University 31 10 17 11 -7
8 California Institute of Technology 27 7 5 17 -2
9 University of Chicago 25 7 13 10 -5
10 Columbia University 20 6 10 7 -3
11 University of Oxford 18 9 4 8 -3
12 University of Pennsylvania 17 3 9 6 -1
12 Cornell University 16 6 3 8 -1
14 New York University 14 3 5 7 -1
15 Johns Hopkins University 13 4 6 5 -2
Kyoto University 13 5 3 7 -2
17 Hebrew University 11 5 2 6 -2
Northwestern University 11 0 4 7 0
University of Minnesota 11 4 5 2 0
University of Paris 11 8 3 2 -2

Top 5 universities by region since 1901

Rank Africa Asia Europe
University Total University Total University Total
1 University of Cape Town 5 Kyoto University 19 University of Cambridge 120
2 University of the Witwatersrand 4 University of Tokyo 16 University of Oxford 72
3 Cairo University 3 Hebrew University 15 Humboldt University of Berlin 55
4 Many (not displayed) 1 Nagoya University

Weizmann Institute of Science

6 University of Paris 50
5 - - - University of Göttingen 45
Rank Latin America North America Oceania
University Total University Total University Total
1 University of Buenos Aires 5 Harvard University 160 Australian National University 8
2 National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 University of California, Berkeley 107 University of Melbourne 7
3 University of Chile 2 University of Chicago 100 University of Adelaide 5
4 Many (not displayed) 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 97 University of Sydney 4
5 Columbia University 96 University of Canterbury 3

Harvard University (1st)

Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Harvard University, United States
Total: 160 (Univ Count: 51)[8]

Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Harvard's Nobel laureates (link above).

2) Harvard University's official count is not exhaustive and only presents a selection of Nobel laureates. It also includes Henry Cadbury who represented the American Friends Service Committee to receive the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize, and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War which won 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. They are both excluded from the following list.

3) Affiliates of Radcliffe College ("Harvard Annex", 1879–1999) are not included in this list.[9]

4) "Morris Loeb Short-term Lectureship" (M.L.S Lecturer), "Lee Historical Lectureship" and "Charles Eliot Norton Professorship" are award-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list; on the other hand, "Morris Loeb Long-term Lectureship" (M.L.L Lecturer) usually carries teaching duty.[10][11]

Physics
  1. David Wineland[12] (PhD) - 2012
  2. Adam Riess[13] (PhD) - 2011
  3. Brian Schmidt[14] (PhD) - 2011
  4. Saul Perlmutter[15] (AB) - 2011
  5. Roy Glauber[16] (AB, PhD) - 2005
  6. David Politzer[17] (PhD) - 2004
  1. Roy Glauber[16] (Prof) - 2005*
  2. Riccardo Giacconi[18] (Prof) - 2002
  1. John M. Kosterlitz[19] (Vis Prof) - 2016
  2. Serge Haroche[20] (Vis Prof) - 2012
  3. Brian Schmidt[14] (PSD) - 2011
  4. David Gross[21] (Jr. Fel) - 2004
  5. David Politzer[17] (Jr. Fel) - 2004
  6. Frank Wilczek[22] (Vis Prof) - 2004
  7. Anthony Leggett[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
Chemistry
  1. George P. Smith[24] (PhD) - 2018
  2. Martin Karplus[25] (AB) - 2013
  3. Thomas Steitz[26] (PhD) - 2009
  4. Martin Chalfie[27] (AB, PhD) - 2008
  5. Roger Y. Tsien[28] (AB) - 2008
  6. Roger Kornberg[29] (AB) - 2006
  7. Richard Schrock[30] (PhD) - 2005
  8. William Standish Knowles[31] (AB) - 2001
  1. Martin Karplus[25] (Prof) - 2013*
  2. Roger Kornberg[29] (Asst Prof) - 2006
  3. Roderick MacKinnon[32] (Prof) - 2003
  1. Arieh Warshel[33] (PSD) - 2013
  2. Robert Lefkowitz[34] (Teaching Fel) - 2012
  3. Thomas Steitz[26] (PSD) - 2009
  4. Roger Kornberg[29] (Jr. Fel) - 2006
  5. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (Vis Prof) - 2004
  6. Roderick MacKinnon[32] (PSD) - 2003
  7. Barry Sharpless[36] (PSD) - 2001
  8. Ryoji Noyori[37] (PSD) - 2001
  9. William S. Knowles[31][38] (PSD) - 2001
Physiology or Medicine
  1. Gregg L. Semenza[39] (AB) - 2019
  2. James Rothman[40] (PhD) - 2013
  3. Ralph Steinman[41] (MD) - 2011
  4. Mario Capecchi[42] (PhD) - 2007
  5. Craig Mello[43] (PhD) - 2006
  6. Robert Horvitz[44] (AM, PhD) - 2002
  7. Eric Kandel[45] (AB) - 2000
  1. William Kaelin Jr.[46] (Prof) - 2019*
  2. Jack Szostak[47] (Prof) - 2009*
  3. Linda Buck[48] (Prof) - 2004
  1. William Kaelin Jr.[46] (PSD) - 2019
Economics
  1. Abhijit Banerjee[49] (PhD) - 2019
  2. Michael Kremer[50] (AB, PhD) - 2019
  3. Lloyd Shapley[51] (AB) - 2012
  4. Christopher Sims[52] (AB, PhD) - 2011
  5. Thomas Sargent[53] (PhD) - 2011
  6. Eric Maskin[54] (AB, AM, PhD) - 2007
  7. Roger Myerson[55] (AB, PhD) - 2007
  8. Thomas Schelling[56] (PhD) - 2005
  9. Vernon L. Smith[57] (PhD) - 2002
  10. Michael Spence[58] (PhD) - 2001
  1. Abhijit Banerjee[49] (Asst Prof) - 2019
  2. Michael Kremer[50] (Prof) - 2019*
  3. Oliver S. Hart[59] (Prof) - 2016*
  4. Alvin Roth[60] (Prof) - 2012*
  5. Christopher Sims[52] (Asst Prof) - 2011
  6. Eric Maskin[54] (Prof) - 2007
  7. Thomas Schelling[56] (Prof) - 2005
  8. Michael Spence[58] (Prof) - 2001
  1. Abhijit Banerjee[49] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2019
  2. Michael Kremer[50] (Res) - 2019
  3. Jean Tirole[61] (Taussig Res Prof) - 2014
  4. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Vis Prof) - 2013
  5. Robert Shiller[63] (Vis Sch) - 2013
  6. Christopher Sims[52] (Inst) - 2011
  7. Thomas Sargent[53] (Vis Prof) - 2011
  8. Chris Pissarides[64] (Vis) - 2010
  9. Peter Diamond[65] (Vis) - 2010
  10. Oliver Williamson[66] (Taussig Res Prof) - 2009
  11. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
  12. Daniel Kahneman[68] (Lect) - 2002
Literature
  1. Mario Vargas Llosa[69] (Vis Prof) - 2010
  2. J. M. Coetzee[70][71] (Vis Prof) - 2003
Peace
  1. Juan Santos[72] (AM) - 2016
  2. Ellen Sirleaf[73] (AM) - 2011
  3. Barack Obama[74] (JD) - 2009
  4. Al Gore[75] (AB) - 2007
    1. Kim Dae-jung[76][77] (Vis Fel) - 2000

    University of Cambridge (2nd)

    Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
    University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
    Total: 120 (Univ Count: 109)[78]

    Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Cambridge's Nobel laureates (link above).

    2) The official Fellows at various Colleges of Cambridge University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties.[79][80] On the contrary, the "Overseas Fellowship" in Churchill College and other similar visiting/honorary fellowships at the Colleges are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[81][82][83]

    3) Affiliates of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB) are not considered as affiliates of the university starting May 28, 1962, when MRC LMB officially moved out of the Cavendish Laboratory to become a relatively independent department from the university.[84][85][86][87]

    4) The Master of Arts degree at Cambridge is an academic rank instead of an academic qualification. Graduates convert their BA (which was awarded to all who completed undergraduate studies regardless of discipline) to an MA with no further studies or examination. They lose their BA in the process. [88]

    Physics
    1. David Thouless[89] (MA) - 2016
    2. Duncan Haldane[90] (MA, PhD) - 2016
    3. John M. Kosterlitz[19] (MA) - 2016
    1. Didier Queloz[91] (Prof) - 2019*
      1. Michel Mayor[92] (Res) - 2019
      2. David Thouless[89] (Lect) - 2016
      Chemistry
      1. Greg Winter[93] (MA, PhD) - 2018
      2. Richard Henderson[94] (PhD) - 2017
      3. Michael Levitt[95] (PhD) - 2013
      4. Roger Tsien[28] (PhD) - 2008
      5. Alan MacDiarmid[96] (PhD) - 2000
      1. Greg Winter[93] (Fel, Trinity) - 2018*
      2. Richard Henderson[94] (Fel, Darwin) - 2017
      3. Venki Ramakrishnan[97] (Fel, Trinity) - 2009
      1. Greg Winter[93] (PSD) - 2018
      2. Joachim Frank[98] (Sr. Res Asst) - 2017
      3. Thomas Steitz[99] (LMB PSD) - 2009
      4. Roger Tsien[28] (PSD) - 2008
      5. Richard Schrock[30] (PSD) - 2005
      Physiology or Medicine
      1. Peter J. Ratcliffe[100] (M.B, M.D) - 2019
      2. Elizabeth Blackburn[101] (PhD) - 2009
      3. Martin Evans[102] (MA) - 2007
      4. John Sulston[103] (MA, PhD) - 2002
      5. Tim Hunt[104] (MA, PhD) - 2001
      1. John Gurdon[105] (Prof) - 2012*
      2. Robert G. Edwards[106] (Prof) - 2010*
      3. Martin Evans[107] (Fel, St Edmund's) - 2007
      4. Sydney Brenner[108] (Fel, King's) - 2002
      1. William Cecil Campbell[109] (Vis Res) - 2015
      2. Robert G. Edwards[106] (Ford Res Fel) - 2010
      3. Paul Greengard[110] (PSD) - 2000
      Economics
      1. Oliver S. Hart[59] (MA) - 2016
      2. Angus Deaton[111] (MA, PhD) - 2015
      3. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Grad Atten) - 2001
        1. William Nordhaus[113] (Sr. Vis) - 2018
        2. Oliver S. Hart[59] (Lect) - 2016
        3. Angus Deaton[111] (Overseas Fel, Churchill) - 2015
        4. Peter Diamond[65] (Overseas Fel, Churchill) - 2010
        5. Eric Maskin[54] (Res Fel, Jesus) - 2007
        6. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Tapp Res Fel) - 2001
        Literature
          1. Mario Vargas Llosa[114] (Simón Bolívar Prof) - 2010
          Peace
            1. Kim Dae-jung[115][116] (Vis Fel, Clare Hall) - 2000

            University of California, Berkeley (3rd)

            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
            University of California, Berkeley, United States
            Total: 107 (Univ Count: 48)[117]

            Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Berkeley's Nobel laureates (link above).

            2) The University Count of UC Berkeley is not exhaustive, as it only includes alumni, current faculty members, and deceased faculty who retired at Berkeley, once per person.

            3) Affiliates of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) before 1971 are included in the following list.[Note 6][118][119][120]

            4) Affiliates of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from 1947 to 1952 are included in the following list; war-time affiliates (Manhattan project) are excluded.[Note 7][121][122][123]

            5) The "Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.[124]

            6) The "Visiting Miller Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries research duty.[5]

            Physics
            1. Barry Barish[125] (B.A, PhD) - 2017
            2. David Wineland[12] (B.S) - 2012
            3. Saul Perlmutter[15] (PhD) - 2011
            4. John C. Mather[126] (PhD) - 2006
            5. David Gross[21] (PhD) - 2004
            1. Saul Perlmutter[15] (Prof) - 2011*
            2. George Smoot[127] (Prof) - 2006*
            1. Barry Barish[125] (Res Fel) - 2017
            2. David Thouless[128] (PSD) - 2016
            3. Adam Riess[13] (Miller Fel) - 2011
            Chemistry
            1. Frances Arnold[129] (PhD) - 2018
            2. Alan Heeger[130] (PhD) - 2000
            1. Paul Modrich[131] (Asst Prof) - 2015
            2. Eric Betzig[132] (Prof) - 2014
            3. Thomas Steitz[133] (Asst Prof) - 2009
            4. Roger Tsien[28] (Prof) - 2008
            1. Frances Arnold[129] (PSD) - 2018
            2. Joachim Frank[98] (PSD) - 2017
            3. Richard Henderson[94] (Vis Miller Prof) - 2017
            4. Aziz Sancar[134] (Vis Miller Prof) - 2015
            5. Gerhard Ertl[135] (Vis Prof) - 2007
            6. Kurt Wüthrich[136] (PSD & Vis Miller Prof) - 2002
            Physiology or Medicine
            1. Carol Greider[137] (PhD) - 2009
            2. Andrew Fire[138] (B.A) - 2006
            1. James P. Allison[139] (Prof) - 2018
            2. Randy Schekman[140] (Prof) - 2013*
            3. Elizabeth Blackburn[101] (Prof) - 2009
            1. Sydney Brenner[141] (PSD) - 2002
            Economics
            1. Christopher Sims[52] (Grad Atten) - 2011
            2. Thomas Sargent[53] (B.A) - 2011
            3. Thomas Schelling[56] (B.A) - 2005
            4. Daniel Kahneman[68] (PhD) - 2002
            1. Paul Romer[142] (Prof) - 2018
            2. Peter Diamond[65] (Prof) - 2010
            3. Oliver Williamson[66] (Prof) - 2009*
            4. Daniel Kahneman[68] (Prof) - 2002
            5. George Akerlof[143] (Prof) - 2001*
            6. Daniel McFadden[144] (Prof) - 2000*
            1. Chris Pissarides[64] (Vis) - 2010
            2. Oliver Williamson[66] (Vis Prof) - 2009
            3. Leonid Hurwicz[67][145] (Vis Prof) - 2007
            4. Robert Aumann[146] (Ford Vis Res Prof) - 2005
            Literature
                Peace

                  University of Chicago (4th)

                  Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                  University of Chicago, United States
                  Total: 100 (Univ Count: 92)[147]

                  Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Chicago's Nobel laureates (link above).

                  2) Affiliates of Marine Biological Laboratory starting 1 July 2013 are included in the list (e.g., Eric Betzig was a lecturer from 1 to 10 May 2013, and is thus not included).[148]

                  3) Affiliates of Argonne National Laboratory (since 1946) are included in the list.[149][150]

                  4) Affiliates of Fermilab are not included in this list, for it is not directly affiliated with or operated by UChicago. It is managed by Fermi Research Alliance LLC (since 2007), a partnership of the UChicago and Universities Research Association, a consortium of 89 research universities.[151]

                  5) Affiliates of Cowles Foundation by 1955 are included in the list.[152]

                  Physics
                  1. George E. Smith[153] (PhD) - 2009
                  2. Frank Wilczek[22] (B.S) - 2004
                  1. Yoichiro Nambu[154] (Prof) - 2008*
                  2. Alexei A. Abrikosov[155] (Argonne) - 2003
                  3. Masatoshi Koshiba[156] (Assoc Prof) - 2002
                  1. Kip Thorne[157] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2017
                  2. Peter Grünberg[158] (Argonne Vis) - 2007
                  3. Masatoshi Koshiba[156] (Res Assoc) - 2002
                  Chemistry
                  1. John B. Goodenough[159] (M.S, PhD) - 2019
                  2. Irwin Rose[160] (B.S, PhD) - 2004
                    1. Ada Yonath[161] (Vis Sci) - 2009
                    Physiology or Medicine
                    1. Bruce Beutler[162] (M.D) - 2011
                        Economics
                        1. Paul Romer[142] (B.S, M.A, PhD) - 2018
                        2. Eugene Fama[163] (M.B.A, PhD) - 2013
                        1. Paul Romer[142] (Prof) - 2018
                        2. Richard Thaler[164] (Prof) - 2017*
                        3. Eugene Fama[163] (Prof) - 2013*
                        4. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Prof) - 2013*
                        5. Thomas Sargent[53] (Prof) - 2011
                        6. Roger Myerson[55] (Prof) - 2007*
                        7. Edward Prescott[165] (Prof) - 2004
                        8. James Heckman[166] (Prof) - 2000*
                        1. Michael Kremer[50] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2019
                        2. Bengt Holmström[167] (Vis Prof) - 2016
                        3. Thomas Sargent[53] (Vis Prof) - 2011
                        4. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Res Assoc) - 2007
                        5. Edward Prescott[165] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                        6. Daniel McFadden[144] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2000
                        Literature
                          1. J. M. Coetzee[168] (Prof) - 2003*
                            Peace
                              1. Barack Obama[169] (Sr. Lect) - 2009

                              Massachusetts Institute of Technology (5th)

                              Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                              Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
                              Total: 97 (Univ Count: 95)[170]

                              Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of MIT's Nobel laureates (link above).

                              2) Affiliates of MIT Radiation Laboratory and MIT Lincoln Laboratory are generally included in the list, except those who held military positions (non-academic) in the lab and those who participated only in military projects.[171]

                              3) The "Arthur D. Little Visiting Professorship/Lectureship" at the MIT Chemistry Department is an award/honor-based position without employment-level duty.[172][173]

                              Physics
                              1. Rainer Weiss[174] (B.S, PhD) - 2017
                              2. Adam Riess[13] (B.S) - 2011
                              3. George Smoot[127] (B.S, PhD) - 2006
                              4. Carl Wieman[175] (B.S) - 2001
                              5. Eric Cornell[176] (PhD) - 2001
                              1. Rainer Weiss[174] (Prof) - 2017*
                              2. Frank Wilczek[22] (Prof) - 2004*
                              3. Wolfgang Ketterle[177] (Prof) - 2001*
                              1. Didier Queloz[178] (Vis) - 2019
                              2. Serge Haroche[20] (Vis) - 2012
                              Chemistry
                              1. Paul Modrich[131] (B.S) - 2015
                              1. John B. Goodenough[159] (Lincoln) - 2019
                              2. Richard Schrock[30] (Prof) - 2005*
                              3. Barry Sharpless[36] (Prof) - 2001
                              1. Ada Yonath[161] (PSD) - 2009
                              2. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (PSD) - 2004
                              Physiology or Medicine
                              1. Michael Rosbash[179] (PhD) - 2017
                              2. Andrew Fire[138] (PhD) - 2006
                              3. Robert Horvitz[44] (B.S) - 2002
                              4. Leland Hartwell[180] (PhD) - 2001
                              1. Robert Horvitz[44] (Prof) - 2002*
                              1. James Rothman[40] (PSD) - 2013
                              Economics
                              1. Esther Duflo[181] (PhD) - 2019
                              2. Paul Romer[142] (Grad Atten) - 2018
                              3. William Nordhaus[113] (PhD) - 2018
                              4. Jean Tirole[61] (PhD) - 2014
                              5. Robert Shiller[63] (M.S, PhD) - 2013
                              6. Peter Diamond[65] (PhD) - 2010
                              7. Oliver Williamson[66] (B.S) - 2009
                              8. Paul Krugman[182] (PhD) - 2008
                              9. Robert Aumann[146] (M.S, PhD) - 2005
                              10. George Akerlof[143] (PhD) - 2001
                              11. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (PhD) - 2001
                              1. Esther Duflo[181] (Prof) - 2019*
                              2. Abhijit Banerjee[49] (Prof) - 2019*
                              3. Michael Kremer[50] (Prof) - 2019
                              4. Bengt Holmström[167] (Prof) - 2016*
                              5. Oliver S. Hart[59] (Prof) - 2016
                              6. Jean Tirole[61] (Prof) - 2014
                              7. Peter Diamond[65] (Prof) - 2010*
                              8. Paul Krugman[182] (Prof) - 2008
                              9. Eric Maskin[54] (Prof) - 2007
                              10. Robert Engle[183] (Assoc Prof) - 2003
                              11. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Asst Prof) - 2001
                              12. Daniel McFadden[144] (Prof) - 2000
                              1. Michael Kremer[50] (PSD) - 2019
                              2. Richard Thaler[164] (Vis Prof) - 2017
                              3. Jean Tirole[61] (Vis Prof) - 2014
                              4. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Vis Prof) - 2013
                              5. Robert Shiller[63] (Vis Prof) - 2013
                              6. Christopher Sims[52] (Vis Prof) - 2011
                              7. Paul Krugman[182] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2008
                              8. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Res Asst) - 2007
                              9. Edmund Phelps[184] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2006
                              Peace
                              1. Kofi Annan[185] (M.S) - 2001

                              Columbia University (6th)

                              Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                              Columbia University, United States
                              Total: 96 (Univ Count: 84)[186]

                              Notes: 1) Affiliates of Barnard College after 1900 (inclusive) and affiliates of Bard College by 1944 are included in the following list.[187][188]

                              2) The "Ingeborg Rennert Professorship" and "Global Fellowship" are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[189][190]

                              3) The "Earnest Kempton Adams (EKA) Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list. The EKA Fund was established in 1904, enabling Columbia to invite scientists to give a series of public lectures.[191][192][193][Note 8]

                              4) The University Count of Columbia does not include attendees (2 in total), 2 professors (Martin Karplus and James Rothman), 4 visiting professors (Daniel Tsui, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe, and William Shockley), and Barnard College affiliates & Nobel Peace Prize winners who were short-term academic staff (4 in total).

                              Physics
                              1. Arthur Ashkin[194] (B.A) - 2018
                              2. Martin Perl[195] (PhD) - 1995
                              3. Norman Ramsey[196] (B.A, PhD) - 1989
                              4. Leon Lederman[197] (M.A, PhD) - 1988
                              5. Melvin Schwartz[198] (B.A, PhD) - 1988
                              6. Val Fitch[199] (PhD) - 1980
                              7. Arno Penzias[200] (M.A, PhD) - 1978
                              8. James Rainwater[201] (M.A, PhD) - 1975
                              9. Leon Cooper[202] (B.A, M.A, PhD) - 1972
                              10. Julian Schwinger[203] (B.A, PhD) - 1965
                              11. Isidor Rabi[204] (PhD) - 1944
                              12. Robert Millikan[205] (PhD) - 1923
                              1. Horst Störmer[206] (Prof) - 1998*
                              2. Norman Ramsey[196] (Assoc Prof) - 1989
                              3. Jack Steinberger[207] (Prof) - 1988
                              4. Leon Lederman[197] (Prof) - 1988
                              5. Melvin Schwartz[198] (Prof) - 1988
                              6. Samuel Ting[208] (Asst Prof) - 1976
                              7. James Rainwater[201] (Prof) - 1975*
                              8. Charles Townes[209] (Prof) - 1964
                              9. T. D. Lee[210] (Prof) - 1957*
                              10. Polykarp Kusch[211] (Prof) - 1955*
                              11. Willis Lamb[212] (Prof) - 1955
                              12. Hideki Yukawa[213] (Prof) - 1949*
                              13. Isidor Rabi[204] (Prof) - 1944*
                              14. Enrico Fermi[214] (Prof) - 1938
                              1. John C. Mather[126] (Lect) - 2006
                              2. Daniel Tsui[215] (Adj Sci) - 1998
                              3. Leon Lederman[197] (Res Assoc) - 1988
                              4. Carlo Rubbia[216] (PSD) - 1984
                              5. Arthur Schawlow[217] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 1981
                              6. Steven Weinberg[218] (Inst) - 1979
                              7. Aage Bohr[219] (Vis Fel) - 1975
                              8. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 1969
                              9. Hans Bethe[221][222] (Vis Prof) - 1967
                              10. Maria Mayer[223] (Res) - 1963
                              11. Emilio Segrè[224][225] (Vis) - 1959
                              12. Walter Brattain[226] (Res) - 1956
                              13. William Shockley[227] (Res Director) - 1956
                              Chemistry
                              1. Robert Lefkowitz[228] (B.A, M.D) - 2012
                              2. William S. Knowles[31] (PhD) - 2001
                              3. Sidney Altman[229] (Grad Atten) - 1989
                              4. Herbert Hauptman[230] (M.A) - 1985
                              5. Roald Hoffmann[231] (B.A) - 1981
                              6. William H. Stein[232] (PhD) - 1972
                              7. Robert Grubbs[233] (PhD) - 1968
                              8. John H. Northrop[234] (B.S, M.A, PhD) - 1946
                              9. Irving Langmuir[235] (B.S) - 1932
                              1. Joachim Frank[98] (Prof) - 2017*
                              2. Martin Karplus[236] (Prof) - 2013
                              3. Martin Chalfie[27] (Prof) - 2008*
                              4. Harold Urey[237] (Prof) - 1934*
                              1. Luis Leloir[238] (Res) - 1970
                              2. Willard Libby[239] (Res) - 1960
                              Physiology or Medicine
                              1. Richard Axel[240] (B.A) - 2004
                              2. Louis Ignarro[241] (B.A) - 1998
                              3. Harold Varmus[242] (M.D) - 1989
                              4. Baruj Benacerraf[243] (B.S) - 1980
                              5. Baruch Blumberg[244] (M.D) - 1976
                              6. Konrad Lorenz[245] (UG Atten) - 1973
                              7. George Wald[246] (PhD) - 1967
                              8. Konrad Bloch[247] (PhD) - 1964
                              9. Joshua Lederberg[248] (B.A) - 1958
                              10. Dickinson Richards[249] (M.D) - 1956
                              11. Edward C. Kendall[250] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 1950
                              12. Hermann J. Muller[251][252] (B.A, M.A, PhD) - 1946
                              1. James Rothman[40] (Prof) - 2013
                              2. Richard Axel[240] (Prof) - 2004*
                              3. Eric Kandel[253] (Prof) - 2000*
                              4. André Cournand[254] (Prof) - 1956*
                              5. Dickinson Richards[249] (Prof) - 1956*
                              6. Thomas H. Morgan[255] (Prof) - 1933
                              1. Linda Buck[48] (PSD) - 2004
                              2. Donnall Thomas[256] (Res) - 1990
                              3. Sune Bergström[257] (Res Fel) - 1982
                              4. Baruj Benacerraf[243] (Res) - 1980
                              5. Daniel Nathans[258] (Med Resident) - 1978
                              6. Baruch Blumberg[244] (Med Resident) - 1976
                              7. Carleton Gajdusek[259] (Med Resident) - 1976
                              8. Salvador Luria[260] (Res Asst) - 1969
                              9. Konrad Bloch[261] (Inst) - 1964
                              10. Joshua Lederberg[262] (Res Asst) - 1958
                              11. Hermann J. Muller[251] (Inst) - 1946
                              Economics
                              1. Alvin Roth[60] (B.S) - 2012
                              2. Robert C. Merton[263] (B.S) - 1997
                              3. William Vickrey[264] (M.A, PhD) - 1996
                              4. Robert Fogel[265] (M.A) - 1993
                              5. Milton Friedman[266] (PhD) - 1976
                              6. Kenneth Arrow[267] (M.A, PhD) - 1972
                              7. Simon Kuznets[268] (B.S, M.A, PhD) - 1971
                              1. Edmund Phelps[184] (Prof) - 2006*
                              2. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001*
                              3. James Heckman[166] (Assoc Prof) - 2000
                              4. Robert Mundell[269] (Prof) - 1999*
                              5. William Vickrey[264] (Prof) - 1996*
                              6. Gary Becker[270] (Prof) - 1992
                              7. George Stigler[271] (Prof) - 1982
                              1. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Stern Vis Prof) - 2001
                              2. Robert Solow[272] (Res Fel) - 1987
                              3. Franco Modigliani[273] (Inst, Bard) - 1985
                              4. Milton Friedman[266] (Vis Prof) - 1976
                              Literature
                              1. Orhan Pamuk[274] (Prof) - 2006
                              1. Orhan Pamuk[274] (Vis Sch) - 2006
                              2. Derek Walcott[275] (Vis Prof) - 1992
                              3. Nadine Gordimer[276] (Adj Prof) - 1991
                              4. Joseph Brodsky[275] (Vis Prof) - 1987
                              5. Gabriela Mistral[277] (Vis Prof, Barnard) - 1945
                              Peace
                              1. Barack Obama[74] (B.A) - 2009
                              2. Nicholas Butler[278] (B.A, M.A, PhD) - 1931
                              3. Theodore Roosevelt[279] (Law Atten) - 1906
                              1. Nicholas Butler[278] (Prof) - 1931
                              1. Leymah Gbowee[280] (Fel, Barnard) - 2011
                              2. Liu Xiaobo[281] (Vis Sch) - 2010
                              3. Al Gore[282] (Vis Prof) - 2007

                              Stanford University (7th)

                              Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                              Stanford University, United States
                              Total: 83 (Univ Count: 49)[283]

                              Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Stanford's Nobel laureates (link above).

                              2) Affiliates of Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1962–2008) and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (2008– ) are included in this list.[284][285]

                              3) Affiliates of Hoover Institution are included in the list.[286]

                              Physics
                              1. Carl Wieman[175] (PhD) - 2001
                              2. Eric Cornell[176] (B.S) - 2001
                              1. Theodor Hänsch[287] (Prof) - 2005
                              2. Carl Wieman[288] (Prof) - 2001
                              1. Serge Haroche[20] (PSD) - 2012
                              Chemistry
                              1. Paul Modrich[131] (PhD) - 2015
                              2. Roger Kornberg[29] (PhD) - 2006
                              3. Barry Sharpless[36] (PhD) - 2001
                              1. William Moerner[289] (Prof) - 2014*
                              2. Michael Levitt[95] (Prof) - 2013*
                              3. Brian Kobilka[290] (Prof) - 2012*
                              4. Roger Kornberg[29] (Prof) - 2006*
                              5. Barry Sharpless[36] (Prof) - 2001
                              1. M. Stanley Whittingham[291] (PSD) -2019
                              2. Robert Grubbs[233] (PSD) - 2005
                              3. Barry Sharpless[36] (PSD) - 2001
                              Physiological or Medicine
                              1. Randy Schekman[140] (PhD) - 2013
                              1. James Rothman[40] (Prof) - 2013
                              2. Thomas Südhof[292] (Prof) - 2013*
                              3. Andrew Fire[138] (Prof) - 2006*
                              1. James P. Allison[139] (Vis Sch) - 2018
                              2. Michael W. Young[293] (PSD) - 2017
                              3. Paul Lauterbur[294] (Res) - 2003
                              4. Leland Hartwell[180] (Vis) - 2001
                              Economics
                              1. Bengt Holmström[167] (M.S, PhD) - 2016
                              2. Alvin Roth[60] (M.S, PhD) - 2012
                              3. Oliver Williamson[66] (M.B.A) - 2009
                              1. Paul Romer[142] (Prof) - 2018
                              2. Alvin Roth[60] (Prof) - 2012
                              3. Thomas Sargent[53] (Prof) - 2011
                              4. Paul Krugman[182] (Prof) - 2008
                              5. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001
                              6. Michael Spence[58] (Prof) - 2001*
                              1. Richard Thaler[164] (Res Fel) - 2017
                              2. Bengt Holmström[167] (Vis Prof) - 2016
                              3. Jean Tirole[61] (Vis Sch) - 2014
                              4. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Vis Prof) - 2013
                              5. Thomas Sargent[53] (Vis Sch) - 2011
                              6. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                              7. Robert Aumann[146] (Vis Prof) - 2005
                              8. Finn Kydland[295] (National Fel) - 2004
                              9. Daniel Kahneman[68] (Vis Fel) - 2002
                              10. Vernon L. Smith[57] (Vis Prof) - 2002
                              Literature
                                1. J. M. Coetzee[296] (Vis Prof) - 2003
                                Peace

                                  California Institute of Technology (8th)

                                  Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                  California Institute of Technology, United States
                                  Total: 74 (Univ Count: 38)[297]

                                  Notes: 1) The University Count of Caltech does not include short-term academic staff.

                                  2) There were a number of Nobel laureates who visited Caltech upon the invitation of Robert Millikan during 1920-30s.[298] Most of these laureates were simply giving public lectures or non-curricular seminars at Caltech and thus are excluded from the list. There are a few exceptions including Albert Einstein.

                                  3) Affiliates of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are included in the following list.[299]

                                  4) The "Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Scholar" and "Gordon Moore Distinguished Scholar" are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty.[300][301][Note 9]

                                  5) Summer visitors not qualified as affiliates include: François Jacob (1960 summer researcher),[302] Sydney Brenner (1960 summer researcher).[302][303]

                                  Physics
                                  1. Kip Thorne[304] (B.S) - 2017
                                  2. Arthur B. McDonald[305] (PhD) - 2015
                                  3. Douglas Osheroff[306] (B.S) - 1996
                                  4. William A. Fowler[307] (PhD) - 1983
                                  5. Kenneth G. Wilson[308] (PhD) - 1982
                                  6. Robert W. Wilson[309] (PhD) - 1978
                                  7. James Rainwater[201] (B.S) - 1975
                                  8. Charles Townes[209] (PhD) - 1964
                                  9. Donald Glaser[310] (PhD) - 1960
                                  10. William Shockley[311] (B.S) - 1956
                                  11. Carl D. Anderson[312] (B.S, PhD) - 1936
                                  1. Barry Barish[125] (Prof) - 2017*
                                  2. Kip Thorne[304] (Prof) - 2017*
                                  3. David Politzer[17] (Prof) - 2004*
                                  4. William A. Fowler[307] (Prof) - 1983*
                                  5. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (Prof) - 1969*
                                  6. Richard Feynman[313] (Prof) - 1965*
                                  7. Rudolf Mössbauer[314] (Prof) - 1961*
                                  8. Carl D. Anderson[312] (Prof) - 1936*
                                  9. Robert Millikan[205] (Prof) - 1923*
                                  1. Didier Queloz[315] (JPL Vis) - 2019
                                  2. Roy Glauber[16] (Lect) - 2005
                                  3. Theodor Hänsch[287] (Moore Sch) - 2005
                                  4. Masatoshi Koshiba[156] (Fairchild Sch) - 2002
                                  5. Gerard 't Hooft[316][317] (Fairchild Sch) - 1999
                                  6. Nico Bloembergen[318] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                  7. Sheldon Glashow[319] (Res Fel) - 1979
                                  8. Robert W. Wilson[309] (Res Assoc) - 1978
                                  9. Hans Bethe[221] (Vis Prof) - 1967
                                  10. Hans D. Jensen[320][321] (Vis Prof) - 1963
                                  11. William Shockley[311] (Vis Prof) - 1956
                                  12. C. V. Raman[322] (Vis Prof) - 1930
                                  13. Albert Einstein[298][323] (Vis Prof) - 1921
                                  14. Albert Michelson[324] (Vis Prof) - 1907
                                  15. Hendrik Lorentz[325][326] (Vis Sch) - 1902
                                  Chemistry
                                  1. Eric Betzig[327] (B.S) - 2014
                                  2. Martin Karplus[25] (PhD) - 2013
                                  3. William Lipscomb[328] (PhD) - 1976
                                  4. Linus Pauling[329] (PhD) - 1954
                                  5. Edwin McMillan[330] (B.S, M.S) - 1951
                                  1. Frances Arnold[129] (Prof) - 2018*
                                  2. Robert Grubbs[233] (Prof) - 2005*
                                  3. Ahmed Zewail[331] (Prof) - 1999*
                                  4. Rudolph Marcus[332] (Prof) - 1992*
                                  5. Linus Pauling[329] (Prof) - 1954*
                                  1. Frances Arnold[129] (PSD) - 2018
                                  2. Joachim Frank[98] (PSD) - 2017
                                  3. Thomas Steitz[26][333] (Fairchild Sch) - 2009
                                  4. Gerhard Ertl[135] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                                  5. Richard Schrock[334][335] (Fairchild Sch) - 2005
                                  6. Kurt Wüthrich[136] (Vis Assoc) - 2002
                                  7. Mario Molina[336] (JPL Res) - 1995
                                  8. Jaroslav Heyrovský[337][338] (Carnegie Vis Prof) - 1959
                                  9. Lord Todd[339][340] (Vis Prof) - 1957
                                  Physiology or Medicine
                                  1. Michael Rosbash[179] (B.S) - 2017
                                  2. Leland Hartwell[180] (B.S) - 2001
                                  3. Edward B. Lewis[341] (M.S, PhD) - 1995
                                  4. Howard Temin[342] (PhD) - 1975
                                  1. Edward B. Lewis[341] (Prof) - 1995*
                                  2. Roger Sperry[343] (Prof) - 1981*
                                  3. David Baltimore[344] (Prof) - 1975
                                  4. Renato Dulbecco[345] (Prof) - 1975
                                  5. Max Delbrück[346] (Prof) - 1969*
                                  6. George Beadle[347] (Prof) - 1958*
                                  7. Thomas H. Morgan[255] (Prof) - 1933*
                                  1. Jeffrey C. Hall[348] (PSD) - 2017
                                  2. John Gurdon[105] (PSD) - 2012
                                  3. Robert G. Edwards[106] (PSD) - 2010
                                  4. Phillip Sharp[349] (PSD) - 1993
                                  5. Erwin Neher[350] (Fairchild Sch) - 1991
                                  6. Niels Jerne[351] (Res Fel) - 1984
                                  7. Barbara McClintock[352] (Vis Prof) - 1983
                                  8. Carleton Gajdusek[353] (PSD) - 1976
                                  9. Robert W. Holley[354][355] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1968
                                  10. Jacques Monod[356][357] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1965
                                  11. James Watson[358] (Sr. Res Fel) - 1962
                                  12. George Beadle[347] (NRC Fel) - 1958
                                  Economics
                                  1. Vernon L. Smith[57] (B.S) - 2002
                                  2. Robert C. Merton[263] (M.S) - 1997
                                  1. Lloyd Shapley[51] (Sr. Res Fel) - 2012
                                  2. Dale Mortensen[359] (Vis Prof) - 2010
                                  3. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                                  4. Vernon L. Smith[57] (Vis Prof) - 2002
                                  5. Daniel McFadden[144] (Fairchild Sch) - 2000
                                  Peace
                                  1. Linus Pauling[329] (PhD) - 1962
                                  1. Linus Pauling[329] (Prof) - 1962*

                                  University of Oxford (9th)

                                  Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                  University of Oxford, United Kingdom
                                  Total: 72 (Univ Count: 53)[360]

                                  Notes

                                  1) The University count of Oxford does not include affiliates who came to Oxford after receiving their Nobel Prize.

                                  2) The official Fellows at the various colleges of Oxford University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties. On the other hand, various visiting fellowships and honorary fellowships are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.

                                  3) The "Sanjay Lall Visiting Professorship" and "Christensen Fellowships" at Oxford are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[361][362]

                                  4) The "George Eastman Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries teaching duty.[363][364]

                                  5) The "Newton Abraham Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries employment-level duties (Fellow of Lincoln College).[365]

                                  6) The Master of Arts (MA) degree at Oxford is an academic rank rather than an academic qualification. The BA is awarded to all who complete undergraduate studies, regardless of discipline. This is later converted to an MA with no further studies or examination. Academics in the Congregation are conferred the MA in order to obtain the right to vote.[366]

                                  7) The Doctor of Philosophy degree at Oxford is styled as "DPhil" instead of "PhD".[367]

                                  Physics
                                  1. John M. Kosterlitz[19] (DPhil) - 2016
                                  2. Anthony Leggett[23] (MA, DPhil) - 2003
                                  3. Martin Ryle[368] (MA, DPhil) - 1974
                                  1. Willis Lamb[212] (Prof) - 1955
                                  1. Arthur B. McDonald[305] (Vis) - 2015
                                  2. Frank Wilczek[22] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                  3. Anthony Leggett[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
                                  4. William D. Phillips[369] (Vis Prof) - 1997
                                  5. Norman Ramsey[196] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1989
                                  6. Klaus von Klitzing[370] (Res) - 1985
                                  7. John van Vleck[371] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1977
                                  8. Philip W. Anderson[372] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1977
                                  9. Erwin Schrödinger[373] (Res) - 1933
                                  10. Arthur Compton[374][375] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1927
                                  11. Albert Einstein[376][377] (Res Fel) - 1921
                                  Chemistry
                                  1. M. Stanley Whittingham[291] (MA, DPhil) - 2019
                                  2. John E. Walker[378] (MA, DPhil) - 1997
                                  3. Dorothy Hodgkin[379] (MA, DPhil) - 1964
                                  4. Lord Todd[339] (DPhil) - 1957
                                  5. Cyril Hinshelwood[380] (MA, DPhil) - 1956
                                  6. John Cornforth[381] (DPhil) - 1975
                                  7. Frederick Soddy[382] (MA) - 1921
                                  1. John B. Goodenough[159] (Prof) - 2019
                                  2. Dorothy Hodgkin[379] (Prof) - 1964*
                                  3. Cyril Hinshelwood[380] (Prof) - 1956*
                                  4. Robert Robinson[383] (Prof) - 1947*
                                  5. Frederick Soddy[382] (Prof) - 1921*
                                  1. Stefan Hell[384] (Vis Sci) - 2014
                                  2. Martin Karplus[25] (PSD) - 2013
                                  3. Ahmed Zewail[331] (Vis Prof) - 1999
                                  4. Paul Crutzen[385] (PSD) - 1995
                                  5. Rudolph Marcus[332] (Vis Prof) - 1992
                                  6. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (Newton Abraham Prof) - 1987
                                  7. Robert Mulliken[387] (Fulbright Sch) - 1966
                                  8. Melvin Calvin[375] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1961
                                  9. Linus Pauling[363] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1954
                                  10. Harold Urey[237] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1934
                                  11. Frederick Soddy[382] (Res) - 1921
                                  Physiology or Medicine
                                  1. John Gurdon[105] (MA, DPhil) - 2012
                                  2. Oliver Smithies[388] (MA, DPhil) - 2007
                                  3. Sydney Brenner[141] (DPhil) - 2002
                                  4. John Vane[389] (DPhil) - 1982
                                  5. Baruch Blumberg[244] (DPhil) - 1976
                                  6. John C. Eccles[390] (DPhil) - 1963
                                  7. Peter Medawar[391] (MA) - 1960
                                  8. Howard Florey[392] (MA) - 1945
                                  1. Peter J. Ratcliffe[100] (Prof) - 2019*
                                  2. Paul Nurse[393] (Prof) - 2001
                                  3. Niko Tinbergen[394] (Prof) - 1973*
                                  4. Rodney Porter[395] (Prof) - 1972*
                                  5. Peter Medawar[391] (Fel, Magdalen) - 1960
                                  6. Hans A. Krebs[396] (Prof) - 1953
                                  7. Charles Sherrington[397] (Prof) - 1932*
                                  1. John Gurdon[105] (Lect) - 2012
                                  2. Baruch Blumberg[244] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1976
                                  3. Ragnar Granit[398] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1967
                                  4. Konrad Bloch[261] (Newton Abraham Prof) - 1964
                                  5. Peter Medawar[391] (Sr. Res Fel, St John's) - 1960
                                  6. Severo Ochoa[399] (Res Asst) - 1959
                                  7. George Beadle[360] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1958
                                  8. Ernest Chain[400] (Lect) - 1945*
                                  Economics
                                  1. Michael Spence[58] (MA) - 2001
                                  2. Lawrence Klein[401] (MA) - 1980
                                  3. James Meade[402] (MA) - 1977
                                  4. John Hicks[403] (MA) - 1972
                                  1. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001
                                  2. Amartya Sen[404] (Prof) - 1998
                                  3. James Mirrlees[405] (Prof) - 1996
                                  4. Lawrence Klein[406] (Prof) - 1980
                                  1. Peter Diamond[65] (Vis) - 2010
                                  2. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Vis Fel, St. Catherine's) - 2001
                                  3. Robert Solow[360] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1987
                                  4. James Meade[402] (Lect) - 1977
                                  5. Kenneth Arrow[267] (Vis Fel, All Souls) - 1972
                                  Literature
                                  1. V. S. Naipaul[407] (MA) - 2001
                                  2. William Golding[408] (MA) - 1983
                                  3. T. S. Eliot[409] (Grad Atten) - 1948
                                  4. John Galsworthy[410] (MA) - 1932
                                  1. Seamus Heaney[411] (Prof) - 1995
                                  Peace
                                  1. Malala Yousafzai[412] (BA) - 2014
                                  2. Aung Suu Kyi[413] (MA) - 1991
                                  3. Lester Pearson[414] (MA) - 1957
                                  4. Cecil of Chelwood[415] (MA) - 1937
                                  1. José Ramos-Horta[360] (Sr. Assoc) - 1996
                                  2. Linus Pauling[363] (Eastman Vis Prof) - 1962

                                  Princeton University (10th)

                                  Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                  Princeton University, United States
                                  Total: 68 (Univ Count: 44)[416]

                                  Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Princeton's Nobel laureates (link above).

                                  2) Princeton's University Count only includes alumni and academic staff who "have performed their award-winning work at Princeton, were employed by Princeton when they received their award, or are currently working at the University".[416]

                                  3) Unlike the "Long-term Visiting Fellow" program, the "Belknap Visitor" and the "Short-term Visiting Fellow" programs of Council of Humanities at Princeton are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[417]

                                  Physics
                                  1. Jim Peebles[418] (PhD) - 2019
                                  2. Kip Thorne[304] (M.A, PhD) - 2017
                                  3. Frank Wilczek[22] (M.A, PhD) - 2004
                                  1. Jim Peebles[418] (Prof) - 2019*
                                  2. Duncan Haldane[90] (Prof) - 2016*
                                  3. Arthur B. McDonald[305] (Prof) - 2015
                                  4. David Gross[21] (Prof) - 2004
                                  1. Donna Strickland[419] (Res) - 2018
                                  2. Kip Thorne[304] (PSD) - 2017
                                  3. Rainer Weiss[174] (PSD) - 2017
                                  4. John M. Kosterlitz[19] (Vis Prof) - 2016
                                  5. Riccardo Giacconi[18] (Res Assoc) - 2002
                                  Chemistry
                                  1. Frances Arnold[129] (B.S) - 2018
                                  1. John B. Fenn[420] (Prof) - 2002
                                  1. Tomas Lindahl[421] (PSD) - 2015
                                  2. Osamu Shimomura[422] (Res) - 2008
                                  Physiology or Medicine
                                  1. James Rothman[40] (Prof) - 2013
                                    Economics
                                    1. Oliver S. Hart[59] (PhD) - 2016
                                    2. Lloyd Shapley[51] (PhD) - 2012
                                    3. Michael Spence[58] (B.A) - 2001
                                    4. James Heckman[166] (M.A, PhD) - 2000
                                    1. Abhijit Banerjee[49] (Asst Prof) - 2019
                                    2. Angus Deaton[111] (Prof) - 2015*
                                    3. Christopher Sims[52] (Prof) - 2011*
                                    4. Paul Krugman[423] (Prof) - 2008*
                                    5. Daniel Kahneman[68] (Prof) - 2002*
                                    6. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001
                                    1. Esther Duflo[181] (Vis) - 2019
                                    2. Angus Deaton[111] (Vis Prof) - 2015
                                    3. Jean Tirole[61] (Vis Sch) - 2014
                                    4. Lloyd Shapley[51] (Fine Inst) - 2012
                                    5. Thomas Sargent[424] (Vis Prof) - 2011
                                    6. Chris Pissarides[64] (Vis) - 2010
                                    7. Eric Maskin[54] (Vis Lect) - 2007
                                    8. Robert Aumann[146] (Res Assoc) - 2005
                                    Literature
                                        1. Mario Vargas Llosa[425] (Vis Prof) - 2010
                                        Peace

                                            Yale University (11th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Yale University, United States
                                            Total: 62

                                            Notes: 1) Affiliates of Cowles Foundation after 1955 are included in this list (when the Foundation moved to Yale).[426]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Raymond Davis Jr.[427] (PhD) - 2002
                                            2. David M. Lee[428] (PhD) - 1996
                                            3. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (B.S) - 1969
                                            4. Ernest Lawrence[429] (PhD) - 1939
                                            1. David Thouless[89] (Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Serge Haroche[20] (Prof) - 2012
                                            3. Willis Lamb[212] (Prof) - 1955
                                            4. Ernest Lawrence[429] (Asst Prof) - 1939
                                            1. Charles Kao[430] (Adj Prof) - 2009
                                            2. Ernest Lawrence[429] (Res Fel) - 1939
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. John B. Goodenough[159] (B.A) - 2019
                                            2. Brian Kobilka[290] (M.D) - 2012
                                            3. John B. Fenn[420] (PhD) - 2002
                                            4. Lars Onsager[431] (PhD) - 1968
                                            1. Thomas Steitz[26] (Prof) - 2009*
                                            2. Irwin Rose[160] (Prof) - 2004
                                            3. John B. Fenn[420] (Prof) - 2002
                                            4. Sidney Altman[229] (Prof) - 1989*
                                            5. Lars Onsager[431] (Prof) - 1968*
                                            1. Richard Henderson[94] (PSD) - 2017
                                            2. Aziz Sancar[432] (PSD) - 2015
                                            3. Venki Ramakrishnan[97] (PSD) - 2009
                                            4. Michael Smith[433] (Vis) - 1993
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. James Rothman[40] (B.A) - 2013
                                            2. Eric Wieschaus[434] (PhD) - 1995
                                            3. Alfred G. Gilman[435] (B.A) - 1994
                                            4. Joshua Lederberg[248] (PhD) - 1958
                                            5. Dickinson Richards[249] (B.A) - 1956
                                            6. John Enders[436] (B.A) - 1954
                                            7. George Whipple[437] (B.A) - 1934
                                            1. James Rothman[40] (Prof) - 2013*
                                            2. Paul Greengard[110] (Prof) - 2000
                                            3. John Vane[389] (Asst Prof) - 1982
                                            4. George Palade[438] (Prof) - 1974*
                                            5. Edward Tatum[439] (Prof) - 1958
                                            6. Max Theiler[440] (Prof) - 1951
                                            1. Elizabeth Blackburn[101] (PSD) - 2009
                                            2. Erwin Neher[350] (PSD) - 1991
                                            Economics
                                            1. William Nordhaus[113] (B.A, M.A) - 2018
                                            2. Peter Diamond[65] (B.A) - 2010
                                            3. Edmund Phelps[184] (PhD) - 2006
                                            4. Paul Krugman[423] (B.A) - 2008
                                            5. George Akerlof[143] (B.A) - 2001
                                            6. William Vickrey[264] (B.S) - 1996
                                            1. William Nordhaus[113] (Prof) - 2018*
                                            2. Bengt Holmström[167] (Prof) - 2016
                                            3. Robert Shiller[63] (Prof) - 2013*
                                            4. Christopher Sims[52] (Prof) - 2011
                                            5. Oliver Williamson[66] (Prof) - 2009
                                            6. Paul Krugman[423] (Asst Prof) - 2008
                                            7. Edmund Phelps[184] (Assoc Prof) - 2006
                                            8. Thomas Schelling[56] (Prof) - 2005
                                            9. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001
                                            10. James Heckman[166] (Prof) - 2000
                                            11. Gérard Debreu[441] (Assoc Prof) - 1983
                                            12. James Tobin[442] (Prof) - 1981*
                                            13. Tjalling Koopmans[443] (Prof) - 1975*
                                            1. Christopher Sims[52] (Vis Prof) - 2011
                                            2. Chris Pissarides[64] (Vis) - 2010
                                            3. Robert Aumann[146] (Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            4. Daniel McFadden[144] (Irving Fisher Prof) - 2000
                                            5. James Heckman[166] (Vis Prof) - 2000
                                            6. James Mirrlees[405] (Vis Prof) - 1996
                                            7. John Harsanyi[444] (Vis Fel) - 1994
                                            8. Gérard Debreu[441] (Vis Prof) - 1983
                                            9. Ragnar Frisch[445] (Vis Prof) - 1969
                                            Literature
                                            1. Sinclair Lewis[446] (B.A) - 1930
                                            1. Toni Morrison[447][448] (Vis Lect) - 1993
                                            2. Derek Walcott[449][450] (Vis Lect) - 1992
                                            3. Wole Soyinka[451][452] (Vis Prof) - 1986
                                            Peace
                                            1. Wangari Maathai[453] (McCluskey Vis Fel) - 2004
                                            2. Elie Wiesel[454] (Henry Luce Vis Sch) - 1986
                                            3. Philip Noel-Baker[455] (Dodge Lect) - 1959

                                            Cornell University (12th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Cornell University, United States
                                            Total: 59 (Univ Count: 50)[456]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count of Cornell does not include short-term academic staff (Fritz Lipmann being an exception).

                                            2) The "Baker Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.[457]

                                            3) The "A.D White Professorship-at-Large (A.D.W Professor)" at Cornell is an academic appointment which has a definite duration of appointment (six years). This is similar to adjunct professorship instead of usual visiting professorship (note that the University Count considers the A.D White Professors as full-time academic staff).[458]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Arthur Ashkin[194] (PhD) - 2018
                                            2. David Thouless[89] (PhD) - 2016
                                            3. Douglas Osheroff[306] (M.S, PhD) - 1996
                                            4. Sheldon Glashow[319] (B.A) - 1979
                                            5. Steven Weinberg[459] (B.A) - 1979
                                            6. Isidor Rabi[204] (B.S) - 1944
                                            1. François Englert[460] (Asst Prof) - 2013
                                            2. David M. Lee[428] (Prof) - 1996*
                                            3. Robert Coleman Richardson[461] (Prof) - 1996*
                                            4. Kenneth G. Wilson[308] (Prof) - 1982*
                                            5. Hans Bethe[221] (Prof) - 1967*
                                            6. Richard Feynman[313] (Assoc Prof) - 1965
                                            1. Kip Thorne[304] (A.D.W Prof) - 2017
                                            2. John M. Kosterlitz[19] (PSD) - 2016
                                            3. François Englert[460] (Res Assoc) - 2013
                                            4. Anthony Leggett[23] (Vis Prof) - 2002
                                            5. Carl Wieman[462] (A.D.W Prof) - 2001
                                            6. Robert C. Richardson[461] (Res Assoc) - 1996
                                            7. Russell Hulse[463] (Arecibo Observatory) - 1993
                                            8. Pierre de Gennes[464] (A.D.W Prof) - 1991
                                            9. Brian Josephson[465] (Res Fel) - 1973
                                            10. John Schrieffer[466] (A.D.W Prof) - 1972
                                            11. Hannes Alfvén[456] (Distinguished Prof) - 1970
                                            12. George P. Thomson[467] (Lect) - 1937
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Eric Betzig[327] (PhD) - 2014
                                            2. William Moerner[289] (M.S, PhD) - 2014
                                            1. Henry Taube[468] (Asst Prof) - 1983
                                            2. Roald Hoffmann[231] (Prof) - 1981*
                                            3. Paul Flory[469] (Prof) - 1974
                                            4. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (Prof) - 1955*
                                            5. James B. Sumner[471] (Prof) - 1946*
                                            6. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936
                                            1. Joachim Frank[98] (PSD) - 2017
                                            2. Richard R. Ernst[473] (A.D.W Prof) - 1991
                                            3. Manfred Eigen[474] (A.D.W Prof) - 1967
                                            4. Otto Hahn[475] (Vis Prof) - 1944
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Jack Szostak[47] (PhD) - 2009
                                            2. Barbara McClintock[352] (B.S, M.A, PhD) - 1983
                                            3. Robert W. Holley[354] (PhD) - 1968
                                            4. George Beadle[347] (PhD) - 1958
                                            5. Hermann J. Muller[252] (Grad Atten) - 1946
                                            1. James P. Allison[139] (Prof) - 2018
                                            2. Harold Varmus[242] (Prof) - 1989
                                            3. Robert W. Holley[354] (Prof) - 1968*
                                            4. Haldan Hartline[476] (Assoc Prof) - 1967
                                            5. Herbert Gasser[477] (Prof) - 1944
                                            1. Paul Greengard[456] (A.D.W Prof) - 2000
                                            2. Robert Furchgott[478] (Inst) - 1998
                                            3. Barbara McClintock[352] (A.D.W Prof) - 1983
                                            4. Gobind Khorana[456] (A.D.W Prof) - 1968
                                            5. Peter Medawar[456] (A.D.W Prof) - 1960
                                            6. Fritz Lipmann[479] (Res Assoc) - 1953
                                            Economics
                                            1. Robert Engle[183] (M.S, PhD) - 2003
                                            2. Robert Fogel[265] (B.A) - 1993
                                            1. Richard Thaler[164] (Prof) - 2017
                                            1. Dale Mortensen[359] (Vis Prof) - 2010
                                            2. Amartya Sen[404] (A.D.W Prof) - 1998
                                            Literature
                                            1. Toni Morrison[447] (M.A) - 1993
                                            2. Pearl S. Buck[480] (M.A) - 1938
                                            1. Octavio Paz[456] (A.D.W Prof) - 1990
                                            2. Wole Soyinka[456] (Sr. Fel) - 1986
                                            Peace
                                            1. John R. Mott[481] (B.A) - 1946
                                            1. Norman Borlaug[456] (A.D.W Prof) - 1970

                                            Humboldt University Berlin (13th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
                                            Total: 55 (Univ Count: 29)[482]

                                            Notes: 1) Eduard Buchner received the Nobel prize when he was in Agricultural University of Berlin, which was later incorporated into the University of Berlin. He is not counted as a professor in the University of Berlin.

                                            2) Emily Balch studied one year at the University of Berlin, but she was only permitted to audit lectures and was not in any degree program.[483][484] She is thus excluded from the list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Walther Bothe[485] (PhD) - 1954
                                            2. Gustav Hertz[486] (PhD) - 1925
                                            3. James Franck[487] (PhD) - 1925
                                            4. Max Planck[488] (Grad Atten) - 1918
                                            5. Max Laue[489] (PhD) - 1914
                                            6. Wilhelm Wien[490] (PhD) - 1911
                                            7. Karl Braun[491] (PhD) - 1909
                                            8. Philipp Lenard[492] (Grad Atten) - 1905
                                            1. Max Born[493] (Prof) - 1954
                                            2. Walther Bothe[485] (Prof) - 1954
                                            3. Erwin Schrödinger[373] (Prof) - 1933*
                                            4. Werner Heisenberg[494] (Prof) - 1932
                                            5. James Franck[487] (Assoc Prof) - 1925
                                            6. Albert Einstein[323] (Prof) - 1921
                                            7. Max Planck[488] (Prof) - 1918*
                                            8. Max Laue[489] (Prof) - 1914
                                            1. Eugene Wigner[495] (Res Asst & Privatdozent) - 1963
                                            2. Albert Michelson[496] (Vis) - 1907
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Odd Hassel[497] (PhD) - 1969
                                            2. Kurt Alder[498] (UG Atten) - 1950
                                            3. Otto Diels[499] (PhD) - 1950
                                            4. Hans Euler-Chelpin[500] (PhD) - 1929
                                            5. Adolf Windaus[501] (UG Atten) - 1928
                                            6. Heinrich Wieland[502] (UG Atten) - 1927
                                            7. Walther Nernst[503] (UG Atten) - 1920
                                            8. Fritz Haber[504] (UG Atten) - 1918
                                            9. Otto Wallach[505] (UG Atten) - 1910
                                            10. Adolf von Baeyer[506] (PhD) - 1905
                                            1. Otto Diels[499] (Prof) - 1950
                                            2. Otto Hahn[475] (Prof) - 1944
                                            3. Adolf Butenandt[507] (Prof) - 1939*
                                            4. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936*
                                            5. Walther Nernst[503] (Prof) - 1920*
                                            6. Richard Willstätter[508] (Prof) - 1915
                                            7. Emil Fischer[509] (Prof) - 1902*
                                            8. Jacobus Hoff[510] (Prof) - 1901*
                                            1. Friedrich Bergius[511] (Res) - 1931
                                            2. Hans Fischer[512][513] (Res) - 1930
                                            3. Hans Euler-Chelpin[500] (Vis) - 1929
                                            4. Richard Zsigmondy[514] (Res Asst) - 1925
                                            5. Fritz Pregl[515][516] (Vis) - 1923
                                            6. Theodore W. Richards[517] (Vis Prof) - 1914
                                            7. Eduard Buchner[518] (Res) - 1907
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Bert Sakmann[519] (Med Atten) - 1991
                                            2. Werner Forssmann[520][521] (M.D) - 1956
                                            3. Fritz Lipmann[479] (M.D, PhD) - 1953
                                            4. Hans A. Krebs[396] (Med Atten) - 1953
                                            5. Walter R. Hess[522][523] (Med Atten) - 1949
                                            6. Ernst Chain[400] (B.S) - 1945
                                            7. Otto H. Warburg[524] (PhD) - 1931
                                            8. Otto Meyerhof[525][526] (Med Atten) - 1922
                                            1. Albrecht Kossel[527] (Prof) - 1910
                                            2. Paul Ehrlich[528] (Assoc Prof) - 1908
                                            3. Robert Koch[529] (Prof) - 1905
                                            1. Emil Behring[530] (Res) - 1901
                                            Economics
                                            1. Wassily Leontief[531] (PhD) - 1973
                                            Literature
                                            1. Gerhart Hauptmann[532][533] (UG Atten) - 1912
                                            2. Paul Heyse[534] (UG Atten) - 1910
                                            3. Rudolf Eucken[535] (UG Atten) - 1908
                                            1. Theodor Mommsen[536] (Prof) - 1902
                                            Peace
                                            1. Gustav Stresemann[537] (UG Atten) - 1926
                                            2. Austen Chamberlain[538][539] (Grad Atten) - 1925
                                            1. Auguste Beernaert[540] (Vis Fel) - 1909

                                            University of Paris (14th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Paris, France
                                            Total: 50

                                            Notes: 1) This count includes affiliations with the successor Universities Paris I-XIII and Sorbonne University.

                                            2) Affiliates of École Normale Supérieure (ENS) between 10 November 1903 and 3 February 1953 are included below.[541]

                                            3) Léon Jouhaux was only taking courses at several universities including the Sorbonne while self-studying, instead of enrolling in any degree-program. He is thus excluded from the list.[542][543]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Gérard Mourou[544] (PhD) - 2018
                                            2. Serge Haroche[20] (PhD) - 2012
                                            3. Albert Fert[545] (PhD) - 2007
                                            4. Pierre de Gennes[546] (PhD) - 1991
                                            5. Louis Néel[547] (ENS B.A) - 1970
                                            6. Alfred Kastler[548] (ENS B.A, ENS PhD) - 1966
                                            7. Louis de Broglie[549] (B.S, PhD) - 1929
                                            8. Jean Perrin[550] (PhD) - 1926
                                            9. Gabriel Lippmann[551] (PhD) - 1908
                                            10. Marie Curie[552] (PhD) - 1903
                                            11. Pierre Curie[553] (PhD) - 1903
                                            1. Serge Haroche[20] (Prof) - 2012
                                            2. Albert Fert[545] (Prof) - 2007*
                                            3. George Smoot[127] (Prof) - 2006
                                            4. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[554] (Prof) - 1997
                                            5. Louis de Broglie[549] (Prof) - 1929*
                                            6. Jean Perrin[550] (Prof) - 1926*
                                            7. Gabriel Lippmann[551] (Prof) - 1908*
                                            8. Marie Curie[552] (Prof) - 1903
                                            9. Pierre Curie[553] (Prof) - 1903
                                            1. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (Vis Prof) - 1969
                                            2. Alfred Kastler[548] (Res) - 1966
                                            3. Charles Townes[209] (Vis) - 1964
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Gerhard Ertl[135] (UG Atten) - 2007
                                            2. Frédéric Joliot-Curie[555] (PhD) - 1935
                                            3. Irène Joliot-Curie[556] (B.S, PhD) - 1935
                                            4. Marie Curie[552] (PhD) - 1911
                                            5. Henri Moissan[557] (PhD) - 1906
                                            6. Jacobus Hoff[510] (Atten) - 1901
                                            1. Frédéric Joliot-Curie[555] (Prof) - 1935*
                                            2. Irène Joliot-Curie[556] (Prof) - 1935*
                                            3. Marie Curie[552] (Prof) - 1911*
                                            4. Henri Moissan[557] (Prof) - 1906*
                                            1. Michael Levitt[95] (Vis) - 2013
                                            2. Jaroslav Heyrovský[337][338] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1959
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi[558] (B.S, PhD) - 2008
                                            2. Luc Montagnier[559] (M.D) - 2008
                                            3. Bert Sakmann[560] (UG Atten) - 1991
                                            4. Jean Dausset[561][562] (M.D) - 1980
                                            5. André Lwoff[563] (M.D, PhD) - 1965
                                            6. François Jacob[564] (M.D, PhD) - 1965
                                            7. Jacques Monod[356] (PhD) - 1965
                                            8. André Cournand[254] (B.S, M.D) - 1956
                                            9. Charles Nicolle[565] (Med Atten) - 1928
                                            10. Charles Richet[566] (M.D, PhD) - 1913
                                            1. Jean Dausset[561] (Prof) - 1980*
                                            2. André Lwoff[563] (Prof) - 1965
                                            3. Jacques Monod[356] (Prof) - 1965
                                            4. Charles Richet[566] (Prof) - 1913*
                                            Economics
                                            1. Jean Tirole[61] (PhD) - 2014
                                            2. Maurice Allais[567] (D.Eng) - 1988
                                            3. Gérard Debreu[441] (PhD) - 1983
                                            1. Maurice Allais[567] (Prof) - 1988
                                            1. Oliver Williamson[66] (Vis Prof) - 2009
                                            Literature
                                            1. Patrick Modiano[568] (UG Atten) - 2014
                                            2. Jean-Paul Sartre[569] (B.A, M.A) - 1964
                                            3. Giorgos Seferis[570] (LLB) - 1963
                                            4. T.S. Eliot[409] (Grad Atten) - 1948
                                            5. Henri Bergson[571] (PhD) - 1927
                                            6. Romain Rolland[572] (PhD) - 1915
                                            1. Romain Rolland[573][574] (Prof) - 1915
                                            Peace
                                            1. René Cassin[575] (DCL) - 1968
                                            2. Albert Schweitzer[576] (Grad Atten) - 1952
                                            3. Ferdinand Buisson[577] (B.A) - 1927
                                            4. Léon Bourgeois[578] (DCL) - 1920
                                            5. Louis Renault[579] (DCL) - 1907
                                            6. Charles Gobat[580] (Law Atten) - 1902
                                            1. René Cassin[575] (Prof) - 1968
                                            2. Ferdinand Buisson[577] (Prof) - 1927
                                            3. Louis Renault[579] (Prof) - 1907*
                                            1. Auguste Beernaert[540] (Vis Fel) - 1909

                                            University of Göttingen (15th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Göttingen, Germany
                                            Total: 45 (Univ Count: 44)[581][582]

                                            Notes: 1) The affiliations of several laureates in the University Count are actually affiliations with the city of Göttingen instead of with the university.

                                            2) Members of Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities are not included in the list, for the organization has no affiliation with the university.[583]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Herbert Kroemer[584] (B.A, PhD) - 2000
                                            2. Hans Dehmelt[585] (B.A, PhD) - 1989
                                            3. Maria Mayer[223] (PhD) - 1963
                                            4. Max Born[493] (PhD) - 1954
                                            5. Werner Heisenberg[494] (Grad Atten) - 1932
                                            6. Gustav Hertz[586] (UG Atten) - 1925
                                            7. Max Laue[489] (UG Atten) - 1914
                                            8. Wilhelm Wien[490] (UG Atten) - 1911
                                            1. Max Born[493] (Prof) - 1954
                                            2. James Franck[487] (Prof) - 1925*
                                            3. Max Laue[489] (Prof) - 1914
                                            1. Hans Dehmelt[585] (Res Assoc) - 1989
                                            2. Wolfgang Paul[587] (Lect) - 1989
                                            3. Nevill Mott[588] (PSD) - 1977
                                            4. Eugene Wigner[495] (Res Asst) - 1963
                                            5. Patrick Blackett[589] (Vis Fel) - 1948
                                            6. Wolfgang Pauli[590] (Res Asst) - 1945
                                            7. Paul Dirac[591][592] (PSD) - 1933
                                            8. Enrico Fermi[214] (PSD) - 1938
                                            9. Robert Millikan[205] (PSD) - 1923
                                            10. Johannes Stark[593] (Lect) - 1919
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Manfred Eigen[474] (PhD) - 1967
                                            2. Adolf Butenandt[507] (PhD) - 1939
                                            3. Norman Haworth[594] (PhD) - 1937
                                            4. Irving Langmuir[235] (PhD) - 1932
                                            5. Otto Wallach[505] (PhD) - 1910
                                            1. Stefan Hell[384] (Prof) - 2014
                                            2. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936
                                            3. Adolf Windaus[501] (Prof) - 1928*
                                            4. Richard Zsigmondy[514] (Prof) - 1925*
                                            5. Walther Nernst[503] (Prof) - 1920
                                            6. Otto Wallach[505] (Prof) - 1910*
                                            1. Thomas Steitz[26][333] (Macy Fel) - 2009
                                            2. Dudley Herschbach[595] (Vis Prof) - 1986
                                            3. Gerhard Herzberg[596] (PSD) - 1971
                                            4. Lars Onsager[431] (Vis Gauss Prof) - 1968
                                            5. Hans Euler-Chelpin[500] (Res) - 1929
                                            6. Theodore W. Richards[597][517] (Res) - 1914
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Thomas Südhof[292] (PhD) - 2013
                                            2. Bert Sakmann[560] (M.D) - 1991
                                            3. Max Delbrück[346][598] (PhD) - 1969
                                            4. Hans A. Krebs[396] (Med Atten) - 1953
                                            5. Robert Koch[529] (M.D) - 1905
                                            1. Bert Sakmann[560] (Prof) - 1991
                                            2. Erwin Neher[599] (Prof) - 1991
                                            3. Paul Ehrlich[528][582] (Prof) - 1908*
                                            1. Élie Metchnikoff[600] (Res) - 1908
                                            Literature
                                            1. Rudolf Eucken[535][581] (PhD) - 1908
                                            Peace
                                            1. Ludwig Quidde[601] (PhD) - 1927

                                            University of Munich (16th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Munich, Germany
                                            Total: 42 (Univ Count: 14)[602]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Wolfgang Ketterle[177] (PhD) - 2001
                                            2. Hans Bethe[221] (PhD) - 1967
                                            3. Wolfgang Pauli[590] (PhD) - 1945
                                            4. Werner Heisenberg[494] (PhD) - 1932
                                            5. Gustav Hertz[586] (UG Atten) - 1925
                                            6. Johannes Stark[593] (PhD) - 1919
                                            7. Max Planck[488] (PhD) - 1918
                                            8. Max Laue[489] (Grad Atten) - 1914
                                            1. Theodor Hänsch[287] (Prof) - 2005*
                                            2. Wilhelm Wien[490] (Prof) - 1911
                                            3. Wilhelm Röntgen[603] (Prof) - 1901*
                                            1. Nico Bloembergen[318] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                            2. Hans Bethe[221] (Lect) - 1967
                                            3. Isidor Rabi[204] (Res Fel) - 1944
                                            4. Max Laue[489] (Privatdozent) - 1914
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Joachim Frank[98] (M.S) - 2017
                                            2. Gerhard Ertl[135] (UG Atten) - 2007
                                            3. Hartmut Michel[604] (Grad Atten) - 1988
                                            4. Odd Hassel[497] (Grad Atten) - 1969
                                            5. Hermann Staudinger[605][606] (UG Atten) - 1953
                                            6. Otto Hahn[475] (UG Atten) - 1944
                                            7. Richard Kuhn[607] (PhD) - 1938
                                            8. Peter Debye[472] (PhD) - 1936
                                            9. Hans Fischer[512] (M.D) - 1930
                                            10. Heinrich Wieland[502] (PhD) - 1927
                                            11. Richard Zsigmondy[514] (PhD) - 1925
                                            12. Richard Willstätter[508] (PhD) - 1915
                                            13. Eduard Buchner[518] (PhD) - 1907
                                            1. Gerhard Ertl[135] (Prof) - 2007
                                            2. Ernst Otto Fischer[608] (Prof) - 1973
                                            3. Adolf Butenandt[507] (Prof) - 1939
                                            4. Heinrich Wieland[502] (Prof) - 1927*
                                            5. Richard Willstätter[508] (Prof) - 1915*
                                            6. Adolf von Baeyer[506] (Prof) - 1905*
                                            7. Emil Fischer[509] (Assoc Prof) - 1902
                                            1. Linus Pauling[609] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1954
                                            2. Wendell Stanley[610] (NRC Fel) - 1946
                                            3. Hans Fischer[512] (Lect) - 1930
                                            4. Eduard Buchner[518] (Lect) - 1907
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Günter Blobel[611] (UG Atten) - 1999
                                            2. Bert Sakmann[560] (M.D) - 1991
                                            3. Feodor Lynen[612] (PhD) - 1964
                                            4. Fritz Lipmann[479] (UG Atten) - 1953
                                            5. Otto Loewi[613] (Med Atten) - 1936
                                            6. Hans Spemann[614][615] (UG Atten) - 1935
                                            1. Karl von Frisch[616] (Prof) - 1973*
                                            2. Feodor Lynen[612] (Prof) - 1964
                                            1. Haldan Hartline[476][617] (Res Fel) - 1967
                                            2. Philip Hench[618][619] (Vis) - 1950
                                            Literature
                                            1. Thomas Mann[620][621] (UG Atten) - 1929
                                            Peace
                                            1. Linus Pauling[609] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1962

                                            Johns Hopkins University (17th, Tie)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Johns Hopkins University, United States
                                            Total: 39 (Univ Count: 29)[622]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Adam Riess[13] (Prof) - 2011*
                                            2. Riccardo Giacconi[18] (Prof) - 2002
                                            3. James Franck[487] (Prof) - 1925
                                            1. Maria Mayer[223] (Res Assoc) - 1963
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Aziz Sancar[432] (Grad Atten) - 2015
                                            2. Peter Agre[623] (M.D) - 2003
                                            1. Peter Agre[623] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            2. Chris Anfinsen[624] (Prof) - 1972
                                            1. Daniel Shechtman[625] (Vis Res) - 2011
                                            2. Kurt Wüthrich[136] (Sch in Residence) - 2002
                                            3. Lars Onsager[431] (Res Assoc) - 1968
                                            4. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (NRC Fel) - 1955
                                            5. Harold Urey[237] (Res Assoc) - 1934
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Richard Axel[240] (M.D) - 2004
                                            2. Paul Greengard[110] (PhD) - 2000
                                            3. Peyton Rous[626] (B.A, M.D) - 1996
                                            4. Martin Rodbell[627] (M.D) 1994
                                            5. Hamilton O. Smith[628] (M.D) - 1978
                                            6. Haldan Hartline[476] (M.D) - 1967
                                            7. Herbert Gasser[477] (M.D) - 1944
                                            8. Joseph Erlanger[629] (M.D) - 1944
                                            9. George Whipple[437] (M.D) - 1934
                                            10. Thomas H. Morgan[255] (PhD) - 1933
                                            1. Gregg L. Semenza[39] (Prof) - 2019*
                                            2. Carol Greider[137] (Prof) - 2009*
                                            3. Andrew Fire[138] (Prof) - 2006
                                            4. Torsten Wiesel[630] (Asst Prof) - 1981
                                            5. Daniel Nathans[258] (Prof) - 1978*
                                            6. Hamilton O. Smith[628] (Prof) - 1978*
                                            7. Haldan Hartline[476] (Prof) - 1967
                                            8. Joseph Erlanger[629] (Assoc Prof) - 1944
                                            9. George Whipple[437] (Assoc Prof) - 1934
                                            1. Gregg L. Semenza[39] (PSD) - 2019
                                            2. William Kaelin Jr.[46] (Med Res) - 2019
                                            3. David Hubel[631] (Res) - 1981
                                            4. Torsten Wiesel[630] (PSD) - 1981
                                            5. George Minot[632] (Res) - 1934
                                            Economics
                                            1. Robert Fogel[265] (PhD) - 1993
                                            2. Merton Miller[633] (PhD) - 1990
                                            1. Simon Kuznets[268] (Prof) - 1971
                                            1. Robert Mundell[269] (Vis Prof) - 1999
                                            2. Robert Fogel[265] (Inst) - 1993
                                            3. Richard Stone[634] (Vis Prof) - 1984
                                            Literature
                                            1. J.M. Coetzee[71] (Hinkley Prof) - 2003
                                            Peace
                                            1. Jody Williams[635] (M.A) - 1997
                                            2. Woodrow Wilson[636] (PhD) - 1919
                                            1. Nicholas Butler[637] (Lect) - 1931

                                            University of Copenhagen (17th, Tie)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Copenhagen, Denmark
                                            Total: 39 (Univ Count: 9)[638]

                                            Notes: 1) Affiliates of Niels Bohr Institute (Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics) are included in this list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. S. Chandrasekhar[639] (Grad Atten) - 1983
                                            2. Steven Weinberg[459] (Grad Atten) - 1979
                                            3. Aage Bohr[219] (M.A, PhD) - 1975
                                            4. Niels Bohr[640] (M.A, PhD) - 1922
                                            1. Aage Bohr[219] (Prof) - 1975*
                                            2. Werner Heisenberg[494] (Prof) - 1932
                                            3. Niels Bohr[640] (Prof) - 1922*
                                            1. Andre Geim[641] (PSD) - 2010
                                            2. David Gross[642] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            3. Sheldon Glashow[319] (Vis Sci) - 1979
                                            4. Nevill Mott[588] (Res) - 1977
                                            5. Ben Mottelson[643] (PSD) - 1975
                                            6. John Schrieffer[466] (Res Fel) - 1972
                                            7. Hans Bethe[644] (Vis) - 1967
                                            8. Lev Landau[645] (Vis) - 1962
                                            9. Donald Glaser[646][647] (Vis) - 1960
                                            10. Felix Bloch[648] (Res Fel) - 1952
                                            11. Wolfgang Pauli[590] (Res Asst) - 1945
                                            12. Isidor Rabi[204] (Res Fel) - 1944
                                            13. Paul Dirac[591][592] (PSD) - 1933
                                            14. Werner Heisenberg[494] (Lect) - 1932
                                            15. James Franck[487] (Guest Prof) - 1925
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Jens Skou[649] (M.D) - 1997
                                            1. George de Hevesy[650] (Prof) - 1943
                                            1. Walter Kohn[651] (PSD) - 1998
                                            2. Paul Berg[652] (PSD) - 1980
                                            3. Geoffrey Wilkinson[653] (Vis) - 1973
                                            4. Linus Pauling[654][655] (Vis) - 1954
                                            5. Harold Urey[237] (Res Fel) - 1934
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Niels Jerne[351] (M.D) - 1984
                                            2. Henrik Dam[656] (PhD) - 1943
                                            3. Johannes Fibiger[657] (B.S, PhD) - 1926
                                            4. August Krogh[658] (B.A) - 1920
                                            5. Niels Finsen[659] (M.D) - 1903
                                            1. Henrik Dam[656] (Assoc Prof) - 1943
                                            2. Johannes Fibiger[657] (Prof) - 1926*
                                            3. August Krogh[658] (Prof) - 1920*
                                            1. Edward B. Lewis[341] (Vis Prof) - 1995
                                            2. Max Delbrück[346][660] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1969
                                            3. James Watson[358] (NRC Merck Fel) - 1962
                                            4. Niels Finsen[659] (Prosector) - 1903
                                            Economics
                                            1. Bertil Ohlin[661] (Prof) - 1977
                                            1. William Nordhaus[113] (Adj Prof) - 2018
                                            2. Lawrence Klein[662] (Vis Prof) - 1980
                                            Literature
                                            1. Johannes V. Jensen[663] (UG Atten) - 1944
                                            2. Karl Gjellerup[664] (B.A) - 1917
                                            Peace
                                            1. Linus Pauling[654][655] (Vis) - 1962

                                            New York University (19th)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            New York University, United States
                                            Total: 37 (Univ Count: 24)[665]

                                            Notes: 1) Rudolf Eucken was a Deem Lecturer giving public lectures at the University.[535] He is thus excluded from the list.

                                            2) Wole Soyinka, being Scholar-in-Residence for a series of public lectures, is excluded from the list.[666]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Frederick Reines[667] (PhD) - 1995
                                            2. Martin Perl[195] (B.S) - 1995
                                            3. Clifford Shull[668] (PhD) - 1994
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Rudolph Marcus[332] (Prof) - 1992
                                            2. Robert Mulliken[387] (Asst Prof) - 1966
                                            1. Avram Hershko[669] (Adj Prof) - 2004
                                            2. Irwin Rose[160] (PSD) - 2004
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. John O'Keefe[670] (UG Atten) - 2014
                                            2. Eric Kandel[253] (M.D) - 2000
                                            3. Gertrude Elion[671] (M.S) - 1988
                                            4. Julius Axelrod[672] (M.A) - 1970
                                            5. George Wald[246] (B.S) - 1967
                                            1. Eric Kandel[253] (Assoc Prof) - 2000
                                            2. Baruj Benacerraf[243] (Prof) - 1980
                                            3. Severo Ochoa[399] (Prof) - 1959*
                                            4. Otto Loewi[613] (Res Prof) - 1936
                                            1. George Palade[438] (PSD) - 1974
                                            2. John C. Eccles[673] (Vis Prof) - 1963
                                            3. Francis Crick[674] (PSD) - 1962
                                            4. Arthur Kornberg[675] (Res) - 1959
                                            Economics
                                            1. Paul Romer[142] (Prof) - 2018*
                                            2. Thomas Sargent[53] (Prof) - 2011*
                                            3. Edmund Phelps[184] (Prof) - 2006
                                            4. Robert Engle[183] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            5. Michael Spence[676] (Prof) - 2001
                                            6. Wassily Leontief[677] (Prof) - 1973
                                            1. Paul Romer[142] (Henry Kaufman Vis Prof) - 2018
                                            2. Dale Mortensen[359] (Morgenstern Vis Prof) - 2010
                                            3. Robert Aumann[146] (Morgenstern Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            4. Edward Prescott[165] (Shinsei Bank Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            5. James Heckman[166] (Adj Asst Prof) - 2000
                                            6. Tjalling Koopmans[678] (Lect) - 1975
                                            7. Friedrich Hayek[679] (PSD) - 1974
                                            8. Gunnar Myrdal[680] (Vis Prof) - 1974
                                            9. Paul Samuelson[681] (Sendai Bank Vis Prof) - 1970
                                            Literature
                                            1. Joseph Brodsky[682][683] (Prof) - 1987
                                            1. Saul Bellow[684] (Vis Lect) - 1976
                                            Peace
                                            1. Mohamed ElBaradei[685] (J.S.D) - 2005
                                            2. Elihu Root[686] (J.D) - 1912
                                            1. Mohamed ElBaradei[685] (Adj Prof) - 2005

                                            Rockefeller University (20th, Tie)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Rockefeller University, United States
                                            Total: 36 (Univ Count: 25)[687]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count does not include short-term academic staff.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Martinus Veltman[688] (Vis) - 1999
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Roderick MacKinnon[32] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            2. Bruce Merrifield[689] (Prof) - 1984*
                                            3. Stanford Moore[690] (Prof) - 1972*
                                            4. William H. Stein[232] (Prof) - 1972*
                                            5. John H. Northrop[234] (Prof) - 1946*
                                            6. Wendell Stanley[610] (Prof) - 1946*
                                            1. Tomas Lindahl[421] (PSD) - 2015
                                            2. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            3. Michael Smith[433] (Vis) - 1993
                                            4. Lars Onsager[431] (Vis Prof) - 1968
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Daniel Nathans[258][691] (Grad Atten) - 1978
                                            2. David Baltimore[692] (PhD) - 1975
                                            3. Gerald Edelman[693] (PhD) - 1972
                                            1. Michael W. Young[293] (Prof) - 2017*
                                            2. Bruce Beutler[162] (Asst Prof) - 2011
                                            3. Ralph Steinman[41] (Prof) - 2011*
                                            4. Paul Nurse[694] (Prof) - 2001
                                            5. Paul Greengard[110] (Prof) - 2000*
                                            6. Günter Blobel[695] (Prof) - 1999*
                                            7. Torsten Wiesel[630] (Prof) - 1981
                                            8. David Baltimore[692] (Prof) - 1975
                                            9. Albert Claude[696] (Prof) - 1974*
                                            10. Christian de Duve[697] (Prof) - 1974*
                                            11. George Palade[438] (Prof) - 1974
                                            12. Gerald Edelman[693] (Prof) - 1972*
                                            13. Haldan Hartline (Prof) - 1967*
                                            14. Peyton Rous[626] (Prof) - 1966*
                                            15. Edward Tatum[439] (Prof) - 1958*
                                            16. Joshua Lederberg[248] (Prof) - 1958
                                            17. Fritz Lipmann[479] (Prof) - 1953
                                            18. Herbert Gasser[477] (Prof) - 1944*
                                            19. Karl Landsteiner[698] (Prof) - 1930*
                                            20. Alexis Carrel[699] (Prof) - 1912*
                                            1. Yoshinori Ohsumi[700] (PSD) - 2016
                                            2. Bruce Beutler[162] (PSD) - 2011
                                            3. Ralph Steinman[701] (PSD) - 2011
                                            4. Günter Blobel[695] (PSD) - 1999
                                            5. George Palade[438] (PSD) - 1974
                                            6. Ragnar Granit[398] (Vis Prof) - 1967
                                            7. Alan Hodgkin[702] (Res) - 1963
                                            8. Henrik Dam[656] (Res Assoc) - 1943

                                            University of Pennsylvania (20th, Tie)

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Pennsylvania, United States
                                            Total: 36 (Univ Count: 26)[703]

                                            Notes: 1) Martin Luther King only audited classes at the University but did not enroll in a degree program.[704] He is thus excluded from the list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. George E. Smith[153] (B.S) - 2009
                                            1. Raymond Davis Jr.[427] (Prof) - 2002*
                                            2. John Schrieffer[466] (Prof) - 1972*
                                            1. Robert Hofstadter[705] (Inst) - 1961
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Ei-ichi Negishi[706] (PhD) - 2010
                                            2. Ahmed Zewail[331] (PhD) - 1999
                                            3. Chris Anfinsen[707] (M.S) - 1972
                                            1. Irwin Rose[708] (Prof) - 2004
                                            2. Alan Heeger[130] (Prof) - 2000
                                            3. Alan MacDiarmid[96] (Prof) - 2000*
                                            1. Hideki Shirakawa[709] (PSD) - 2000
                                            2. Walter Kohn[651] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            3. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (Res Asst) - 1955
                                            4. Richard Kuhn[607] (Vis Prof) - 1938
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Gregg L. Semenza[39] (M.D, PhD) - 2019
                                            2. Stanley Prusiner[710] (B.A, M.D) - 1997
                                            3. Michael S. Brown[711] (B.A, M.D) - 1985
                                            4. Gerald Edelman[693] (M.D) - 1972
                                            1. Baruch Blumberg[244] (Prof) - 1976
                                            1. William Cecil Campbell[109][712] (Adj Prof) - 2015
                                            2. Harald zur Hausen[713] (Res Fel) - 2008
                                            3. Haldan Hartline[476][617] (Res) - 1967
                                            4. Ragnar Granit[398] (Res Fel) - 1967
                                            5. Howard Florey[714] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1945
                                            6. Otto Meyerhof[525][715] (Res Prof) - 1922
                                            Economics
                                            1. Robert Shiller[63] (Prof) - 2013
                                            2. Thomas Sargent[53] (Assoc Prof) - 2011
                                            3. Oliver Williamson[66] (Prof) - 2009
                                            4. Edmund Phelps[184] (Prof) - 2006
                                            5. Edward Prescott[165] (Asst Prof) - 2004
                                            6. Harry Markowitz[716] (Prof) - 1990
                                            7. Lawrence Klein[406] (Prof) - 1980*
                                            8. Simon Kuznets[268] (Prof) - 1971
                                            1. Oliver S. Hart[59] (Vis Lect) - 2016
                                            2. Edward Prescott[165] (Lect) - 2004
                                            3. Robert Engle[183] (Fel) - 2003
                                            4. Robert Mundell[717] (Richard Fox Prof) - 1999

                                            22nd–30th

                                            22nd

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University College London, United Kingdom
                                            Total: 33 (Univ Count: 29)[718]

                                            Notes: 1) Francis Crick Institute (UKCMRI), founded in 2010, has no direct affiliation with University College London and thus its affiliates are not counted as affiliates of UCL.[719] However, the founding director Paul Nurse is included in the following list since the university is a founding partner of the institute.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Charles Kao[430] (PhD) - 2009
                                            2. Owen Richardson[720][721] (PhD) - 1928
                                            1. William H. Bragg[722] (Prof) - 1915*
                                            1. Peter Higgs[723] (Res Fel) - 2013
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Jaroslav Heyrovský[724] (B.S, PhD) - 1959
                                            1. Robert Robinson[383] (Prof) - 1947
                                            2. William Ramsay[725] (Prof) - 1904*
                                            1. George Porter[726] (Vis Prof) - 1967
                                            2. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (NRC Fel) - 1955
                                            3. Otto Hahn[475] (Res) - 1944
                                            4. Frederick Soddy[382] (Res) - 1921
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Martin Evans[102] (PhD) - 2007
                                            2. Francis Crick[674] (B.S) - 1962
                                            3. Frederick Hopkins[727] (B.S) - 1929
                                            1. John O'Keefe[670] (Prof) - 2014*
                                            2. James Rothman[728] (Prof) - 2013
                                            3. Paul Nurse[729] (UKCMRI) - 2001
                                            4. James W. Black[730] (Prof) - 1988
                                            5. Bernard Katz[731] (Prof) - 1970*
                                            6. Andrew Huxley[732] (Prof) - 1963*
                                            7. Peter Medawar[391] (Prof) - 1960*
                                            8. Archibald Hill[733] (Prof) - 1922*
                                            1. Edvard Moser[734] (PSD) - 2014
                                            2. John O'Keefe[670] (PSD) - 2014
                                            3. May-Britt Moser[735][736] (PSD) - 2014
                                            4. Bert Sakmann[560] (British Council Fel) - 1991
                                            5. Ulf von Euler[718][737] (Vis) - 1970
                                            6. Herbert Gasser[738] (Res) - 1944
                                            7. Corneille Heymans[739] (Res) - 1938
                                            8. Henry H. Dale[740] (PSD) - 1936
                                            9. Otto Loewi[613][718] (Res) - 1936
                                            Economics
                                            1. Trygve Haavelmo[741] (Grad Atten) - 1989
                                            1. James Heckman[166] (Prof) - 2000
                                            Literature
                                            1. Rabindranath Tagore[742] (UG Atten) - 1913

                                            23rd

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            ETH Zurich, Switzerland
                                            Total: 32 (Univ Count: 21)[743]

                                            Notes: 1) Konrad Bloch was a Guggenheim Fellow at ETH in 1953, but he is excluded from the list because he does not classify the award-based visiting position as an appointment.[247][261]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Georg Bednorz[744] (PhD) - 1987
                                            2. K. Alex Müller[745] (PhD) - 1987
                                            3. Heinrich Rohrer[746] (B.S, PhD) - 1986
                                            4. Felix Bloch[648] (UG Atten) - 1952
                                            5. Albert Einstein[323] (B.A) - 1921
                                            6. Charles Guillaume[747] (PhD) - 1920
                                            7. Gustaf Dalén[748] (Grad Atten) - 1912
                                            8. Wilhelm Röntgen[603] (B.S) - 1901
                                            1. Wolfgang Pauli[590] (Prof) - 1945
                                            2. Albert Einstein[323] (Prof) - 1921
                                            1. Isidor Rabi[204] (Res Fel) - 1944
                                            2. Otto Stern[749] (Privatdozent) - 1943
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Richard R. Ernst[473] (PhD) - 1991
                                            2. Alfred Werner[750] (B.S) - 1913
                                            1. Kurt Wüthrich[136] (Prof) - 2002*
                                            2. Richard R. Ernst[473] (Prof) - 1991*
                                            3. Vladimir Prelog[751] (Prof) - 1975*
                                            4. Leopold Ružička[752] (Prof) - 1939*
                                            5. Richard Kuhn[607] (Prof) - 1938
                                            6. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936
                                            7. Richard Willstätter[508] (Prof) - 1915
                                            1. William Moerner[289] (Vis Prof) - 2014
                                            2. Richard Heck[753] (PSD) - 2010
                                            3. Walter Kohn[651] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            4. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (Vis Prof) - 1987
                                            5. Lars Onsager[431] (Res) - 1968
                                            6. Hermann Staudinger[605] (Lect) - 1953
                                            7. Artturi Virtanen[754] (PSD) - 1945
                                            8. George de Hevesy[650] (Res) - 1943
                                            9. Fritz Haber[504] (Res) - 1918
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Werner Arber[755] (B.S) - 1978
                                            2. Tadeus Reichstein[756] (B.S, PhD) - 1950
                                            1. Max Delbrück[660] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1969
                                            2. Gobind Khorana[757] (PSD) - 1968
                                            3. Tadeus Reichstein[756] (Lect) - 1950

                                            24th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, United States
                                            Total: 30 (Univ Count: 23)[758]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count includes Philip W. Anderson and James Tobin as affiliates only because they graduated from University Laboratory High School - Urbana. These two laureates are thus excluded from the list.

                                            2) Murray Gell-Mann was a research associate at UIUC in the summer terms of 1951 and 1953. His collaboration with Francis E. Low resulted in Gell-Mann and Low theorem.[759] Thus he is included in the list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Jack Kilby[760] (B.S) - 2000
                                            2. John Schrieffer[466] (M.S, PhD) - 1972
                                            3. Polykarp Kusch[211] (M.S, PhD) - 1955
                                            1. Anthony Leggett[23] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            2. John Bardeen[761] (Prof) - 1956*, 1972*
                                            3. John Schrieffer[466] (Assoc Prof) - 1972
                                            1. Anthony Leggett[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
                                            2. Zhores Alferov[762] (Vis) - 2000
                                            3. Norman Ramsey[196] (Res Assoc Prof) - 1989
                                            4. Brian Josephson[465] (PSD) - 1973
                                            5. Leon Cooper[202] (Res Assoc) - 1972
                                            6. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (Res Assoc) - 1969
                                            7. Emilio Segrè[763] (Vis Prof) - 1959
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (B.S, M.S) - 1955
                                            2. Wendell Stanley[610] (M.S, PhD) - 1946
                                            1. Rudolph Marcus[332] (Prof) - 1992
                                            2. Elias Corey[764] (Prof) - 1990
                                            1. Martin Karplus[25] (Inst) - 2013
                                            2. Vincent du Vigneaud[470][765] (Res Assoc) - 1955
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Phillip Sharp[349] (PhD) - 1993
                                            2. Edwin Krebs[766] (B.S) - 1992
                                            3. Hamilton O. Smith[767] (UG Atten) - 1978
                                            4. Rosalyn Yalow[768] (M.A, PhD) - 1977
                                            5. Robert W. Holley[354] (B.A) - 1968
                                            6. Edward Doisy[769] (B.A, M.S) - 1942
                                            1. Paul Lauterbur[294] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            2. Salvador Luria[260] (Prof) - 1969
                                            1. Peter Mansfield[770] (Res Assoc) - 2003
                                            2. Martin Rodbell[627] (PSD) - 1994
                                            3. Otto H. Warburg[771][772] (Res) - 1931
                                            Economics
                                            1. Alvin Roth[60] (Prof) - 2012
                                            2. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Prof) - 2007
                                            3. Franco Modigliani[273] (Prof) - 1985
                                            1. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Minnesota, United States
                                            Total: 30 (Univ Count: 25)[773]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Walter Brattain[226] (PhD) - 1956
                                            2. Ernest Lawrence[429] (M.A) - 1939
                                            1. John van Vleck[371] (Prof) - 1977
                                            2. John Bardeen[761] (Asst Prof) - 1956, 1972
                                            1. Hans D. Jensen[320][321] (Vis Prof) - 1963
                                            2. Polykarp Kusch[211] (Res Asst) - 1955
                                            3. Arthur Compton[774] (Inst) - 1927
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Brian Kobilka[290] (B.S) - 2012
                                            2. Melvin Calvin[775] (PhD) - 1961
                                            1. Paul D. Boyer[776][777] (Prof) - 1997
                                            2. William Lipscomb[328][778] (Prof) - 1976
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Louis Ignarro[241] (PhD) - 1998
                                            2. Edward B. Lewis[341] (B.A) - 1995
                                            1. Edward C. Kendall[250] (Prof) - 1950*
                                            2. Philip Hench[618] (Prof) - 1950*
                                            Economics
                                            1. Lars P. Hansen[62] (PhD) - 2013
                                            2. Daniel McFadden[144] (B.S, PhD) - 2000
                                            1. Robert Shiller[63] (Asst Prof) - 2013
                                            2. Christopher Sims[52] (Prof) - 2011
                                            3. Thomas Sargent[53] (Prof) - 2011
                                            4. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Prof) - 2007*
                                            5. Edward Prescott[165] (Prof) - 2004
                                            6. George Stigler[271] (Asst Prof) - 1982
                                            7. Milton Friedman[266] (Assoc Prof) - 1976
                                            1. Robert Aumann[146] (Vis) - 2005
                                            2. Finn Kydland[295] (Vis Sch) - 2004
                                            3. James Tobin[779] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                            Literature
                                            1. Bob Dylan[780] (UG Atten) - 2016
                                            1. Saul Bellow[781][684] (Assoc Prof) - 1976
                                            Peace
                                            1. Norman Borlaug[782] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 1970

                                            26th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of California, San Diego, United States
                                            Total: 27 (Univ Count: 5)[783]

                                            Notes: 1) UCSD University Count only includes faculty members who are currently at UCSD.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Duncan Haldane[90] (Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Hannes Alfvén[784] (Prof) - 1970
                                            3. Maria Mayer[223] (Prof) - 1963*
                                            1. David M. Lee[428] (Vis Prof) - 1996
                                            2. Hans D. Jensen[320][785] (Vis Prof) - 1963
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Venki Ramakrishnan[97] (Grad Atten) - 2009
                                            1. William Moerner[289] (Prof) - 2014
                                            2. Roger Tsien[28] (Prof) - 2008*
                                            3. Walter Kohn[651] (Prof) - 1998
                                            4. Mario Molina[336] (Prof) - 1995
                                            5. Paul Crutzen[385] (Prof) - 1995
                                            6. Linus Pauling[655] (Prof) - 1954
                                            7. Harold Urey[237] (Prof) - 1934
                                            1. Lars Onsager[431] (Vis Prof) - 1968
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Bruce Beutler[162] (B.A) - 2011
                                            2. Susumu Tonegawa[786] (PhD) - 1987
                                            1. Renato Dulbecco[787] (Prof) - 1975
                                            2. George Palade[438] (Prof) - 1974
                                            3. Francis Crick[788][789] (Adj Prof) - 1962
                                            1. Randy Schekman[140] (PSD) - 2013
                                            2. Sydney Brenner[790] (Adj Prof) - 2002
                                            3. Robert Furchgott[791] (Vis Prof) - 1998
                                            4. Rolf Zinkernagel[792] (Adj Assoc Prof) - 1975
                                            5. Robert W. Holley[354] (Adj Prof) - 1968
                                            Economics
                                            1. Clive Granger[793] (Prof) - 2003*
                                            2. Robert Engle[183] (Prof) - 2003
                                            3. Harry Markowitz[716] (Adj Prof) - 1990
                                            Peace
                                            1. Linus Pauling[655] (Prof) - 1962
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Heidelberg, Germany
                                            Total: 27 (Univ Count: 33)[794]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count includes 4 honorary doctors and some affiliates with research institutes in City of Heidelberg. They are excluded from the following list.

                                            2) Harald zur Hausen has been an honorary professor at the university since 1988. This is an honor-based position, which is not classified as an "appointment" in Hausen's C.V.[713][795] Thus, he is excluded from the following list, contrary to the University Count.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Theodor Hänsch[287] (B.A, PhD) - 2005
                                            2. Wolfgang Ketterle[177] (B.A) - 2001
                                            3. Max Born[796] (UG Atten) - 1954
                                            4. James Franck[487][797] (UG Atten) - 1925
                                            5. Heike Onnes[798] (Grad Atten) - 1913
                                            6. Albert Michelson[496][794] (Grad Atten) - 1907
                                            7. Philipp Lenard[492] (PhD) - 1905
                                            1. Hans D. Jensen[320] (Prof) - 1963*
                                            2. Walther Bothe[485] (Prof) - 1954*
                                            3. Philipp Lenard[492] (Prof) - 1905
                                            1. Wolfgang Ketterle[177] (Res Sci) - 2001
                                            2. Hans Dehmelt[799] (Vis Res) - 1989
                                            3. Gabriel Lippmann[551] (Vis) - 1908
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Stefan Hell[384] (PhD) - 2014
                                            2. Fritz Haber[504] (UG Atten) - 1918
                                            3. Adolf von Baeyer[506] (Atten) - 1905
                                            1. Georg Wittig[800] (Prof) - 1979*
                                            2. Karl Ziegler[801][802] (Assoc Prof) - 1963
                                            3. Richard Kuhn[607] (Prof) - 1938*
                                            4. Carl Bosch[803] (Prof) - 1931*
                                            5. Friedrich Bergius[511] (Prof) - 1931*
                                            1. Stefan Hell[384] (Adj Prof) - 2014
                                            2. Karl Ziegler[801] (Lect) - 1963
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Hans Spemann[614] (UG Atten) - 1935
                                            2. Otto H. Warburg[524] (M.D) - 1931
                                            3. Otto Meyerhof[525] (M.D) - 1922
                                            1. Bert Sakmann[560] (Prof) - 1991
                                            2. Albrecht Kossel[527] (Prof) - 1910*
                                            Literature
                                            1. Carl Spitteler[804] (UG Atten) - 1919
                                            Peace
                                            1. Charles Gobat[580] (J.D) - 1902
                                            1. Auguste Beernaert[540] (Vis Fel) - 1909

                                            28th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Manchester, United Kingdom
                                            Total: 25 (Univ Count: 25)[805]
                                            Physics
                                            1. John Cockcroft[806] (M.S) - 1951
                                            2. James Chadwick[807] (B.S, M.S) - 1935
                                            3. Charles T. R. Wilson[808] (UG Atten) - 1927
                                            4. J. J. Thomson[809] (UG Atten) - 1906
                                            1. Andre Geim[641] (Prof) - 2010*
                                            2. Konstantin Novoselov[810] (Prof) - 2010*
                                            3. Patrick Blackett[589] (Prof) - 1948*
                                            4. Niels Bohr[640] (Prof) - 1922
                                            5. Lawrence Bragg[811] (Prof) - 1915*
                                            1. Nevill Mott[588] (Lect) - 1977
                                            2. Hans Bethe[221] (Lect) - 1967
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Michael Smith[433] (B.S, PhD) - 1993
                                            2. John Polanyi[812][813] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 1986
                                            3. Robert Robinson[383] (B.S, PhD) - 1947
                                            4. Norman Haworth[594] (B.S, DSc) - 1937
                                            5. Arthur Harden[814] (B.S) - 1929
                                            1. Lord Todd[339] (Prof) - 1957
                                            2. Robert Robinson[383] (Prof) - 1947
                                            3. Ernest Rutherford[815] (Prof) - 1908*
                                            1. Melvin Calvin[775] (PSD) - 1961
                                            2. George de Hevesy[650] (Res) - 1943
                                            3. Arthur Harden[814] (Lect) - 1929
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. John Sulston[816] (Prof) - 2002
                                            2. Archibald Hill[733] (Prof) - 1922
                                            Economics
                                            1. Joseph Stiglitz[112] (Prof) - 2001
                                            2. W. A. Lewis[817] (Prof) - 1979
                                            3. John Hicks[403] (Prof) - 1972
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Michigan, United States
                                            Total: 25
                                            Physics
                                            1. David Politzer[17] (B.S) - 2004
                                            2. Samuel Ting[208] (B.S, PhD) - 1976
                                            1. Gérard Mourou[544] (Prof) - 2018*
                                            2. Carl Wieman[175] (Asst Prof) - 2001
                                            3. Martinus Veltman[688] (Prof) - 1999
                                            4. Martin Perl[195] (Assoc Prof) - 1995
                                            5. Donald Glaser[310] (Prof) - 1960
                                            1. Norman Ramsey[196] (Vis Prof) - 1989
                                            2. Wolfgang Pauli[590] (Vis Prof) - 1945
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Richard Smalley[818] (B.S) - 1996
                                            2. Jerome Karle[819] (PhD) - 1985
                                            1. Walter Kohn[651] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            2. Jerome Karle[819] (Res) - 1985
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Stanley Cohen[820] (PhD) - 1986
                                            2. Marshall Nirenberg[821] (PhD) - 1968
                                            3. Thomas H. Weller[822] (B.A, M.S) - 1954
                                            1. Hamilton O. Smith[767] (PSD) - 1978
                                            2. Charles Huggins[823] (Inst) - 1966
                                            3. Peyton Rous[626] (Inst) - 1966
                                            Economics
                                            1. Robert Shiller[63] (B.A) - 2013
                                            1. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                                            2. Daniel Kahneman[68] (Vis Sci) - 2002
                                            3. James Tobin[824] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                            4. Lawrence Klein[401] (Lect) - 1980
                                            Literature
                                            1. Joseph Brodsky[825] (Prof) - 1987
                                            1. Joseph Brodsky[825] (Poet-in-Residence) - 1987
                                            2. Czesław Miłosz (Vis Prof) - 1980
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States
                                            Total: 25 (Univ Count: 19)[826]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count does not include short-term academic staff.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Jack Kilby[760] (M.S) - 2000
                                            2. John van Vleck[371] (B.A) - 1977
                                            3. John Bardeen[761] (B.S, M.S) - 1956, 1972
                                            1. John van Vleck[371] (Prof) - 1977
                                            2. Eugene Wigner[495] (Prof) - 1963
                                            1. Hans D. Jensen[320][321] (Vis Prof) - 1963
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Alan MacDiarmid[96] (M.S) - 2000
                                            2. Paul D. Boyer[776] (PhD) - 1997
                                            3. Stanford Moore[690] (PhD) - 1972
                                            1. George P. Smith[24] (PSD) - 2018
                                            2. John E. Walker[378] (PSD) - 1997
                                            3. Michael Smith[433] (PSD) - 1993
                                            4. Peter Debye[827][828] (Vis) - 1936
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. William Cecil Campbell[109] (PhD) - 2015
                                            2. Günter Blobel[695] (PhD) - 1999
                                            3. Erwin Neher[599] (M.S) - 1991
                                            4. Edward Tatum[439] (M.S, PhD) - 1958
                                            5. Herbert Gasser[477] (B.A, M.A) - 1944
                                            1. Oliver Smithies[388] (Prof) - 2007
                                            2. Howard Temin[342] (Prof) - 1975*
                                            3. Gobind Khorana[757] (Prof) - 1968*
                                            4. Joshua Lederberg[248] (Prof) - 1958*
                                            5. Joseph Erlanger[629] (Prof) - 1944
                                            1. Oliver Smithies[388] (PSD) - 2007
                                            Economics
                                            1. Theodore Schultz[829] (PhD) - 1979
                                            1. Milton Friedman[266] (Vis Prof) - 1976
                                            Literature
                                            1. Saul Bellow[781] (Grad Atten) - 1976

                                            31st–50th

                                            31st

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of California, Los Angeles, United States
                                            Total: 24 (Univ Count: 14)[830][831]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Julian Schwinger[203] (Prof) - 1965
                                            1. Julian Schwinger[203] (Vis Prof) - 1965
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Richard Heck[753] (B.A, PhD) - 2010
                                            2. Bruce Merrifield[689][832] (B.A, PhD) - 1984
                                            3. Glenn Seaborg[833] (B.A) - 1951
                                            1. Fraser Stoddart[834] (Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Paul D. Boyer[776] (Prof) - 1997*
                                            3. Donald Cram[835] (Prof) - 1987*
                                            4. Willard Libby[239] (Prof) - 1960*
                                            1. Fraser Stoddart[834] (Sr. Vis Fel) - 2016
                                            2. Richard Heck[753] (PSD) - 2010
                                            3. Ahmed Zewail[331] (Vis Sch) - 1999
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Randy Schekman[140] (B.A) - 2013
                                            1. Louis Ignarro[241] (Prof) - 1998*
                                            1. Robert Furchgott[791] (Vis Prof) - 1998
                                            Economics
                                            1. Elinor Ostrom[836] (B.A, M.A, PhD) - 2009
                                            2. William F. Sharpe[837] (B.A, PhD) - 1990
                                            1. Lloyd Shapley[51] (Prof) - 2012*
                                            2. Harry Markowitz[716] (Prof) - 1990
                                            3. James M. Buchanan[838] (Prof) - 1986
                                            1. Eugene Fama[163] (Vis Prof) - 2013
                                            2. Chris Pissarides[64] (Vis) - 2010
                                            3. Milton Friedman[266] (Vis Prof) - 1976
                                            4. Friedrich Hayek[679][839] (Vis Prof) - 1974
                                            Literature
                                            1. Bertrand Russell[840] (Prof) - 1950
                                            Peace
                                            1. Ralph Bunche[841] (B.A) - 1950
                                            1. Al Gore[842] (Lect) - 2007
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Washington University in St. Louis, United States
                                            Total: 24 (Univ Count: 24)[843]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Arthur Compton[774] (Prof) - 1927
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. William Moerner[289] (B.A, B.S) - 2014
                                            1. Paul Berg[652] (Prof) - 1980
                                            1. Brian Kobilka[290] (Med Resident) 2012
                                            2. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            3. Paul Berg[652] (PSD) - 1980
                                            4. Luis Leloir[238] (Res Asst) - 1970
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Edwin Krebs[766] (M.D) - 1992
                                            2. Earl Sutherland[844] (M.D) - 1971
                                            3. Daniel Nathans[258] (M.D) - 1954
                                            1. Robert Furchgott[478] (Asst Prof) - 1998
                                            2. Rita Levi-Montalcini[845] (Prof) - 1986*
                                            3. George D. Snell[846] (Asst Prof) - 1980
                                            4. Earl Sutherland[844] (Assoc Prof) - 1971
                                            5. Alfred Hershey[847] (Prof) - 1969
                                            6. Arthur Kornberg[848] (Prof) - 1959
                                            7. Carl Cori[849][850] (Prof) - 1947*
                                            8. Gerty Cori[851] (Prof) - 1947*
                                            9. Herbert Gasser[477] (Prof) - 1944
                                            10. Joseph Erlanger[629] (Prof) - 1944*
                                            11. Edward Doisy[769] (Assoc Prof) - 1943
                                            1. Stanley Cohen[820] (PSD) - 1986
                                            2. Hamilton O. Smith[843] (Med Intern) - 1978
                                            3. Christian de Duve[852] (Rockefeller Fel) 1974
                                            4. Arthur Kornberg[675] (Res) - 1959
                                            5. Severo Ochoa[399] (Res Assoc) - 1959
                                            Economics
                                            1. Douglass North[853] (Prof) - 1993*

                                            33rd

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Zurich, Switzerland
                                            Total: 23 (Univ Count: 12)[854]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Max Born[796] (UG Atten) - 1954
                                            2. Albert Einstein[323] (PhD) - 1921
                                            3. Wilhelm Röntgen[603] (PhD) - 1901
                                            1. K. Alex Müller[745] (Prof) - 1987
                                            2. Erwin Schrödinger[373] (Prof) - 1933
                                            3. Albert Einstein[323] (Prof) - 1921
                                            4. Max Laue[489] (Prof) - 1914
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Paul Karrer[855] (PhD) - 1937
                                            2. Walther Nernst[503] (UG Atten) - 1920
                                            3. Alfred Werner[750] (PhD) - 1913
                                            1. Paul Karrer[855] (Prof) - 1937*
                                            2. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936
                                            3. Alfred Werner[750] (Prof) - 1913*
                                            1. Jean-Pierre Sauvage[856] (Vis Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Linus Pauling[329][655] (Res) - 1954
                                            3. Leopold Ružička[857] (Lect) - 1939
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Walter R. Hess[522] (M.D) - 1949
                                            1. Rolf Zinkernagel[792] (Prof) - 1996*
                                            2. Walter R. Hess[522] (Prof) - 1949*
                                            1. Eric Wieschaus[434] (PSD) - 1995
                                            2. Hamilton O. Smith[767] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1978
                                            3. George Wald[246] (NRC Fel) - 1967
                                            4. Henrik Dam[656] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1943
                                            5. Karl Landsteiner[698] (Res) - 1930
                                            6. Emil Kocher[858][859] (Vis) - 1909
                                            Literature
                                            1. Carl Spitteler[804] (UG Atten) - 1919
                                            1. Theodor Mommsen[536] (Prof) - 1902
                                            Peace
                                            1. Linus Pauling[329][655] (Res) - 1962

                                            34th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            City University of New York, United States
                                            Total: 21 (Univ Count: 13)[860]

                                            Notes: 1) The University Count only includes graduates (no attendees).

                                            2) The following laureates have unclear visiting positions at the university and will not be counted for now: Gerald Edelman.[693]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Leon Lederman[197] (B.S) - 1988
                                            2. Arno Penzias[200] (B.S) - 1978
                                            3. Robert Hofstadter[705] (B.S) - 1961
                                            1. Robert Hofstadter[705] (Inst) - 1961
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Herbert Hauptman[230] (B.S) - 1985
                                            2. Jerome Karle[819] (B.S) - 1985
                                            3. Paul Berg[652] (UG Atten) - 1980
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. John O'Keefe[670] (B.A) - 2014
                                            2. Gertrude Elion[671] (B.S) - 1988
                                            3. Stanley Cohen[820] (B.S) - 1986
                                            4. Rosalyn Yalow[768] (B.S) - 1977
                                            5. Julius Axelrod[672] (B.S) - 1970
                                            6. Arthur Kornberg[848] (B.S) - 1959
                                            1. Luc Montagnier[861] (Prof) - 2008
                                            1. Rosalyn Yalow[862] (Lect) - 1977
                                            Economics
                                            1. Robert Aumann[146] (B.S) - 2005
                                            2. Kenneth Arrow[267] (B.A) - 1972
                                            1. Paul Krugman[863] (Prof) - 2008
                                            2. Harry Markowitz[716] (Prof) - 1990*
                                            1. Lawrence Klein[401] (Distinguished Vis Prof) - 1980
                                            Literature
                                            1. Joseph Brodsky[825] (Vis Prof) - 1987
                                            Peace
                                            1. Henry Kissinger[864] (UG Atten) - 1973
                                            1. Elie Wiesel[865] (Prof) - 1986
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Collège de France, France
                                            Total: 21

                                            Notes: 1) The following laureates have unclear visiting positions at Collège de France and will not be counted for now: Gerald Edelman.[693]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Georges Charpak[866] (PhD) - 1992
                                            1. Serge Haroche[20] (Prof) - 2012
                                            2. Pierre de Gennes[546] (Prof) - 1991*
                                            1. Roy Glauber[16] (Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            2. Steven Chu[867] (Vis Prof) - 1997
                                            3. Nico Bloembergen[868] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                            4. Murray Gell-Mann[220] (Vis Prof) - 1969
                                            5. Albert Michelson[496] (Vis) - 1907
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Paul Sabatier[869] (PhD) - 1912
                                            1. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (Prof) - 1987*
                                            2. Frédéric Joliot-Curie[555] (Prof) - 1935
                                            1. Ahmed Zewail[331] (Vis Prof) - 1999
                                            2. Alfred Werner[750] (Res) - 1913
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Jean Dausset[561] (Prof) - 1980*
                                            2. François Jacob[564] (Prof) - 1965
                                            3. Jacques Monod[356] (Prof) - 1965
                                            4. Charles Nicolle[565] (Prof) - 1928
                                            1. Stanley Prusiner[710] (Vis Prof) - 1997
                                            2. Roger Guillemin[870][871] (Res) - 1977
                                            3. Corneille Heymans[739] (Res) - 1938
                                            Literature
                                            1. Henri Bergson[571] (Prof) - 1927
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            École Normale Supérieure, France
                                            Total: 21 (Univ Count: 13)[872]

                                            Notes: 1) Samuel Beckett is included in the following list but not the University list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Serge Haroche[20] (B.A) - 2012
                                            2. Albert Fert[545] (B.A) - 2007
                                            3. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[554] (B.A, PhD) - 1997
                                            4. Pierre de Gennes[546] (B.A) - 1991
                                            5. Louis Néel[547] (B.A) - 1970
                                            6. Alfred Kastler[548] (B.A, PhD) - 1966
                                            7. Jean Perrin[550] (B.A) - 1926
                                            8. Gabriel Lippmann[551] (UG Atten) - 1908
                                            1. Serge Haroche[20] (Prof) - 2012*
                                            2. Alfred Kastler[548] (Prof) - 1966*
                                            1. Theodor Hänsch[287] (Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            2. William D. Phillips[369] (Vis Prof) - 1997
                                            3. Richard E. Taylor[873][874] (Vis Sch) - 1990
                                            4. Nico Bloembergen[868] (Vis Prof) - 1981
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Paul Sabatier[869] (B.A) - 1912
                                            1. Ahmed Zewail[331] (Vis Prof) - 1999
                                            2. Walter Kohn[875] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            Economics
                                            1. Esther Duflo[181] (B.A) - 2019
                                            2. Gérard Debreu[441] (UG Atten) - 1983
                                            Literature
                                            1. Jean Sartre[569] (B.A, M.A) - 1964
                                            2. Henri Bergson[571] (B.A) - 1927
                                            3. Romain Rolland[572] (B.A) - 1915
                                            1. Samuel Beckett[876] (Lect) - 1969
                                            2. Henri Bergson[571] (Lect) - 1927
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Freiburg, Germany
                                            Total: 21 (Univ Count: 10)[877]

                                            Notes: 1) Dudley Herschbach was a Guggenheim Fellow at Freiburg, but he is excluded because he does not classify this award-based visiting position as an appointment.[595]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Hans D. Jensen[320] (UG Atten) - 1963
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Joachim Frank[98] (B.S) - 2017
                                            2. Mario Molina[336] (M.S) - 1995
                                            3. George de Hevesy[650] (PhD) - 1943
                                            4. Adolf Windaus[501] (PhD) - 1928
                                            1. Georg Wittig[800] (Assoc Prof) - 1979
                                            2. Hermann Staudinger[605] (Prof) - 1953*
                                            3. George de Hevesy[650] (Prof) - 1943
                                            4. Heinrich Wieland[502] (Prof) - 1927
                                            1. Adolf Windaus[501] (Lect) - 1928
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Bert Sakmann[519] (UG Atten) - 1991
                                            2. Georges Köhler[878] (PhD) - 1984
                                            3. Hans A. Krebs[396] (UG Atten) - 1953
                                            4. Otto H. Warburg[771] (UG Atten) - 1931
                                            5. Otto Meyerhof[525] (Med Atten) - 1922
                                            6. Paul Ehrlich[528] (Med Atten) - 1908
                                            1. Harald zur Hausen[713] (Prof) - 2008
                                            2. Hans Spemann[614] (Prof)- 1935*
                                            1. Christiane Volhard[879] (PSD) - 1995
                                            2. Philip Hench[618][619] (Vis) - 1950
                                            3. Henrik Dam[656] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1943
                                            4. Robert Bárány[880] (Vis) - 1914
                                            Economics
                                            1. Friedrich Hayek[679] (Prof) - 1974

                                            38th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Carnegie Mellon University, United States
                                            Total: 20 (Univ Count: 20)[881]

                                            Notes: 1) CMU University Count includes Edward S. Rubin who was a coordinating lead author on organization IPCC, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Rubin is thus excluded from the following list.

                                            2) Thomas Sargent is included in the following list but not the University list.

                                            Physics
                                            1. John L. Hall[882] (B.S, PhD) - 2005
                                            2. Clifford Shull[668] (B.S) - 1994
                                            1. Otto Stern[749] (Prof) - 1943*
                                            2. Clinton Davisson[883] (Asst Prof) - 1937
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. John Pople[884] (Prof) - 1998
                                            2. Walter Kohn[651] (Prof) - 1998
                                            1. Ada Yonath[161] (PSD) - 2009
                                            2. Paul Flory[469] (Res) - 1974
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Paul Lauterbur[294] (Res) - 2003
                                            Economics
                                            1. Dale Mortensen[359] (PhD) - 2010
                                            2. Oliver Williamson[66] (PhD) - 2009
                                            3. Edward Prescott[165] (PhD) - 2004
                                            4. Finn Kydland[885] (PhD) - 2004
                                            5. John F. Nash[886] (B.S, M.S) - 1994
                                            1. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Assoc Prof) - 2013
                                            2. Edward Prescott[165] (Prof) - 2004
                                            3. Finn Kydland[295] (Prof) - 2004*
                                            4. Robert Lucas Jr[887] (Prof) - 1995
                                            5. Merton Miller[633] (Prof) - 1990
                                            6. Franco Modigliani[273] (Prof) - 1985
                                            7. Herbert A. Simon[888] (Prof) - 1978*
                                            1. Thomas Sargent[53] (Res Assoc) - 2011
                                            2. Finn Kydland[295] (Vis Fel) - 2004
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Goethe University Frankfurt (University of Frankfurt), Germany
                                            Total: 20 (Univ Count: 18)[889]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Peter Grünberg[158] (B.A) - 2007
                                            2. Horst Störmer[206] (B.A) - 1998
                                            3. Gerd Binnig[890] (B.A, PhD) - 1986
                                            1. Max Born[493] (Prof) - 1954
                                            2. Max Laue[489] (Prof) - 1914*
                                            1. Hans Bethe[221] (Inst) - 1967
                                            2. Otto Stern[749] (Privatdozent) - 1943
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Lord Todd[339] (PhD) - 1957
                                            1. Hartmut Michel[604] (Adj Prof) - 1988
                                            2. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (Heinrich Hertz Vis Prof) - 1987
                                            3. Karl Ziegler[801] (Lect) - 1963
                                            4. Paul Karrer[855] (Res) - 1937
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Günter Blobel[611] (UG Atten) - 1999
                                            2. Christiane Volhard[879] (UG Atten) - 1995
                                            1. Niels Jerne[351] (Prof) - 1984
                                            2. Paul Ehrlich[889] (Prof) - 1908
                                            1. Ulf von Euler[737][891] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1970
                                            2. Otto Loewi[613] (Res) - 1936
                                            3. Robert Bárány[880] (Vis) - 1914
                                            Economics
                                            1. Reinhard Selten[892] (B.A, PhD) - 1994
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Imperial College London, United Kingdom
                                            Total: 20 (Univ Count: 14)[893]

                                            Notes: 1) Peter Higgs and Charles Kao are included in the following list but not the University Count.

                                            2) Konrad Bloch was a Guggenheim Fellow at Imperial College London in 1961, but he is excluded because he does not classify this award-based position as appointment.[261]

                                            Physics
                                            1. Abdus Salam[894] (Prof) - 1979*
                                            2. Dennis Gabor[895] (Prof) - 1971
                                            3. Patrick Blackett[589] (Prof) - 1948
                                            4. George P. Thomson[467] (Prof) - 1937*
                                            1. Peter Higgs[723] (Res Fel) - 2013
                                            2. Charles Kao (Vis Prof) - 2009
                                            3. Steven Weinberg[459] (Vis) - 1979
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Geoffrey Wilkinson[653] (B.S, PhD) - 1973
                                            2. Derek Barton[896] (B.S, PhD) - 1969
                                            1. Geoffrey Wilkinson[653] (Prof) - 1973*
                                            2. Derek Barton[896] (Prof) - 1969*
                                            3. George Porter[897][898] (Prof) - 1967
                                            1. Greg Winter[93] (PSD) - 2018
                                            2. Walter Kohn[651] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            3. Cyril Hinshelwood[899] (Sr. Res Fel) - 1956
                                            4. Norman Haworth[594] (Demonstrator) - 1937
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Alexander Fleming[900] (B.S, M.B) - 1945
                                            2. Frederick Hopkins[901] (UG Atten) - 1929
                                            1. Rodney Porter[395] (Prof) - 1972
                                            2. Alexander Fleming[900] (Prof) - 1945*
                                            3. Ernest Chain[400] (Prof) - 1945
                                            1. Stanley Prusiner[710] (Leverhulme Vis Prof) - 1997
                                            2. Andrew Huxley[893] (Fel) - 1963
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
                                            Total: 20 (Univ Count: 18)[902]

                                            Notes: 1) Óscar Arias and Harry Markowitz are included in the following list but not the University Count.

                                            Economics
                                            1. Chris Pissarides[64] (PhD) - 2010
                                            2. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (UG Atten) - 2007
                                            3. Robert Mundell[269] (UG Atten) - 1999
                                            4. Ronald Coase[903] (B.Com) - 1991
                                            5. W. A. Lewis[817] (B.S, PhD) - 1979
                                            1. Oliver S. Hart[59] (Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Chris Pissarides[64] (Prof) - 2010*
                                            3. George Akerlof[143] (Prof) - 2001
                                            4. Amartya Sen[404] (Prof) - 1998
                                            5. Ronald Coase[903] (Reader) - 1991
                                            6. James Meade[402] (Prof) - 1977
                                            7. Friedrich Hayek[679] (Prof) - 1974
                                            1. Paul Krugman[904] (Assoc) - 2008
                                            2. Harry Markowitz[716] (Vis Prof) - 1990
                                            3. Merton Miller[633] (Vis Asst Lect) - 1990
                                            4. Sir John Hicks[403] (Lect) - 1972
                                            Literature
                                            1. G. Bernard Shaw[902] (Founder) - 1925
                                            1. Bertrand Russell[840][902] (Lect) - 1950
                                            Peace
                                            1. Juan Santos[905] (M.S) - 2016
                                            2. Óscar Arias[906] (M.A) - 1987
                                            1. Philip Noel-Baker[902] (Prof) - 1959
                                            1. Ralph Bunche[841] (PSD) - 1950
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Washington, United States
                                            Total: 20
                                            Physics
                                            1. David Thouless[89] (Prof) - 2016*
                                            2. Hans Dehmelt[585] (Prof) - 1989*
                                            1. Arthur B. McDonald[305] (Vis) - 2015
                                            2. David Wineland[12] (PSD) - 2012
                                            3. Hans Dehmelt[585] (Vis Asst Prof) - 1989
                                            4. William A. Fowler[307] (Walker-Ames Vis Prof) - 1983
                                            5. Hans Bethe[221] (Vis Prof) - 1967
                                            6. Arthur Compton[907] (Walker-Ames Vis Prof) - 1927
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Walter Kohn[651] (Vis Sch) - 1998
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Jeffrey C. Hall[348][908] (M.S, PhD) - 2017
                                            2. Linda Buck[48] (B.S) - 2004
                                            3. Martin Rodbell[627] (PhD) - 1994
                                            4. George Hitchings[909] (B.S) - 1988
                                            1. Linda Buck[48] (Prof) - 2004
                                            2. Leland Hartwell[180] (Prof) - 2001
                                            3. Edmond H. Fischer[910] (Prof) - 1992*
                                            4. Edwin Krebs[766] (Prof) - 1992*
                                            5. Donnall Thomas[256] (Prof) - 1990
                                            1. Joseph L. Goldstein[911] (Special NIH Fel) - 1985
                                            Economics
                                            1. George Stigler[271] (B.A) - 1982
                                            1. Douglass North[853] (Prof) - 1993
                                            2. William F. Sharpe[837] (Prof) - 1990
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Vienna, Austria
                                            Total: 20 (Univ Count: 9)[912]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Erwin Schrödinger[913] (PhD) - 1933
                                            1. Victor Hess[914] (Asst Prof) - 1936
                                            2. Erwin Schrödinger[913] (Asst Prof) - 1933
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Max Perutz[915] (B.S) - 1962
                                            2. Richard Kuhn[607] (UG Atten) - 1938
                                            3. Richard Zsigmondy[514] (UG Atten) - 1925
                                            1. Hans Fischer[512] (Prof) - 1930
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Karl von Frisch[616] (PhD) - 1973
                                            2. Konrad Lorenz[245] (M.D, PhD) - 1973
                                            3. Karl Landsteiner[698] (M.D) - 1930
                                            4. Julius Wagner-Jauregg[916] (M.D) - 1927
                                            5. Robert Bárány[880] (M.D) - 1914
                                            6. Allvar Gullstrand[917][918] (Med Atten) - 1911
                                            1. Otto Loewi[613] (Prof) - 1936
                                            2. Karl Landsteiner[698] (Prof) - 1930
                                            3. Robert Bárány[880] (Prof) - 1914*
                                            1. Carl Cori[849] (PSD) - 1947
                                            2. Corneille Heymans[739] (Res) - 1938
                                            3. George Whipple[919] (Vis) - 1934
                                            Economics
                                            1. Friedrich Hayek[679] (PhD) - 1974
                                            Literature
                                            1. Elfriede Jelinek[920] (UG Atten) - 2004
                                            2. Elias Canetti[921] (PhD) - 1981
                                            3. Ivo Andric[922] (UG Atten) - 1961

                                            44th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Kyoto University, Japan
                                            Total: 19 (Univ Count: 11)[923][924]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Isamu Akasaki[925] (B.S) - 2014
                                            2. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga[926] (B.S) - 1965
                                            3. Hideki Yukawa[213] (B.S) - 1949
                                            1. Toshihide Maskawa[927] (Prof) - 2008*
                                            2. Hideki Yukawa[213] (Prof) - 1949*
                                            1. Makoto Kobayashi[928] (Res Assoc) - 2008
                                            2. Theodor Hänsch[287] (Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            3. Anthony Leggett[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
                                            4. Willis Lamb[212] (Vis Prof) - 1955
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Akira Yoshino[929] (B.S, M.S) - 2019
                                            2. Ryoji Noyori[37] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 2001
                                            3. Kenichi Fukui[930] (B.S) - 1981
                                            1. Kenichi Fukui[930] (Prof) - 1981*
                                            1. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            2. Ryoji Noyori[37] (Inst) - 2001
                                            3. Alan MacDiarmid[96][931] (Vis Prof) - 2000
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Tasuku Honjo[932] (M.D, PhD) - 2018
                                            2. Yoshinori Ohsumi[933] (Grad Atten) - 2016
                                            3. Susumu Tonegawa[786] (B.S) - 1987
                                            1. Tasuku Honjo[932] (Prof) - 2018*
                                            2. Shinya Yamanaka[934] (Prof) - 2012*
                                            Economics
                                            1. Oliver Williamson[66] (Vis Prof) - 2009
                                            Peace
                                            1. Aung Suu Kyi[413] (Vis Sch) - 1991
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Northwestern University, United States
                                            Total: 19
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Fraser Stoddart[834] (Prof) - 2016*
                                            2. John Pople[884] (Prof) - 1998*
                                            1. Jean-Pierre Sauvage[856] (Vis Sch) - 2016
                                            2. Aaron Ciechanover[35] (Vis Adj Prof) - 2004
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Robert Furchgott[791] (PhD) - 1998
                                            1. Ferid Murad[935] (Adj Prof) - 1998
                                            Economics
                                            1. George Stigler[271] (M.B.A) - 1982
                                            1. Bengt Holmström[167] (Assoc Prof) - 2016
                                            2. Dale Mortensen[359] (Prof) - 2010*
                                            3. Roger Myerson[55] (Prof) - 2007
                                            4. Franco Modigliani[936] (Prof) - 1985
                                            1. Lars P. Hansen[62] (Nemmers Vis Prof) - 2013
                                            2. Oliver Williamson[66] (Vis Prof) - 2009
                                            3. Leonid Hurwicz[67] (Vis Prof) - 2007
                                            4. Robert Aumann[146] (Nemmers Vis Prof) - 2005
                                            5. Edward Prescott[165] (Vis Prof) - 2004
                                            6. Robert Lucas Jr[887] (Vis Prof) - 1995
                                            Literature
                                            1. Saul Bellow[781] (B.S) - 1976
                                            Peace
                                            1. Ralph Bunche[841] (PSD) - 1950
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
                                            Total: 19 (Univ Count: 19)[937]
                                            Physics
                                            1. Igor Tamm[938] (UG Atten) - 1958
                                            1. Peter Higgs[723] (Prof) - 2013*
                                            2. Max Born[493] (Prof) - 1954*
                                            3. Charles Barkla[939] (Prof) - 1917*
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Richard Henderson[94] (B.S) - 2017
                                            2. Fraser Stoddart[834] (B.S, PhD) - 2016
                                            1. Peter D. Mitchell[940] (Prof) - 1978
                                            1. Kurt Wüthrich[136] (Vis Prof) - 2002
                                            2. Lord Todd[339] (Res) - 1957
                                            3. Vincent du Vigneaud[470] (NRC Fel) - 1955
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Robert G. Edwards[106] (PhD) - 2010
                                            2. Peter C. Doherty[941] (PhD) - 1996
                                            1. Hermann J. Muller[252] (Prof) - 1946
                                            1. Michael Rosbash[179] (PSD) - 2017
                                            2. Edvard Moser[734] (PSD) - 2014
                                            3. May-Britt Moser[735] (PSD) - 2014
                                            4. Paul Nurse[694] (PSD) - 2001
                                            Economics
                                            1. James Mirrlees[405] (M.A) - 1996
                                            Peace
                                            1. Joseph Rotblat[937] (Montague Vis Prof) - 1995
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Strasbourg, France
                                            Total: 19

                                            Notes: 1) This count includes affiliates of predecessor institutions before their reunification in 2009.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Louis Néel[547] (PhD) - 1970
                                            2. Max Laue[489] (UG Atten) - 1914
                                            1. Louis Néel[547] (Prof) - 1970
                                            2. Karl Braun[491] (Prof) - 1909*
                                            3. Wilhelm Röntgen[603] (Prof) - 1901
                                            1. Pieter Zeeman[942] (PSD) - 1902
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (B.S, PhD) - 1987
                                            2. Emil Fischer[509] (PhD) - 1902
                                            1. Jean-Pierre Sauvage[856] (Prof) - 2016*
                                            2. Martin Karplus[25] (Prof) - 2013*
                                            3. Jean-Marie Lehn[386] (Prof) - 1987*
                                            4. Adolf von Baeyer[506] (Prof) - 1905
                                            1. Hermann Staudinger[605] (Lect) - 1953
                                            2. Hans Euler-Chelpin[500][943] (Vis) - 1929
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Jules Hoffmann[944] (B.S, PhD) - 2011
                                            2. Otto Loewi[613] (M.D) - 1936
                                            3. Otto Meyerhof[525] (Med Atten) - 1922
                                            4. Albrecht Kossel[527] (Med Atten) - 1910
                                            5. Paul Ehrlich[528] (Med Atten) - 1908
                                            6. Alphonse Laveran[945] (M.D) - 1907
                                            1. Jules Hoffmann[944] (Prof) - 2011*
                                            1. Albrecht Kossel[527] (Lect) - 1910
                                            Peace
                                            1. Albert Schweitzer[946] (M.D, PhD) - 1952
                                            2. Ludwig Quidde[601] (UG Atten) - 1927

                                            48th

                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Case Western Reserve University, United States
                                            Total: 18 (Univ Count: 15)[947]

                                            Notes: 1) Corneille Heymans is included in the following list but not the University Count.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Donald Glaser[310] (B.S) - 1960
                                            2. Polykarp Kusch[211] (B.S) - 1955
                                            1. Frederick Reines[667] (Prof) - 1995
                                            2. Albert Michelson[948] (Prof) - 1907
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Paul Berg[652] (PhD) - 1980
                                            1. George Olah[949][950] (Prof) - 1994
                                            1. Irwin Rose[160] (PSD) - 2004
                                            2. Peter Agre[623] (Med Trainee) - 2003
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Paul Lauterbur[951] (B.S) - 2003
                                            2. Ferid Murad[935] (M.D, PhD) - 1998
                                            3. Alfred G. Gilman[435] (M.D, PhD) - 1994
                                            1. Earl Sutherland[844] (Prof) - 1971
                                            2. Frederick Robbins[952] (Prof) - 1954*
                                            3. John J. R. Macleod[953] (Prof) - 1923
                                            1. George Hitchings[909] (PSD) - 1988
                                            2. Corneille Heymans[739] (Res) - 1938
                                            Economics
                                            1. Richard Thaler[164] (B.A) - 2017
                                            2. Edward Prescott[165] (M.A) - 2004
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            Technical University of Munich, Germany
                                            Total: 18 (Univ Count: 17)[620]

                                            Notes: 1) Eduard Buchner is included in the following list but not the University Count.

                                            Physics
                                            1. Wolfgang Ketterle[177] (M.A) - 2001
                                            2. Wolfgang Paul[587] (UG Atten) - 1989
                                            3. Ernst Ruska[954] (Atten) - 1986
                                            4. Rudolf Mössbauer[314] (B.A, PhD) - 1961
                                            1. Klaus von Klitzing[370] (Prof) - 1985
                                            2. Rudolf Mössbauer[314] (Prof) - 1961*
                                            3. Gustav Hertz[586][486] (Director) - 1925
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Joachim Frank[98] (PhD) - 2017
                                            2. Gerhard Ertl[135] (PhD) - 2007
                                            3. Johann Deisenhofer[955] (M.S, PhD) - 1988
                                            4. Robert Huber[956] (B.S, PhD) - 1988
                                            5. Ernst Otto Fischer[608] (B.A, PhD) - 1973
                                            6. Eduard Buchner[518][957] (UG Atten) - 1907
                                            1. Ernst Otto Fischer[608] (Prof) - 1973*
                                            2. Hans Fischer[512] (Prof) - 1930*
                                            3. Heinrich Wieland[502] (Prof) - 1927
                                            1. Gerhard Ertl[135] (Lect) - 2007
                                            2. Rudolph Marcus[332] (Distinguished Adj Prof) - 1992
                                            3. Robert Huber[956] (Apl. Prof) - 1988
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Erwin Neher[599] (PhD) - 1991
                                            2. Konrad Bloch[247] (B.S) - 1964
                                            Literature
                                            1. Thomas Mann[620] (UG Atten) - 1929
                                            Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
                                            University of Leipzig (Karl Marx University), Germany
                                            Total: 18
                                            Physics
                                            1. Felix Bloch[648] (PhD) - 1952
                                            1. Werner Heisenberg[494] (Prof) - 1932*
                                            2. Gustav Hertz[486] (Prof) - 1925
                                            1. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga[926] (PSD) - 1965
                                            2. Felix Bloch[648] (Privatdozent) - 1952
                                            3. Isidor Rabi[204] (Res Fel) - 1944
                                            Chemistry
                                            1. Carl Bosch[803] (PhD) - 1931
                                            2. Friedrich Bergius[511] (PhD) - 1931
                                            1. Peter Debye[472] (Prof) - 1936
                                            2. Wilhelm Ostwald[958] (Prof) - 1909*
                                            1. Fritz Pregl[515][516] (Vis) - 1923
                                            2. Walther Nernst[503] (Res) - 1920
                                            3. Theodore W. Richards[597][517] (Vis) - 1914
                                            Physiology or Medicine
                                            1. Bernard Katz[731] (M.D) - 1970
                                            1. Haldan Hartline[476][617] (Res Fel) - 1967
                                            2. John J. R. Macleod[953] (Anderson Res Fel) - 1923
                                            Literature
                                            1. Theodor Mommsen[536] (Prof) - 1902
                                            Peace
                                            1. Gustav Stresemann[959] (PhD) - 1926
                                            1. Nathan Söderblom[960] (Prof) - 1930

                                            Other universities (51st–)

                                            See List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation II.

                                            See also

                                            Notes

                                            1. The total number of laureates in natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.
                                            2. Linus Pauling won a Nobel Chemistry Prize and a Nobel Peace Prize.
                                            3. The unified University of Paris no longer exists since its dissolution in 1969. Its successor universities (numbered from 1 to 13) are here taken into consideration globally.
                                            4. Marie Curie won a Nobel Physics Prize and a Nobel Chemistry Prize.
                                            5. Overlap of affiliates among the three columns.
                                            6. From 1931-1971 the lab was named "University of California Radiation Laboratory" (1931-1958) and "Lawrence Radiation Laboratory" (1958-1971), and was widely regarded as a part of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1971, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley Lab" with its Livermore branch becoming a separate lab "Lawrence Livermore Lab", both of which were counted as a part of the University of California. In 1995, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley National Lab" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy, being officially managed by the University of California.
                                            7. Even though the laboratory (as Project Y) was officially managed by University of California, Berkeley after its establishment in 1943, the initial appointments in the lab were for military purposes only and were not academic appointments. After the Manhattan Project the lab was renamed "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory" in January 1, 1947, and in 1952 the lab became officially managed by the University of California when the latter was separated from UC Berkeley. In 1981, the lab was renamed "Los Alamos National Laboratory" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy.
                                            8. These laureates are not affiliates: Wilhelm Wien (1913 Lecture), Max Planck (1909 Lecture), Hendrik Lorentz (1905-06 Lecture).
                                            9. These laureates are not affiliates: Barry Sharpless (1987 Fairchild), Y. T. Lee (1983 Fairchild), John Polanyi (1982 Fairchild), Dudley Herschbach (1976 Fairchild).

                                            References

                                            1. "All Nobel Prizes". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
                                            2. "Nobel Prize Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
                                            3. "What are Guggenheim Fellowships?". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
                                            4. "About the Loeb and Lee Lecturships | Harvard University Department of Physics". www.physics.harvard.edu. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
                                            5. "Visiting Miller Professorship". miller.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
                                            6. "Programs for: | Fulbright Scholar Program". www.cies.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            7. Hirsch, Jerry (19 October 2000). "Nobel Prize Inflation Hits University of Chicago". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
                                            8. "Harvard Nobel Laureates". Retrieved 14 December 2016.
                                            9. "Our History | Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University". www.radcliffe.harvard.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
                                            10. "About the Loeb and Lee Lecturships | Harvard University Department of Physics". www.physics.harvard.edu. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            11. "Norton Lectures | Mahindra Humanities Center". mahindrahumanities.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
                                            12. "David J. Wineland - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
                                            13. "CV (Adam Guy Riess)" (PDF).
                                            14. "CV (Brian P. Schmidt)" (PDF).
                                            15. "Biography (Saul Perlmutter)" (PDF).
                                            16. "Roy J. Glauber - Biographical". Retrieved 8 November 2017.
                                            17. "Politzer, H. David, 1949-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            18. "Riccardo Giacconi - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            19. "CV (J.M. Kosterlitz)" (PDF).
                                            20. "CV (Serge Haroche)" (PDF).
                                            21. "Gross, David J. (David Jonathan)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            22. "CV (FRANK WILCZEK)" (PDF).
                                            23. "Leggett, A. J. (Anthony J.)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            24. "Tropical and Molecular Parasitology: Seminar Series (Dr. George Smith, CV)".
                                            25. "Martin Karplus". Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            26. "Thomas A Steitz, PhD > Biological & Biomedical Sciences | Yale University". bbs.yale.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            27. "CV (Martin Chalfie)".
                                            28. "Roger Y. Tsien - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            29. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            30. "Richard R. Schrock - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            31. "William S. Knowles - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            32. "Roderick MacKinnon - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            33. "Arieh Warshel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            34. "The early days of discovery". Harvard Magazine. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
                                            35. "CV (Aaron Ciechanover)" (PDF).
                                            36. "K. Barry Sharpless -- Curriculum Vitae". www.scripps.edu. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            37. "CV (Ryoji Noyori)" (PDF).
                                            38. Yun, Oliver (22 November 2005). "Profile of William S. Knowles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 16913–16915. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10216913Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507546102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1287994. PMID 16286647.
                                            39. "Gregg L. Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Genetic Medicine". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
                                            40. "James E Rothman, PhD > Rothman Lab | Cell Biology | Yale School of Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            41. Greenberg, Philip D. (27 December 2011). "Ralph M. Steinman: A man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 20871–20872. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820871G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119293109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3248493. PMID 22158987.
                                            42. "CV (Mario R. Capecchi)" (PDF).
                                            43. "CV (Craig C. Mello)" (PDF).
                                            44. "H. Robert Horvitz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            45. "Eric R. Kandel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            46. "William G. Kaelin, Jr. | Researcher". Breast Cancer Research Foundation. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
                                            47. "Jack W. Szostak - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
                                            48. "Linda B. Buck - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            49. "CV (Abhijit Banerjee)". Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
                                            50. "CV (Michael Kremer)" (PDF).
                                            51. "CV (Lloyd S. Shapely)".
                                            52. "CV (Christopher A. Sims)" (PDF).
                                            53. "CV (Thomas J. Sargent)" (PDF).
                                            54. "CV (Eric S. Maskin)" (PDF).
                                            55. "CV (Roger B. Myerson)" (PDF).
                                            56. "CV (Thomas Schelling)" (PDF).
                                            57. "CV (VERNON L. SMITH)" (PDF).
                                            58. "A. Michael Spence". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            59. "CV (Oliver Hart)" (PDF).
                                            60. "CV (Alvin E. Roth)" (PDF).
                                            61. "CV (Jean Tirole)" (PDF).
                                            62. "CV (Lars Peter Hanson)".
                                            63. "CV (Robert Shiller)" (PDF).
                                            64. "CV (Christopher A. Pissarides)" (PDF).
                                            65. "CV (Peter A. Diamond)".
                                            66. "CV (Oliver E. Williamson)" (PDF).
                                            67. "Biography (Leonid Hurwicz)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007.
                                            68. "CV (Daniel Kahneman)" (PDF).
                                            69. "Mario Vargas Llosa Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature". 7 October 2010.{
                                            70. Attwell, David (17 September 2015). J.M. Coetzee & the Life of Writing: Face to Face with Time. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198746331.
                                            71. "J. M. Coetzee: Biography". web.cocc.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            72. "Juan Manuel Santos, Kennedy School alumnus and Nieman fellow, wins Nobel Peace Prize". Harvard Gazette. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
                                            73. "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
                                            74. "Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency | Miller Center". Miller Center. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            75. "10 Things You Didn't Know About Al Gore". US News.
                                            76. "South Korea's Harvard connection". Christian Science Monitor. 18 April 1983. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            77. Kirk, D. (7 December 2009). Korea Betrayed: Kim Dae Jung and Sunshine. Springer. ISBN 9780230101845.
                                            78. "Cambridge Nobel Prize". University of Cambridge. 28 January 2013.
                                            79. "Master & Fellows – Trinity College Cambridge". www.trin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
                                            80. "Master & Fellowship – Churchill College". www.chu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
                                            81. "Categories and titles of Churchill College Fellowships. – Churchill College". www.chu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            82. "Nobel Prize Winners – Churchill College". www.chu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            83. "Visiting Fellows | Clare Hall". www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            84. "History of the LMB - MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            85. "Fast Facts - MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            86. "Postdoctoral Opportunities - MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
                                            87. "John C. Kendrew - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            88. Brown, Barney (6 November 2014). "The Cambridge MA". www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
                                            89. "Thouless, D. J." history.aip.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
                                            90. "Haldane, F. Duncan M." history.aip.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
                                            91. "Professor Didier Queloz — Cavendish Astrophysics". www.astro.phy.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
                                            92. "Michel Mayor". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
                                            93. "Professor Sir Gregory P. Winter". King Faisal Prize. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
                                            94. "Curriculum Vitae". www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
                                            95. "CV (Michael Levitt)".
                                            96. "Alan G. MacDiarmid - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            97. "CV (Venkatraman Ramakrishnan)" (PDF).
                                            98. "CV (Joachim Frank)" (PDF).
                                            99. "Thomas A. Steitz - Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
                                            100. "Peter Ratcliffe". Crick. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
                                            101. "CV (Elizabeth H. Blackburn)" (PDF).
                                            102. "Sir Martin J. Evans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
                                            103. "John E. Sulston - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            104. "Tim Hunt - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            105. "Sir John B. Gurdon - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            106. Johnson, Martin H (2011). "Robert Edwards: the path to IVF". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 23 (2): 245–262. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.04.010. PMC 3171154. PMID 21680248.
                                            107. "Martin Evans - Christ's College". alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
                                            108. College, King's; Cambridge; Cb2 1st; UK (7 April 2019). "Sydney Brenner (1927-2019)". www.kings.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
                                            109. "William C. Campbell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
                                            110. "Paul Greengard - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            111. "CV (Angus Stewart Deaton)" (PDF).
                                            112. "CV (Joseph Stiglitz)" (PDF).
                                            113. "CV (William Nordhaus)".
                                            114. "Former Simón Bolívar Professors | Centre of Latin American Studies". www.latin-american.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            115. Han, Sang-Jin; Dae-Jung, Kim; Weizsaecker, Richard Von (22 December 2015). Divided Nations and Transitional Justice: What Germany, Japan and South Korea Can Teach the World. Routledge. ISBN 9781317261032.
                                            116. "The Kim Dae-jung Memorial". University of Cambridge. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            117. "UC Berkeley - Nobel Laureates". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
                                            118. "Lawrence Radiation Laboratory". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
                                            119. "University of California History Digital Archives: Berkeley Departments and Programs - P." www.lib.berkeley.edu. John Douglass, Sally Thomas. Retrieved 2 March 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
                                            120. Greenberg, Arthur J.; et al. (1969). "Charged-Pion Lifetime and a Limit on a Fundamental Length". Physical Review Letters. 23 (21): 1267–1270. Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23.1267G. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.23.1267.
                                            121. "Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) | UCOP". www.ucop.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
                                            122. "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
                                            123. "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory" (PDF). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (D.O.E).
                                            124. "Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectures | Series | Berkeley Graduate Lectures". gradlectures.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            125. "CV (Barry Barish)" (PDF).
                                            126. "CV (John C Mather)".
                                            127. "CV (George Smoot)" (PDF).
                                            128. "David J. Thouless - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
                                            129. "Frances H. Arnold". Caltech. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
                                            130. "Alan Heeger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            131. "Paul Modrich - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
                                            132. "Eric Betzig | UC Berkeley Physics". physics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
                                            133. "Thomas A. Steitz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
                                            134. "All Visiting Professors: By Term". miller.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            135. Mahdi, Fritz-Haber-Institut, PC, Waruno. "Department of Physical Chemistry, FHI". www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            136. dr. "The Wüthrich Laboratory". www.scripps.edu. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            137. "CV (Carol W. Greider)" (PDF).
                                            138. "Andrew Z. Fire - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            139. "James P. Allison". MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
                                            140. "CV (Randy W. Schekman)" (PDF).
                                            141. "Sydney Brenner - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            142. "About Paul Romer – Paul Romer". paulromer.net. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
                                            143. "CV (George A. Akerlof)" (PDF).
                                            144. "Daniel McFadden". eml.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
                                            145. "Guide to the Leonid Hurwicz papers, 1911-2008 and undated". David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
                                            146. "CV (Robert J. Aumann)". Einstein Institute of Mathematics. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
                                            147. "The University of Chicago". The University of Chicago. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
                                            148. "Affiliation with University of Chicago". Affiliation with University of Chicago. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
                                            149. "Honors & Awards - DOE Nobel Laureates". U.S Department of Energy (Office of Science). Retrieved 2 March 2018.
                                            150. "Affiliated Laboratories". The University of Chicago. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
                                            151. "Fermilab | About Fermilab". www.fnal.gov. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
                                            152. "University of Chicago Staff, 1939-1955". cowles.yale.edu. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            153. "George E. Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            154. "Yoichiro Nambu - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            155. "Abrikosov, A. A. (Alekseĭ Alekseevich)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            156. "Masatoshi Koshiba - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            157. "Thorne, Kip S." history.aip.org. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
                                            158. publisher. "Forschungszentrum Jülich - GMR - Curriculum Vitae Peter A. Grünberg". www.fz-juelich.de. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            159. "John B. Goodenough". NAE Website. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
                                            160. "Irwin Rose - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            161. "CV (ADA YONATH)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2016.
                                            162. "Bruce Beutler, M.D. - Faculty Profile - UT Southwestern". profiles.utsouthwestern.edu. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            163. "CV (Eugene Fama)" (PDF).
                                            164. "CV (Richard Thaler)" (PDF).
                                            165. "CV (Edward C. Prescott)" (PDF).
                                            166. "CV (James Heckman)" (PDF).
                                            167. "CV (Bengt Holmstrom)".
                                            168. "J. M. Coetzee - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            169. "Media Inquiries | University of Chicago Law School". www.law.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            170. "Honors and Awards Database". MIT Institutional Research. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
                                            171. "MIT Radiation Laboratory | MIT Lincoln Laboratory". www.ll.mit.edu. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
                                            172. "Arthur D. Little,Inc.: Exhibits: Institute Archives & Special Collections: MIT". libraries.mit.edu. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
                                            173. "Postdoc T.Y. Shen Honors his Wife | MIT Department of Chemistry". chemistry.mit.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            174. "MIT Department of Physics". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
                                            175. "CV (Carl Edwin Wieman)" (PDF).
                                            176. "CV (Eric A. Cornell)" (PDF).
                                            177. "CV (Wolfgang Ketterle)" (PDF).
                                            178. "Queloz Didier | MIT Kavli Institute". Retrieved 2 November 2019.
                                            179. "Michael Rosbash | The Gruber Foundation". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
                                            180. "CV (Leland H. Hartwell)" (PDF).
                                            181. "CV (Esther Duflo)".
                                            182. "CV (Paul Krugman)" (PDF).
                                            183. "CV (ROBERT F. ENGLE)" (PDF).
                                            184. "CV (Edmund S. Phelps)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2019.
                                            185. "Kofi Annan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            186. "Columbia's Nobel Laureates". Columbia University.
                                            187. "Barnard's Story | Barnard College". barnard.edu. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
                                            188. College, Bard (17 September 2013). "History of Bard College". www.bard.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            189. "Wiesel to Speak at Barnard; Lectures Help Launch a $2.5M Judaic Studies Chair. Columbia University Record, November 21, 1997". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
                                            190. "Kofi Annan Joins First Group of Global Fellows | Columbia College Today". www.college.columbia.edu. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
                                            191. "A Short History of Columbia Physics | Department of Physics". physics.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            192. "Nobel Affiliation (Columbia Physics)" (PDF).
                                            193. "EKA Lecture Series (Columbia)".
                                            194. "Ashkin, Arthur, 1922-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
                                            195. "Perl, Martin L., 1927-2014". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            196. "Ramsey, Norman, 1915-2011". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            197. "Lederman, Leon M." history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            198. "Schwartz, Melvin, 1932-2006". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            199. "Fitch, Val L., 1923-2015". history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            200. "Penzias, Arno A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
                                            201. "Rainwater, James, 1917-1986". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            202. "Leon N. Cooper - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            203. "Schwinger, Julian, 1918-1994". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            204. "Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            205. "Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            206. "Störmer, Horst". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            207. "Steinberger, J." history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            208. "Ting, S. C. C. (Samuel Chao-chung), 1936-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            209. "Townes, Charles H." history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            210. "Tsung-Dao Lee's Home Page". tdlee.ccast.ac.cn. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            211. "Kusch, Polykarp, 1911-1993". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            212. "Lamb, Willis E. (Willis Eugene), 1913-2008". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            213. "Hideki Yukawa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            214. "Fermi, Enrico, 1901-1954". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
                                            215. Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu, Nancy Y. (19 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810878556.
                                            216. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Rubbia Carlo". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            217. "Schawlow, Arthur L., 1921-1999". history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            218. "Weinberg, Steven, 1933-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
                                            219. "Bohr, Aage". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            220. "CV (Murray Gell-Mann)" (PDF).
                                            221. "Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            222. "Hans Bethe - Session II". 17 December 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            223. "Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906-1972". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            224. "Emilio Segrè". Berkeley Lab. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
                                            225. "Emilio Segrè". 22 April 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
                                            226. "Brattain, Walter H. (Walter Houser), 1902-1987". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            227. Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (2012). "William Shockley and the Transistor". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (6): e43. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.019. PMC 3498287. PMID 22677083.
                                            228. "LEFKOWITZ BIO". HHMI. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            229. "Sidney Altman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
                                            230. "Herbert A. Hauptman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            231. "CV (Roald Hoffmann)" (PDF).
                                            232. "William H. Stein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            233. "CV (Robert H. Grubbs)" (PDF).
                                            234. "John H. Northrop - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            235. "Irving Langmuir - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            236. "Martin Karplus - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            237. "Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981". history.aip.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            238. "Luis Leloir - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            239. "Willard F. Libby - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            240. "Richard Axel, M.D." www.axellab.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            241. "Louis J. Ignarro - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            242. "CV (Harold E. Varmus)" (PDF).
                                            243. "Baruj Benacerraf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            244. "Baruch S. Blumberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            245. "Konrad Lorenz" (PDF).
                                            246. "George Wald - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            247. "Konrad Bloch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            248. "Joshua Lederberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
                                            249. "Dickinson W. Richards - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            250. "Edward C. Kendall - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            251. "Hermann J. Muller - Guggenheim Fellows".
                                            252. "Hermann J. Muller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            253. "Eric R. Kandel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            254. "André F. Cournand - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            255. "Thomas H. Morgan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
                                            256. "E. Donnall Thomas - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            257. "Sune K. Bergström - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            258. "Daniel Nathans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            259. "D. Carleton Gajdusek - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            260. "Salvador E. Luria - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            261. Bohning, James H. (22 March 1993). Konrad E. Bloch, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James H. Bohning at Harvard University on 22 March 1993 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
                                            262. Center for Oral History. "Joshua Lederberg". Science History Institute.
                                            263. "Curriculum Vitae - Robert C. Merton". Robert C. Merton. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            264. "William Vickrey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
                                            265. "CV (Robert W. Fogel)" (PDF).
                                            266. "CV (Milton Friedman)" (PDF). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            267. "Kenneth J. Arrow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            268. "Simon Kuznets - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            269. "C.V. of Robert Mundell". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            270. "CV (Gary S. Becker)".
                                            271. "George J. Stigler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            272. "Robert M. Solow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            273. "Franco Modigliani - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            274. "Orhan Pamuk - CU Global ThoughtCU Global Thought". cgt.columbia.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            275. "Columbia University Press Releases -- Nobel Winners". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
                                            276. "Nadine Gordimer Biography". biography.jrank.org. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
                                            277. "Gabriela Mistral - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            278. "Nicholas Murray Butler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            279. "Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Posthumous J.D.s". Columbia Law School. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            280. "Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
                                            281. "Liu Xiaobo - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            282. "Columbia News ::: Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
                                            283. "Stanford Nobel laureates". Stanford University. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
                                            284. "SLAC Overview". SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
                                            285. "Stanford Linear Accelerator Center". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
                                            286. "Stanford Legal Facts | Office of the General Counsel". ogc.stanford.edu. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
                                            287. "CV (Theodor W. Hänsch)" (PDF).
                                            288. "People - Wieman GroupWieman Group". wiemangroup.stanford.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            289. "CV (William E. Moerner)" (PDF).
                                            290. "Brian K. Kobilka - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            291. "CV (M. Stanley Whittingham)".
                                            292. "Thomas C. Südhof - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            293. "Michael W. Young - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
                                            294. "Paul C. Lauterbur - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            295. "Positions | Finn Kydland". www.finnkydland.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
                                            296. "Nobel laureate Coetzee returning to campus to teach writing". news.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            297. "Caltech Nobel Recipients". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
                                            298. "History of Caltech". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
                                            299. "History". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
                                            300. "The Fairchild Scholars Program" (PDF). Caltech.
                                            301. Caltech. "Moore Scholars" (PDF).
                                            302. "Matthew Stanley Meselson (1930– ) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            303. "Gallery 21: Letter from Sydney Brenner to Matt Meselson :: DNA Learning Center". www.dnalc.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            304. "Kip S. Thorne: Curriculum Vitae". www.its.caltech.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
                                            305. "CV (Arthur B. McDonald)" (PDF).
                                            306. "Osheroff, Douglas D." history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            307. "Fowler, William A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            308. "Wilson, Kenneth G. (Kenneth Geddes), 1936-2013". history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            309. "Wilson, Robert Woodrow, 1936-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
                                            310. "Glaser, D. A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            311. "Shockley, William, 1910-1989". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            312. "Anderson, Carl D. (Carl David), 1905-1991". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            313. "Feynman, Richard P. (Richard Phillips), 1918-1988". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            314. "Rudolf Mössbauer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            315. "CV (Didier Queloz)" (PDF).
                                            316. "Curriculum Vitae Gerard 't Hooft". www.staff.science.uu.nl. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            317. Commun. Math. Phys. 81, 267-275 (1981) (1981). "Some Twisted Self-Dual Solutions for the Yang-Mills Equations on a Hypertorus*". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 81 (2): 267–275. Bibcode:1981CMaPh..81..267T. doi:10.1007/BF01208900. hdl:1874/4743.
                                            318. "Nicolaas Bloembergen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
                                            319. "CV (Sheldon Lee Glashow)" (PDF).
                                            320. "J. Hans D. Jensen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            321. "CV (J. Hans D. Jensen)" (PDF). Leopoldina (in German). Retrieved 16 October 2019.
                                            322. "C.V. Raman The Raman Effect - Landmark - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
                                            323. "Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            324. Kay, Lily E. (1993). The molecular vision of life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the rise of the new biology. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780195111439.
                                            325. Bulletin of the California Institute of Technology. The Institute. 1922.
                                            326. "Lorentz, H.A. (Hendrik Antoon), 1853-1928 @ SNAC". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            327. "Eric Betzig - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
                                            328. "William Lipscomb - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            329. "Linus Pauling - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            330. "Edwin M. McMillan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            331. "CV (Ahmed H. Zewail)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
                                            332. "CV (RUDOLPH A. MARCUS)" (PDF).
                                            333. "Thomas Steitz | The Steitz Lab". steitzlab.yale.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            334. Schrock, Richard. "Nobel Lecture (MULTIPLE METAL-CARBON BONDS FOR CATALYTIC METATHESIS REACTIONS)" (PDF). Nobel Prize.
                                            335. Schrock, R. R.; Feldman, J.; Cannizzo, L. F.; Grubbs, R. H. (1987). "Ring-opening polymerization of norbornene by a living tungsten alkylidene complex". Macromolecules. 20 (5): 1169–1172. Bibcode:1987MaMol..20.1169S. doi:10.1021/ma00171a053.
                                            336. "CV (Mario J. Molina)" (PDF).
                                            337. "Jaroslav Heyrovský a Spojené státy americké (Jaroslav Heyrovsky and the United States of America)" (PDF).
                                            338. "Heyrovsky— Nobel Prizewinner in Chemistry". Analytical Chemistry. 31 (12): 51A–74A. 1959. doi:10.1021/ac60156a721.
                                            339. "Lord Todd - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
                                            340. Kay, Lily E. (3 December 1992). The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190281618.
                                            341. "Edward B. Lewis - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            342. "Howard M. Temin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            343. "Vita". Roger Wolcott Sperry. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            344. "David Baltimore | www.bbe.caltech.edu". www.bbe.caltech.edu. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            345. "Renato Dulbecco - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            346. "Max Delbrück - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            347. "George Beadle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            348. "Jeffrey C. Hall" (PDF).
                                            349. Langrill, John. "Phil Sharp's Lab - CV". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            350. "CV (Erwin Neher)".
                                            351. "Niels K. Jerne - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            352. "B McClintock CV". libfe.cshl.edu. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            353. "D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008)" (PDF).
                                            354. "Robert W. Holley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            355. "The Purification and Sequencing of Alanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid: the Work of Robert W. Holley" (PDF). JBC.
                                            356. "Jacques Monod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            357. Ullmann, Agnes (2011). "In Memoriam: Jacques Monod (1910–1976)". Genome Biology and Evolution. 3: 1025–1033. doi:10.1093/gbe/evr024. PMC 3264052. PMID 21979155.
                                            358. "James Watson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            359. "CV (Dale T. Mortensen)" (PDF).
                                            360. "Oxford - Nobel Laureates". Retrieved 16 December 2013.
                                            361. "Visiting Professorship | Sanjaya Lall". www.sanjayalall.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
                                            362. "Visiting Fellowships at St Catherine's College, Oxford | www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk". www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
                                            363. "The Association of American Rhodes Scholars: Eastman Professorship". www.americanrhodes.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
                                            364. "University of Oxford George Eastman Visiting Professor Program 2019, UK". armacad.info. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
                                            365. "S. Jonathan Singer elected to Newton-Abraham Visiting Professorship in Medical, Biological and Chemical Sciences at the University of Oxford" (PDF).
                                            366. "Graduation". Oriel College. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
                                            367. "What is a DPhil?". uni-of-oxford.custhelp.com. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
                                            368. "Martin Ryle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            369. "CV (William D. Phillips)" (PDF).
                                            370. "CV (Klaus von Klitzing)" (PDF).
                                            371. "Van Vleck, J. H. (John Hasbrouck), 1899-1980". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            372. "Anderson, P. W. (Philip W.), 1923-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            373. "Erwin Schrödinger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            374. "Arthur H. Compton, 1892—1962, A Biographical Memoir by Samuel K. Allison" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2014.
                                            375. "Eastman Professors at the University of Oxford". Retrieved 25 March 2014.
                                            376. "Oxford Jewish Personalities". Oxford Chabad Society. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
                                            377. "How Einstein fled from the Nazis to an Oxford college". The Oxford Times. 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
                                            378. "John Walker | MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit". www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            379. "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            380. "Sir Cyril Hinshelwood - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            381. "John Cornforth - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            382. "Frederick Soddy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
                                            383. "Sir Robert Robinson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            384. "CV (Stefan W. Hell)" (PDF).
                                            385. "Prof. Paul J. Crutzen". cacgp.chemistry.uoc.gr. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            386. "Jean-Marie Lehn - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
                                            387. "Mulliken, Robert Sanderson". history.aip.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            388. "CV (Oliver Smithies)" (PDF).
                                            389. "John R. Vane - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            390. "Sir John Eccles - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            391. "Peter Medawar - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            392. "Sir Howard Florey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            393. "Sir Paul Nurse - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            394. "Nikolaas Tinbergen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
                                            395. "Rodney R. Porter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
                                            396. "Hans Krebs - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            397. "Sir Charles Sherrington - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            398. "Ragnar Granit - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            399. "Severo Ochoa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            400. "Ernst B. Chain - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            401. "CV (Lawrence R. Klein)". 2 June 1965.
                                            402. "James E. Meade - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            403. "John R. Hicks - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            404. "CV (Amartya Sen)" (PDF).
                                            405. "James A. Mirrlees - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
                                            406. "Lawrence R. Klein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            407. "V. S. Naipaul - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            408. "William Golding - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            409. "T.S. Eliot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            410. "John Galsworthy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            411. "Seamus Heaney - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
                                            412. "Malala Yousafzai, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Starts at Oxford". The New York Times. 9 October 2012. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
                                            413. "Aung San Suu Kyi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            414. "Lester Bowles Pearson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            415. "Robert Cecil - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            416. "Honors & Awards". Princeton University. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
                                            417. "Visiting Fellowships — Princeton University Humanities Council". humanities.princeton.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
                                            418. "Princeton's James Peebles receives Nobel Prize in Physics". Princeton University. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
                                            419. "Donna T. Strickland". www.osa.org. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
                                            420. "John B. Fenn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            421. "Tomas Lindahl - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
                                            422. "Osamu Shimomura - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            423. "Professor Paul Krugman visiting the Department in Trinity Term 2014". Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
                                            424. "Thomas J. Sargent wins the 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics!". Princeton University Press Blog. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
                                            425. "Princeton Distinguished Visitor Vargas Llosa wins Nobel in literature -- UPDATED 11:06 A.M." Princeton University. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            426. "About Us | Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics". cowles.yale.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
                                            427. "Davis, Raymond, 1914-2006". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
                                            428. "CV (David M. Lee)" (PDF).
                                            429. "Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
                                            430. Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (August 2011). "Charles K. Kao—Father of Fiber Optics". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (8): e45. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0363. ISSN 0025-6196. PMC 3146387. PMID 21919227.
                                            431. "Lars Onsager - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            432. "Aziz Sancar - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
                                            433. "Michael Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            434. "CV (ERIC F. WIESCHAUS)" (PDF).
                                            435. "Alfred G. Gilman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            436. "John F. Enders - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            437. "George H. Whipple - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
                                            438. "George E. Palade - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            439. "Edward Tatum - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            440. Tan, Siang Yong; Pettigrew, Kate (2017). "Max Theiler (1899–1972): Creator of the yellow fever vaccine". Singapore Medical Journal. 58 (4): 223–224. doi:10.11622/smedj.2017029. PMC 5392609. PMID 28429035.
                                            441. "Gerard Debreu - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            442. "James Tobin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            443. "Tjalling C. Koopmans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            444. "Biography (John C. Harsanyi)" (PDF).
                                            445. "Dr. Ragnar Frisch Dead at 77; Economist Won '69 Nobel Prize". The New York Times. 1 February 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            446. "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            447. "Toni Morrison | Dean of the Faculty". dof.princeton.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
                                            448. Wilson, Ann L. (November 1998). Toni Morrison's Tar Baby. Research & Education Assoc. ISBN 9780878912308.
                                            449. Wroe, Nicholas (1 September 2000). "The laureate of St Lucia". the Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
                                            450. Stade, George; Karbiener, Karen (12 May 2010). Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438116891.
                                            451. Joseph, Celucien. "Wole Soyinka: Chronology and Selected Bibliography" (PDF).
                                            452. Soyinka, Wole (2001). Conversations with Wole Soyinka. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578063383.
                                            453. "Wangari Maathai - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            454. Freedman, Samuel G.; Times, Special to the New York (13 October 1982). "Elie Wiesel Teaches Lessons of Anguish". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
                                            455. "Philip Noel-Baker - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            456. "Nobel Laureates Affiliated with Cornell University | Cornell Chronicle". news.cornell.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
                                            457. "CCB Announces the 2017 Baker Symposium | Chemistry & Chemical Biology Cornell Arts & Sciences". chemistry.cornell.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            458. "Andrew D. White Professors-at-Large | Program for". adwhiteprofessors.cornell.edu. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
                                            459. "CV of Steven Weinberg" (PDF).
                                            460. "CV (François Englert)" (PDF).
                                            461. "CV (Robert C. Richardson)" (PDF).
                                            462. "Six A.D. White Professors-at-Large elected". Retrieved 17 December 2019.
                                            463. "Nobel Lecture (Russell A. Hulse)" (PDF).
                                            464. "Nobel Laureates Affiliated with Cornell University". Retrieved 20 December 2013.
                                            465. "Brian D. Josephson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            466. "Schrieffer, J. R. (John Robert), 1931-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            467. "George Paget Thomson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
                                            468. "Henry Taube - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            469. "Paul J. Flory - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            470. "Vincent du Vigneaud - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            471. "James B. Sumner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            472. "Debye, Peter J. W. (Peter Josef William), 1884-1966". history.aip.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            473. "Richard Ernst, Schweizer Nobelpreisträger, Nobelpreis Chemie". www.richard-r-ernst.ch (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            474. "Manfred Eigen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            475. "Otto Hahn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            476. "Keffer Hartline - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            477. "Herbert S. Gasser - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            478. "Robert F. Furchgott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            479. "Fritz Lipmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            480. "Pearl Buck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            481. "John R. Mott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            482. "Short History - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
                                            483. "Emily Greene Balch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
                                            484. Gwinn, Kristen E. (1 October 2010). Emily Greene Balch: The Long Road to Internationalism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252090158.
                                            485. "Walther Bothe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            486. "Hertz, Gustav, 1887-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            487. "Franck, James, 1882-1964". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            488. "Max Planck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            489. "Max von Laue - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            490. "Wilhelm Wien - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            491. "Braun, Ferdinand, 1850-1918". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            492. "Philipp Lenard - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            493. "Born, Max, 1882-1970". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            494. "Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            495. "Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            496. "Albert A. Michelson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            497. "Odd Hassel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            498. "Kurt Alder - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
                                            499. "Otto Diels - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
                                            500. "Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            501. "Adolf Windaus - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            502. "Heinrich Wieland - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            503. "Walther Nernst - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
                                            504. "Fritz Haber - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
                                            505. "Otto Wallach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            506. "Adolf von Baeyer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            507. "Adolf Butenandt - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            508. "Richard Willstätter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            509. "Emil Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            510. "Jacobus H. van 't Hoff - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            511. "Friedrich Bergius - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            512. "Hans Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            513. schwarts. "Emil Fischer — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            514. "Richard Zsigmondy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            515. "Fritz Pregl - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
                                            516. Benedetti-Pichler, A.A. (1 March 1962). "Fritz Pregl: The work and personality of a nobel laureate". Microchemical Journal. 6 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1016/0026-265X(62)90124-8. ISSN 0026-265X.
                                            517. "Theodore W. Richards" (PDF).
                                            518. "Eduard Buchner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            519. "Bert Sakmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            520. "Werner Forssmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            521. Heiss, H. W.; Hurst, J. Willis (1 July 1992). "Werner forssmann: A german problem with the nobel prize". Clinical Cardiology. 15 (7): 547–549. doi:10.1002/clc.4960150715. ISSN 1932-8737. PMID 1499182.
                                            522. "Walter Hess - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            523. Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (October 2011). "Walter Hess—Nobel Prize for Work on the Brain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (10): e49. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0560. PMC 3184029. PMID 22069789.
                                            524. "Otto Warburg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            525. "Otto Meyerhof - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            526. "Kiel University | Famous Scholars from Kiel". www.uni-kiel.de. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            527. "Albrecht Kossel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            528. "Paul Ehrlich - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            529. "Robert Koch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            530. "Emil von Behring - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            531. "Wassily Leontief - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            532. "Gerhart Hauptmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            533. "Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) - Gerhart Hauptmann (1868-1946)". www.gustav-mahler.eu. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            534. "Paul Heyse - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            535. "Rudolf Eucken - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            536. "Theodor Mommsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            537. "Gustav Stresemann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            538. "Chamberlain, Joseph Austen". Cambridge Alumni System. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
                                            539. "Sir Austen Chamberlain - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            540. "Auguste Beernaert - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            541. Hummel, Pascale, ed. (3 May 2013). "Principaux textes législatifs et règlementaires relatifs à l'école normale supérieure". Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure : Source d'archives 1794-1993. Histoire de l’ENS. Paris: Éditions Rue d’Ulm. pp. 183–186. ISBN 9782821829695.
                                            542. Leach, Henry Goddard (1940). Forum and Century. The Forum Publishing Co.
                                            543. "Léon Jouhaux - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            544. "G. Mourou (Biography)" (PDF).
                                            545. ARTIFICA. "Albert Fert, curriculum vitae - CNRS Web site - CNRS". www2.cnrs.fr (in French). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            546. "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            547. "Louis Néel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            548. "Alfred Kastler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            549. "Broglie, Louis de, 1892-1987". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            550. "Jean Baptiste Perrin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            551. "Gabriel Lippmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            552. "Curie, Marie, 1867-1934". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            553. "Curie, Pierre, 1859-1906". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            554. "Cohen-Tannoudji Claude". www.phys.ens.fr. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            555. "Frédéric Joliot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            556. "Irène Joliot-Curie - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            557. "Henri Moissan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            558. "CV (Françoise Barré-Sinoussi)" (PDF).
                                            559. "Luc Montagnier - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
                                            560. "CV (Bert Sakmann)" (PDF).
                                            561. "Jean Dausset - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            562. Dicke, William (22 June 2009). "Jean Dausset, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 92". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            563. "André Lwoff (1902 - 1994)".
                                            564. "François Jacob - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            565. "Charles Nicolle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            566. "Charles Richet - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            567. "Maurice Allais - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            568. "Patrick Modiano - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            569. "Jean-Paul Sartre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            570. "Giorgos Seferis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            571. Lawlor, Leonard; Moulard Leonard, Valentine (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
                                            572. Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine ... Scribner & Company. 1913.
                                            573. "Romain Rolland - Oxford Reference". Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            574. "Who is Romain Rolland? | Radical Reference". radicalreference.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            575. "René Cassin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            576. Schweitzer, Albert (2009). Albert Schweitzer's Ethical Vision: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377897.
                                            577. "Ferdinand Buisson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            578. "Léon Bourgeois - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            579. "Louis Renault - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            580. "Albert Gobat - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            581. "Göttingen". Retrieved 11 June 2011.
                                            582. "Göttingen and its Nobel Prize Laureates" (PDF).
                                            583. "About us: Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities (AdW)". adw-goe.de. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
                                            584. "Kroemer, Herbert, 1928-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            585. "Dehmelt, Hans". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            586. "Gustav Hertz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            587. "Wolfgang Paul - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            588. "Sir Nevill F. Mott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            589. "Blackett, P. M. S., Baron Blackett (Patrick Maynard Stuart), 1897-1974". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            590. "Wolfgang Pauli - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            591. "Dirac, P. A. M. (Paul Adrien Maurice), 1902-1984". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            592. "Dirac biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            593. "Johannes Stark - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            594. "Norman Haworth - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            595. "Dudley R. Herschbach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
                                            596. "Gerhard Herzberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            597. "Theodore W. Richards - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            598. "Delbruck, Max (1906-1981) 455". www.library.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            599. "Neher, Erwin, Prof". www.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            600. "Ilya Mechnikov - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            601. "Ludwig Quidde Stiftung". www.ludwig-quidde-stiftung.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            602. "LMU - Nobel Prize". Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
                                            603. "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            604. "Research Profile Prof. Hartmut Michel | Prof. Michel | | www.biophys.mpg.de". www.biophys.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2018.
                                            605. "Hermann Staudinger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            606. "Hermann Staudinger Foundation of Polymer Science - Landmark - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            607. "Richard Kuhn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            608. "Ernst Otto Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            609. "A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926-1927)". scarc.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            610. "Wendell M. Stanley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            611. "Günter Blobel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            612. "Feodor Lynen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            613. "Otto Loewi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
                                            614. "Hans Spemann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
                                            615. "Hans Spemann (1869-1941) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
                                            616. "Karl von Frisch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
                                            617. "H. Keffer Hartline - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            618. "Philip S. Hench - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            619. Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A. (2001). "Philip S. Hench–1950 Nobel Laureate". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (11): 1073. doi:10.4065/76.11.1073. PMID 11702893.
                                            620. "TUM - Nobel Prize". portal.mytum.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            621. Bloom, Harold (2009). Thomas Mann. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438116327.
                                            622. "Nobel Prize Winners". Retrieved 1 November 2017.
                                            623. "Peter Agre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            624. "ASBMB Presidents :: 1971 – Christian B. Anfinsen". www.asbmb.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            625. "Dan Shechtman – Department of Materials Science and Engineering". materials.technion.ac.il. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
                                            626. "Peyton Rous - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            627. "Martin Rodbell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            628. "JCVI: About / Bios / Hamilton O. Smith". www.jcvi.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            629. "Joseph Erlanger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            630. "Torsten N. Wiesel - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            631. "David H. Hubel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            632. "George R. Minot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
                                            633. "Merton Miller | The University of Chicago Booth School of Business". research.chicagobooth.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            634. "Economics | Krieger School of Arts and Sciences | Johns Hopkins University". Krieger School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            635. "Jody Williams - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            636. "Woodrow Wilson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            637. drone.tv. "Nicholas Murray Butler | The New School History Project". thenewschoolhistory.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            638. Communication (16 September 2008). "Nobel laureates". introduction.ku.dk. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
                                            639. "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            640. "Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            641. "Andre Geim (The University of Manchester)". www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
                                            642. Uhl, Anette Møller (7 February 2013). "Nobel Laureate David Gross will be Visiting Professor at the Discovery Center for three months this spring". discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
                                            643. "Ben R. Mottelson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
                                            644. "Hans Bethe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            645. "Lev Landau - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            646. "Interview (Donald Glaser)" (PDF).
                                            647. Vettel, Eric J. (15 October 2008). Biotech: The Countercultural Origins of an Industry. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812220513.
                                            648. "Bloch, Felix, 1905-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            649. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            650. "George de Hevesy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            651. "Walter Kohn web page". web.physics.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            652. "Paul Berg - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            653. "Geoffrey Wilkinson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            654. Joensen, Ola Jakup (2 June 2010). "– Niels Bohr Institute - University of Copenhagen". www.nbi.ku.dk. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            655. "Linus Carl Pauling | Department of Chemistry". chemistry.stanford.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            656. "Henrik Dam - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
                                            657. "Johannes Fibiger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            658. "August Krogh - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            659. "Niels Ryberg Finsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            660. "MAX DELBRÜCK (1906-1981)" (PDF).
                                            661. "Bertil Ohlin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            662. Breit, William; Hirsch, Barry T. (2009). Lives of the Laureates: Twenty-three Nobel Economists. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262012768.
                                            663. "Johannes V. Jensen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            664. "Karl Gjellerup". authorscalendar.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            665. "NYU's Sargent Wins 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics".
                                            666. "Nobel Laureate Soyinka at NYU for Events in October". New York University.
                                            667. "Reines, Frederick, 1918-1998". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            668. "Shull, Clifford Glenwood". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            669. "Avram Hershko". med.nyu.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
                                            670. "John O´Keefe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            671. "CV (Gertrude B. Elion)" (PDF).
                                            672. "Julius Axelrod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            673. "John Carew Eccles 1903-1997 | Australian Academy of Science". www.science.org.au. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            674. "Francis Crick - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            675. "Arthur Kornberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            676. "NYU Stern - A. Spence - William R. Berkley Professor in Economics & Business". www.stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            677. "Leontief, Wassily, 1906-1999. Wassily Leontief personal archive, 1928-2001: an inventory". oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            678. Tjalling Charles Koopmans | Biographical Memoirs V.67 | The National Academies Press. 1995. doi:10.17226/4894. ISBN 978-0-309-05238-2.
                                            679. "Friedrich August von Hayek - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            680. "Gunnar Myrdal - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            681. "Laureate - Paul Anthony Samuelson". www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            682. Glad, John; Foundation, Wheatland (1990). Literature in Exile. Duke University Press.
                                            683. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Sennett Richard". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            684. "Saul Bellow Biography". biography.jrank.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            685. "Mohamed ElBaradei - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
                                            686. "Elihu Root - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            687. "Rockefeller University". Retrieved 11 June 2011.
                                            688. "Martinus J.G. Veltman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            689. "Bruce Merrifield - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            690. "Stanford Moore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            691. "CV (Daniel Nathans)" (PDF).
                                            692. "David Baltimore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            693. "Gerald Edelman CV" (PDF).
                                            694. "Paul Nurse - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            695. "Günter Blobel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            696. "Albert Claude - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            697. "Christian de Duve - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            698. "Karl Landsteiner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            699. "Alexis Carrel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            700. "CV (Yoshinori Ohsumi)" (PDF).
                                            701. "Ralph M. Steinman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            702. "Alan L. Hodgkin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            703. "Nobel Prizes". University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
                                            704. "Timeline of Diversity at Penn, 1916-1966, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". www.archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
                                            705. "Hofstadter, Robert, 1915-1990". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            706. "Ei-ichi Negishi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            707. "Christian Anfinsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            708. "UPenn". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
                                            709. "Hideki Shirakawa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
                                            710. "CV (Stanley B. Prusiner)" (PDF).
                                            711. "Biographical Information for Dr. Michael S. Brown in the Brown/Goldstein Laboratory in the Department of Molecular Genetics at University of Texas Southwestern". www4.utsouthwestern.edu. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            712. "RECOMMENDATIONS For ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS (UPenn)" (PDF).
                                            713. "CV (Harald zur Hausen)" (PDF).
                                            714. "Medicine and Health | The Philanthropy Roundtable". Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            715. "Otto Meyerhof (1884—1951)" (PDF).
                                            716. "Curriculum Vitae - Harry Markowitz". Harry Markowitz. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            717. "Robert A. Mundell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            718. "Nobel prize winners". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            719. "Our history". Crick. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
                                            720. "Owen Willans Richardson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            721. "Owen Richardson (A Cambridge Alumni Database)".
                                            722. "William Bragg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
                                            723. "CV (Peter Higgs)" (PDF).
                                            724. "Jaroslav Heyrovsky - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            725. "Sir William Ramsay - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            726. "George Porter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            727. "Sir Frederick Hopkins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
                                            728. "Iris View Profile". iris.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            729. "Paul Nurse | The Francis Crick Institute". The Francis Crick Institute. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
                                            730. "Sir James W. Black - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            731. "Sir Bernard Katz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
                                            732. "Andrew F. Huxley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            733. "Archibald V. Hill - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            734. "CV (Edvard Moser)" (PDF).
                                            735. "CV (May-Britt Moser)" (PDF).
                                            736. "May-Britt Moser - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            737. "Ulf von Euler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
                                            738. "Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888—1963)" (PDF).
                                            739. "Corneille Heymans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
                                            740. "Sir Henry Dale - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
                                            741. "Trygve Haavelmo - Department of Economics". www.sv.uio.no. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            742. "Rabindranath Tagore | Making Britain". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            743. "Nobel Prize laureates". www.ethz.ch. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
                                            744. "J. Georg Bednorz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
                                            745. "K. Alex Müller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
                                            746. "Heinrich Rohrer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
                                            747. "Guillaume, Ch.-Ed. (Charles-Edouard), 1861-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            748. "Gustaf Dalén - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            749. "Stern, Otto, 1888-1969". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            750. "Alfred Werner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            751. "Vladimir Prelog - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
                                            752. "Leopold Ruzicka - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            753. "Richard F. Heck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
                                            754. "Artturi Virtanen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
                                            755. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            756. "Tadeus Reichstein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            757. "H. Gobind Khorana - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            758. "Nobels & Pulitzers | About | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign". illinois.edu. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
                                            759. "Physics Illinois: Nobel laureates". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
                                            760. "Kilby, Jack S. (Jack St. Clair), 1923-2005". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            761. "John Bardeen - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            762. "Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            763. "Segrè, Emilio". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            764. "Elias James Corey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            765. "Vincent du Vigneaud" (PDF).
                                            766. "Edwin G. Krebs - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            767. "Hamilton O. Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            768. "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011)". www.aps.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            769. "Edward A. Doisy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
                                            770. "Sir Peter Mansfield - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            771. Otto, Angela M. (8 March 2016). "Warburg effect(s)—a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism". Cancer & Metabolism. 4: 5. doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0145-9. PMC 4784299. PMID 26962452.
                                            772. "The Maximum Quantum Yield Controversy" (PDF).
                                            773. "University of Minnesota: Scholars Walk". www.scholarswalk.umn.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            774. "Compton, Arthur Holly, 1892-1962". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            775. "Melvin Calvin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            776. "Paul D. Boyer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            777. "Boyer, Paul D. | UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry". www.chemistry.ucla.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            778. "William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. Curriculum Vitae". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 40 (S25): xxix–xxxviii. 1 January 1991. doi:10.1002/qua.560400805. ISSN 1097-461X.
                                            779. Vane, Howard R.; Mulhearn, Chris (2005). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to Their Careers and Main Published Works. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781845426897.
                                            780. "Bob Dylan's North Country". courses.music.indiana.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            781. "Saul Bellow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            782. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1970". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
                                            783. "UCSD Faculty Winners of the Nobel Prize". academicaffairs.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            784. "Alfvén, Hannes, 1908-1995". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
                                            785. L'Annunziata, Michael F. (13 May 2016). Radioactivity: Introduction and History, From the Quantum to Quarks. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444634962.
                                            786. "CV (Susumu Tonegawa)" (PDF).
                                            787. "Renato Dulbecco, Nobel Laureate and pioneering cancer researcher, dies at 97 - Salk Institute for Biological Studies". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            788. Mestel, Rosie. "Co-discoverer of DNA's double helix dies". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
                                            789. "Nobel Lauriates". University of California. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
                                            790. "Salk Institute Professor Sydney Brenner Receives 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine - Salk Institute for Biological Studies". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            791. "Robert F. Furchgott - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            792. "Rolf M. Zinkernagel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
                                            793. "Clive W.J. Granger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
                                            794. "Nobel Laureates Affiliated with Heidelberg University". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
                                            795. "Nobelpreisträger - Universität Heidelberg". 25 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
                                            796. "Max Born - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            797. "James Franck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
                                            798. "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            799. "Hans G. Dehmelt - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            800. "Georg Wittig - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
                                            801. "Karl Ziegler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            802. Kaminsky, Walter (19 December 2013). Polyolefins: 50 years after Ziegler and Natta I: Polyethylene and Polypropylene. Springer. ISBN 9783642408083.
                                            803. "Carl Bosch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            804. "Carl Spitteler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
                                            805. "Our Nobel Prize winners". Retrieved 24 March 2015.
                                            806. "Cockcroft, John, Sir, 1897-1967". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
                                            807. "Chadwick, James, 1891-1974". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            808. "C.T.R. Wilson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            809. "J.J. Thomson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            810. "CV (Konstantin S. Novoselov)" (PDF).
                                            811. "Bragg, William Lawrence, Sir, 1890-1971". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            812. "John C. Polanyi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            813. "John Polanyi Official Website". sites.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            814. "Arthur Harden - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
                                            815. "Ernest Rutherford - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            816. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Sulston John". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            817. "Sir Arthur Lewis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            818. "The Smalley Group - Rice University". cohesion.rice.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            819. "Jerome Karle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            820. "Stanley Cohen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
                                            821. "Marshall W. Nirenberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            822. "Thomas H. Weller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            823. "Charles B. Huggins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
                                            824. "Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists" (PDF).
                                            825. Brodsky, Joseph (2002). Joseph Brodsky: Conversations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578065288.
                                            826. "UW Madison nobel prize awardees". Retrieved 14 September 2016.
                                            827. "Peter Debye - Session II". 15 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            828. "Peter Debye - Session III". 15 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            829. "Theodore W. Schultz - Cirriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            830. "The Seven Nobel Laureates of UCLA". alumni.ucla.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
                                            831. "Awards & Honors | UCLA". www.ucla.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
                                            832. "Professor Bruce Merrifield". The Independent. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            833. "Glenn T. Seaborg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
                                            834. "CV (J. Fraser Stoddart)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
                                            835. "Donald J. Cram - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
                                            836. "CV (Elinor Ostrom)" (PDF).
                                            837. "WILLIAM F". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            838. "James M. Buchanan Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            839. Wahid, Abu N. M. (2002). Frontiers of Economics: Nobel Laureates of the Twentieth Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313320736.
                                            840. Irvine, Andrew David (2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
                                            841. "Ralph Bunche - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            842. "Al Gore Teaching at UCLA / UCLA Spotlight". www.spotlight.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
                                            843. "Nobel Prize Winners | Washington University in St. Louis". Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            844. "Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
                                            845. "Biography: Rita Levi-Montalcini". beckerexhibits.wustl.edu. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
                                            846. Mitchison, N. Avrion (2003). "George D. Snell (1903–1996)" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 83. National Academies Press. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
                                            847. "Alfred D. Hershey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
                                            848. "Arthur Kornberg - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
                                            849. "Carl and Gerty Cori and Carbohydrate Metabolism - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            850. "Carl Cori - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            851. "Gerty Cori - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            852. "Christian de Duve - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
                                            853. "Douglass C. North | Department of Economics | University of Washington". econ.washington.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
                                            854. "University of Zurich". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
                                            855. "Paul Karrer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            856. "CV (Jean-Pierre Sauvage)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
                                            857. "Leopold Ruzicka
                                              Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939"
                                              . www.uzh.ch. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
                                            858. "Biography of Theodor Kocher".
                                            859. "Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917). - The James Lind Library". The James Lind Library. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            860. "Nobel Laureates – The City University of New York". www2.cuny.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
                                            861. Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Montagnier Luc". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
                                            862. "Rosalyn Yalow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            863. "Paul Krugman". www.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
                                            864. "NYTimes". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            865. "Professor Elie Wiesel » ISGAP". isgap.org. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
                                            866. "Georges Charpak - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            867. "Chu, Steven". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
                                            868. "Bloembergen, N." history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
                                            869. "Paul Sabatier - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            870. "Roger Guillemin Biography (1924-)". www.faqs.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
                                            871. "Roger Guillemin (Interview)".
                                            872. "Distinctions - École normale supérieure - Paris". www.ens.fr. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
                                            873. "Taylor, Richard E., 1929-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            874. "Richard E. Taylor - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
                                            875. "Obituary for Walter Kohn (1923–2016)" (PDF). 2016.
                                            876. "Samuel Beckett - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            877. "Overview: Nobel Prize — Universität Freiburg". www.uni-freiburg.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            878. "Georges J.F. Köhler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            879. "Curriculum Vitae of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            880. "Robert Bárány - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            881. "CMU". Retrieved 15 June 2017.
                                            882. "CV (John Hall)" (PDF).
                                            883. "Davisson, Clinton Joseph, 1881-1958". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
                                            884. "John Pople - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
                                            885. "Education | Finn Kydland". www.finnkydland.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
                                            886. "John F. Nash Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
                                            887. "CV (Robert E. Lucas)" (PDF).
                                            888. "Herbert A. Simon - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            889. "Goethe-Universität — Awards and Prizes". www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            890. "Gerd Binnig". kavliprize.org. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
                                            891. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Academic Press. 29 April 2014. ISBN 9780123851581.
                                            892. "CV (Reinhard Selten)" (PDF).
                                            893. "Nobel winners | Imperial College London". www.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
                                            894. "Abdus Salam - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
                                            895. "Gabor, Dennis, 1900-1979". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
                                            896. "Derek Barton - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
                                            897. "Obituary: Lord Porter". 2 September 2002. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            898. "George, Baron Porter of Luddenham (1920-2002)". Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            899. Thompson, Harold (1973). "Cyril Norman Hinshelwood. 1897-1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 375–431. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0015. PMID 11615727.
                                            900. "Sir Alexander Fleming - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            901. "Sir Frederick Hopkins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            902. "LSE Nobel Prize winners". LSE History. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
                                            903. Benham, Alexandra. "Ronald Coase: CV". www.coase.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
                                            904. Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Paul Krugman". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
                                            905. Editor, LSE Web. "LSE alumnus Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos wins 2016 Nobel peace prize - 2016 - Around LSE archives - Around LSE - News and media - Website archive - Home". www.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2018.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
                                            906. Sanchez, Oscar. "THE QUEST FOR A NEW WORLD LEADERSHIP" (PDF). Wilson Center.
                                            907. "Arthur Compton" (PDF).
                                            908. "Jeff Hall | Brandeis University". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
                                            909. "George H. Hitchings - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
                                            910. "Edmond H. Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
                                            911. "Joseph L. Goldstein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
                                            912. kniefacz, katharina (22 November 2014). "Nobelpreis und Universität Wien". 650 plus (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2016.
                                            913. "Schrodinger biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
                                            914. "Hess, Victor Francis, 1883-1964". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
                                            915. "Max F. Perutz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
                                            916. "Julius Wagner-Jauregg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            917. "Allvar Gullstrand - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            918. "1911 — An Ophthalmologist Won the Nobel Price: Allvar Gullstrand, Surgeon, Mathematician and Creative Inventor".
                                            919. "George H. Whipple (1878—1976)" (PDF).
                                            920. "Elfriede Jelinek". Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
                                            921. "Elias Canetti - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            922. "Ivo Andric - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
                                            923. "Kyoto University | Facts & Figures". 探検!京都大学. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
                                            924. "Japanese Nobel Laureates". KYOTO UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
                                            925. "Isamu Akasaki - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
                                            926. "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
                                            927. "Toshihide Maskawa". KYOTO UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            928. "Makoto Kobayashi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
                                            929. "Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | The Lithium-ion Battery | Asahi Kasei". Asahi Kasei Corporation. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
                                            930. "Kenichi Fukui - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
                                            931. "THE PATH TO CONDUCTIVE POLYACETYLENE" (PDF).
                                            932. "Tasuku Honjo CV & Selected Publications". www2.mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 1 October 2018.
                                            933. "Yoshinori Ohsumi (Nobel Biography)".
                                            934. "CV (Shinya Yamanaka)". www.cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
                                            935. "Ferid Murad - Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
                                            936. "Franco Modigliani | Speakers | Landon Lecture Series | Kansas State University". www.k-state.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
                                            937. "Nobel Prizes | The University of Edinburgh". Retrieved 19 January 2020.
                                            938. "Igor Tamm". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
                                            939. "Barkla, C. G. (Charles Glover), 1877-1944". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
                                            940. "Peter Mitchell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
                                            941. "Peter C. Doherty - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
                                            942. "Pieter Zeeman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            943. "Hans A. S. von Euler-Chelpin". Journal of Chemical Education. 15 (12): 551. 1938. Bibcode:1938JChEd..15..551.. doi:10.1021/ed015p551.
                                            944. "CV (Jules A. HOFFMANN)" (PDF).
                                            945. "Alphonse Laveran - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
                                            946. "Albert Schweitzer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
                                            947. "Case Western Reserve University Nobel Laureates". www.case.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
                                            948. "Michelson, Albert A. (Albert Abraham), 1852-1931". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
                                            949. "George A. Olah - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            950. "In memoriam: Nobel laureate George Olah, 89". Retrieved 20 January 2018.
                                            951. "Paul C. Lauterbur - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
                                            952. "Frederick C. Robbins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
                                            953. "John Macleod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
                                            954. "Ernst Ruska - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
                                            955. "CV (Johann Deisenhofer)" (PDF).
                                            956. "Curriculum Vitae". www.biochem.mpg.de. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
                                            957. Coley, Noel G. (2005). "Buchner, Eduard (1860-1917)". Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9780471743989.vse9845. ISBN 978-0471743989.
                                            958. "Wilhelm Ostwald - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
                                            959. Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications/USA. ISBN 9780881353884.
                                            960. "Nathan Söderblom - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
                                            This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.