International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

AmE, American English
AuE, Australian English
BahE, Bahamian English
BarE, Barbadian English
CaE, Canadian English
CIE, Channel Island English
EnE, English English
FiE, Fiji English
InE, Indian English
IrE, Irish English
NZE, New Zealand English
PaE, Palauan English
ScE, Scottish English
SIE, Solomon Islands English
SAE, South African English
SSE, Standard Singapore English
WaE, Welsh English

Chart

This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

English consonants
Dia- phoneme[1]	Phones	Examples
p	pʰ, p	pen, spin, tip
b	b, b̥	but, web
t	tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2]	two, sting, bet
d	d, d̥, ɾ[3]	do, daddy, odd
tʃ	tʃʰ, tʃ	chair, nature, teach
dʒ	dʒ, d̥ʒ̊	gin, joy, edge
k	kʰ, k	cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ	ɡ, ɡ̊	go, get, beg
f	f	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	v, v̥	voice, have, of, verve
θ	θ, t̪, f[4]	thing, teeth
ð	ð, ð̥, d̪, v[5]	this, breathe, father
s	s	see, city, pass
z	z, z̥	zoo, rose
ʃ	ʃ	she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ	ʒ, ʒ̊	genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure
h	h, ɦ,[6] ç[7]	ham, hue
m	m, ɱ[8]	man, ham
n	n	no, tin
ŋ	ŋ	ringer, sing,[9] finger, drink
l	l, ɫ,[10] l̥, ɫ̥,[11] ɤ, o[12] [ɬ],[13]	left, bell, sable, please, Llangefni
r	ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[14] ɻ, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊,[11] ʋ[15]	run, very, probably
w	w, ʍ[11]	we, queen
j	j	yes, nyala
hw	ʍ, w[16]	what
Marginal consonants
x	x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç	loch (Scottish),[17] ugh[18]
ʔ	ʔ	uh-oh

English vowels and diphthongs
Dia- phoneme[1]	AmE														AuE[19][20]			BahE	BarE	CaE[21]	CIE	EnE					FiE	InE[22]	IrE[23]								NZE[24][25]			PaE	ScE[26]	SIE	SAE[27][28]			SSE	WaE[29]			Keyword	Examples
	AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	General American[30][31][24]	Inland Northern American English	Mid-Atlantic American English	New York accent			Southern American English			AuE[19][20]							Cockney	Geordie	RP[32][33]		Scouse			Ulster English				West & South-West Ireland English	Dublin English		Supraregional southern Irish English	NZE[24][25]						SAE[27][28]				Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger	Cajun English	General American[30][31][24]	Inland Northern American English	Mid-Atlantic American English	Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic	Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad					Cockney	Geordie	Conservative	Contemporary	Scouse			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	traditional	Ulster Scots	West & South-West Ireland English	Local Dublin English	New Dublin English	Supraregional southern Irish English	Cultivated	General	Broad				Cultivated	General	Broad		Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
æ	ɛː~ɛə~eə		eə~ɛə[34]		æ	eə~ɛə~æ[34]	eə~ɪə	æə~ɛə~eə[34]	ɛə~eə~ɪə[34]			eə~æjə[34]			æː[35]		æː~ɛː[35]	æ~a	a	æ~ɛə[34]	æ	æ~ɛ, ɛɪ	a	æ	a	a	æ	æ~ɛ	äː~a				æ		a	æ~a	æ	ɛ	ɛ~e̞	æ	ä	ɑ~æ	æ	a~æ	æ~ɛ~e̞	ɛ[36]	a	aː[35]	aː~æː[35]	TRAP	ham, tan
	æ~ɛː~ɛə		æ~ɛə	æ~ɛə		æ		æə~ɛə~eə[34]	ɛə~eə~ɪə[34]			æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠			æː[35]		æː~ɛː[35]			æ~a																												aː[35]	aː~æː[35]		bad
			æ~ɛə					æ	æ, ɛə~eə~ɪə[34]						æ		æ~ɛ																															a	a~æ		lad, cat
ɑː / æ			ä~a					æə~ɛə~eə[34]	ɛə~eə~ɪə[34]						ɐː~äː				aː		ɑː			ɑː			a~ɑ	äː					æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː					ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä[37]		a	a~æ	BATH	pass, path, sample
ɑː	a~ä~ɑ		ä~a	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ~ä	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ~ä			ɑ			ɐː~äː			ɑ	aː	ɒ~ɑ	ɑː		ɒː~ɑː	ɑː		aː~ɑː	aː	äː	äː~ɑː				æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː			ɑː		ɑː	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä[37]	aː		aː~æː	PALM	father
ɒ	a~ä~ɑ		ɒ~ɑ		ɑ	ɑ~ä	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ~ä			ɑ			ɒ~ɔ			ɑ	ɒ~ɑ		ɒ	ɒ~ɔ	ɒ	ɒ	ɔ	ɒ	ɔ	ɒ~ä	ɒ~ɑ~ä		ä	ɔ	ä		ɑ~ɒ~ɔ	ɑ	ɒ~ɔ			ɑ	ɔ		ɒ̈	ɒ̈~ʌ̈	ɒ̈	ɔ	ɒ		ɑ̟	LOT	not, wasp
ɒ / ɔː	ɒɔ, ɒ~ɔə				a	ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[38]	ɒ~ɑ	ɔə~ɒ̝ə	ɔə~oə~ʊə			ɑɒ~ɑ	ɔo~ɑɒ	ɑɒ~ɑ	ɒ~ɔ			ɔ	ɒː		ɒː	ɒ~ɔ	ɒ	o̞ː	ɔ	ɒ		ɒ~ä	ɒː				aː~ä		ɔː	ɒ	ɒ~ɔ						ɒ̈, o̞ː	ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː	ɒ̈, oː		ɒ		ɑ̟	CLOTH	off, loss, cloth, gone[39]
ɔː	ɒɔ, ɒ~ɔə				a	ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[38]	ɒ~ɑ	ɔə~ɒ̝ə	ɔə~oə~ʊə			ɑɒ~ɑ	ɔo~ɑɒ	ɑɒ~ɑ	oː			ɔ	ɒː~ɑː		oː~ɔː	ɔː~ɔ̝ə~ɔuə, oː~oʊ~ɔo	ɔː	o̞ː	oː	o̞ː		ɒː	ɒː				aː~ä		ɒː~ɔː~oː	ɒː	oː						o̞ː	oː			ɒː		ʌ̈ː	THOUGHT	law, caught, all, halt, talk
ə	ə																					ə~ɐ		ə			ɐ~a	ə										ə		ə		ə~ɐ	ə		ə[40]	ə				COMMA	about
ɪ	ɪ~iə		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ~ɪ̈					ɪ~ɪjə~iə			ɪ~i			ɪ	ɪ					ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ			ɪ̈~ë		ə~ɘ	ɛ	ɪ				ɪ̈			ɪ	ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ̈ [40]	ə[40]	ɪ~i	ɪ		ɪ̞	KIT	limb, dinner, limited, bit
ɪ	ɪ~iə		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ~ɪ̈					ɪ~ɪjə~iə			ɪ~i				ɪ						ɪ̞	ɪ			ɪ̈~ë		ə~ɘ	ɛ	ɪ				ɪ̈			ɪ	ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ	ɪ		ɪ[40]	i[40]	ɪ~i	ɪ		ɪ̞	KIT	kit, hit, inn, fish
i	i				ɪ~i	ɪi̯~i		i	ɪi̯~i			ɪ~i			ɪi̯~iː		əːi̯		iː	i	iː~i	i	iː, ei̯		ɪi̯	iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯	i	iː	e				iː				ɪi̯~əi			i	e~ɪ~i	i		iː		i	iː			HAPPY	city
iː					i							ɪi̯~i						ɪi̯~i		ɪi̯	ɪi̯~iː	əi~ɐi		ɪi̯					i		ɪi̯	i	iː								i		iː							FLEECE	see, be, these, believe, ceiling, key, people
iː					i							ɪi̯~i						ɪi̯~i		ɪi̯	ɪi̯~iː	əi~ɐi		ɪi̯					e~i		e~ɪi̯	e~i	eː~iː								i		iː							FLEECE	meat, legal, receive, phoenix, quay
eɪ	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯			eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛi̯~æ̠i̯			ɛɪ̯	æɪ	ɐ̟ːɪ̯~a̠ːɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː~ɛ	eɪ̯		æɪ~aɪ	eː~eɪ̯~ɪə	e̞ɪ̯	ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯	eː		e(ə)~ɪ(ə)				eː	eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			æɪ̯	æɪ	ɐɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː	e	eɪ̯~eː	eɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯	æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	e[41]	eː		ei̯	FACE	date
eɪ	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯			eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛi̯~æ̠i̯			ɛɪ̯	æɪ	ɐ̟ːɪ̯~a̠ːɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː~ɛ	eɪ̯		æɪ~aɪ	eː~eɪ̯~ɪə	e̞ɪ̯	ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯	eː		e(ə)~ɪ(ə)				eː	eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			æɪ̯	æɪ	ɐɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː	e	eɪ̯~eː	eɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯	æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	e[41]	eɪ̯		ei̯	FACE	day, pain, whey, rein
ɛ	ɛ~eə		ɛ		ɛ~æ	ɛ	ɛ~ɜ	ɛ				ɛ~ɛjə			e		e̝	ɛ				e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ	ɛ	e̞	ɛ				ɛ,ɛ̝ə	ɛ							e̞	e~ɪ	e̝~ɪ	ɛ			e̞	e~e̝		ɛ, e[42]	ɛ			DRESS	bed[43]
	ɪ~iə				ɪ							ɪ~ɪjə~iə																																							pen
	ɪ~iə				i							ɪ~ɪjə~iə																																							length
ʌ	ʌ~ɜ		ʌ~ɐ		ʌ	ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ʌ~ɔ	ʌ	ʌ̈			ɜ			ɐ~ä			ʌ		ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ʌ~ɔ	ɐ̟~a	ʊ̞~ɤ	ɐ	ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[44]	ʊ	ʌ~ɐ	ə~ɜ	ɞ~ʌ̈				ʌ̈~ʊ	ʊ	ɤ~ʊ	ʌ̈~ʊ	ɐ~ä			ʌ		ʌ~ɐ	ɐ~ä			ʌ~ɜ~ä	ə~ɜ			STRUT	run, won, flood
ʊ	ʊ~ɵ~ø̞		ʊ			ʊ̞	ʊ					ʊ̈~ʏ			u~ʊ			ʊ				ʊ, ʊ̈		ʊ	ɵ		ʊ		ʉ			ʊ̈	ʊ	ʊ	ʊ		ʊ				ʉ	ʊ	ʊ~ʊ̈			ʊ~u	ʊ		ɘ	FOOT	put
ʊ	ʊ~ɵ~ø̞		ʊ			ʊ̞	ʊ					ʊ̈~ʏ			u~ʊ			ʊ				ʊ, ʊ̈		ʊ	ɵ		ʊ						uː~ʊ				ʊ					ʊ	ʊ~ʊ̈			ʊ~u	ʊ		ɘ	FOOT	hood
uː	ʊu̯~u		u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯		u	u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯	u~ɵu̯	ʉu̯	u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯			ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟			ʊu̯	ïɯ~ʊʉ̯~ʉː	əːʉ̯	ʉː	uː	ʉu̯	uː~ʉ	əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː	u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯	ʊu̯	ʉ̞ʉ̯	ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯	u	uː					uː				ʉː			u		u	u̟ː	ʉː~yː	ʉː	u	uː			GOOSE	through, you
uː	ʊu̯~u		u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯			u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯	u~ɵu̯	ʉu̯	u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯			ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟			ʊu̯	ïɯ~ʊʉ̯~ʉː	əːʉ̯	ʉː	uː	ʉu̯	uː~ʉ	əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː	u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯	ʊu̯	ʉ̞ʉ̯	ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯	u	uː					uː				ʉː			u		u	u̟ː	ʉː~yː	ʉː	u	ɪu̯[45]				threw, yew
juː	(j)ʊu̯~(j)u		(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯			(j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯	(j)u~(j)ɵu̯	(j)ʉu̯	(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯			(j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟			jʊu̯	jïɯ~jʊʉ̯	jəːʉ̯	jʉː	juː	(j)ʉu̯	juː~jʉ	jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː	ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯	jʊu̯	jʉ̞ʉ̯	jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯	ju	juː	jʉ			jʊ̈	juː				jʉː			ju	jʉ	ju	ju̟ː	jʉː~jyː	jʉː	ju	ɪu̯[45]				cute, dew, ewe
aɪ	äɪ̯		ɐi̯[46]		ɑɪ̯~aː	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46]		ɐɪ̯	äɪ̯			ɐi~äɪ~äɛ			a̠ɪ̞	ɑɪ	ɒːɪ̞	ɑɪ̯	ʌɪ̯	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46]	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː	äi̯	aɪ̯	ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	ɐi̯~ɜi̯[46]				æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	ɑe̯	ɑe	ɒe̯~ɔe̯	ɑɪ̯	ɜi̯, äe̯	ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯~äː	ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː	ai̯	ɐ̟ɪ̯	ɜɪ̯	ɜi̯	PRICE	flight, mice
aɪ	äɪ̯~äe̯~aɪ̯		äɪ̯		ɑɪ̯~aː	äɪ̯	aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯	äɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯			äː~äɛ			a̠ɪ̞	ɑɪ	ɒːɪ̞	ɑɪ̯	ʌɪ̯	ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː	äi̯	aɪ̯	ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	äe̯~ɜi̯				æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	ɑe̯	ɑe	ɒe̯~ɔe̯	ɑɪ̯	ɜi̯, äe̯	ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯~äː	ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː	ai̯	ɐ̟ɪ̯	ɜɪ̯	ɜi̯	PRICE	my, wise, high
ɔɪ	oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯				oi̯			oɪ̯			oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ	oe̯	ɔɪ̯	oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯		ɒɪ̯	ɔɪ̯				əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~äɪ̯	ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	oɪ̯			ɔɪ̯	oi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɔɪ̯		ɔi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	ʌ̈i̯	CHOICE	boy, hoist
oʊ	ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oː	oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~o	ʌo̯~oʊ̯~o	ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯	oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯			ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ			o̽ʊ	ɐ̟ʉ̯	ɐ̟ːʉ̯~a̠ːʉ̯	oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯	oː~oə	oʊ̯	əʊ̯	æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈	oː~ʊə~ɵː	əʊ̯	əʊ̯	ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯	oː		o				oː	ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯	əʊ̯	oʊ̯~əʊ̯	ɵʊ̯	ɐʉ̯		oː~oʊ̯	o̝	oː~oʊ̯	ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯	œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː	ʌʊ̯	o[41]	oː		ɘu̯	GOAT	no, toe, soap
												ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ			o̽ʊ	ɐ̟ʉ̯	ɐ̟ːʉ̯~a̠ːʉ̯					æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈			əʊ̯												ɵʊ̯	ɐʉ̯									ou̯	oʊ̯			tow, dough, folk
												ɔu̯			ɔʊ̯							ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ			ɔʊ̯												ɔʊ̯										ou̯	oʊ̯			soul, roll, cold
aʊ	æɔ̯~æə̯		ɐʊ̯[46]		aʊ̯~aː	aʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯	æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯	aʊ̯~æʊ̯			æɒ~ɛjɔ			a̠ʊ	æo	ɛːo~ɛ̃ːɤ	ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ	ʌʊ̯	ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[46]	aʊ̯	æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æi̯ə̯	äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː	ɑʊ̯	aʊ̯		aɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯				ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯	ɛʊ̯		aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯	aʊ̯	æo̯	e̝ə	ɑʊ̯	ɜʉ̯	ɑʊ̯	äʊ̯	äː	æʊ̯	au̯	ɐu̯	ɜʊ̯	ɑ̟u̯	MOUTH	about, house
aʊ	æɔ̯~æə̯		aʊ̯		aʊ̯~aː	aʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯	æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯	aʊ̯~æʊ̯			æɒ~ɛjɔ			a̠ʊ	æo	ɛːo~ɛ̃ːɤ	ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ	ʌʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯	aʊ̯	æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æi̯ə̯	äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː	ɑʊ̯	aʊ̯		aɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯				ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯	ɛʊ̯		aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯	aʊ̯	æo̯	e̝ə	ɑʊ̯	ɜʉ̯	ɑʊ̯	äʊ̯	äː	æʊ̯	au̯	ɐu̯	ɜʊ̯	ɑ̟u̯	MOUTH	now, proud
ɑːr	ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ)		ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ɑɹ	äɻ~ɐɻ	ɑɹ	ɒə̯(ɹ)	äə̯(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)		ɑɹ~ɒɹ	ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ)			ɑː(ɹ)	aːɹ	ɑɹ~ɐɹ	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)		aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ)	ɑː(ɹ)	äː(ɾ)	ɑɻ				æːɹ~aɹ		äːɹ~ɑɹ		ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ)			ɑɹ	äɾ	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑ̟ː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ)	ä(ɹ)	aː(ɾ)		aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ)	START	arm, car
ɪər	iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ(ɹ)	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ)		i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ)	ɪɹ~iɹ	iɻ~iə̯ɻ	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)		ɪɹ~iɹ	iə̯(ɹ)		iɹ	iː(ɹ)~ iːə(ɹ)			iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)	eːɹ	ɪɹ	iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ)	iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪi̯ɐ̯(ɹ)	iɐ̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪː(ɹ)	iɛ(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ)	iːɹ								ɪə̯(ɹ)	eə~ɪə	iə̯(ɹ)[47]	ɪɹ~iɹ	iə̯ɾ	ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)		ɪə̯(ɾ)~ ɪː(ɾ)	iə̯(ɹ)	iːə(ɾ), jøː(ɾ)		iːə(ɹ), jøː(ɹ)	NEAR	deer, here
ɛər	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ)		ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ)	ɛɹ	eə̯ɻ~eɻ	eɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ eə̯(ɹ)		ɛɹ~ eɹ	ɛ(j)ə(ɹ)		e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)əɹ	eː(ɹ)~ eːə(ɹ)		e̝ː(ɹ)~ e̝ːə(ɹ)	eə̯(ɹ)	eːɹ	ɛɹ	ɛə̯(ɾ)	ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛi̯ə̯(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)[48]	ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ)	ɚː	ɛːɹ			eːɹ				e̞ə̯(ɹ)	eə~ɪə	iə̯(ɹ)[47]	ɛɹ	eə̯ɾ	ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ eː(ɹ)	eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ)	ɛ(ɹ)	ɛː(ɾ)		eː(ɹ)	SQUARE	mare, there, bear
ɜːr	ɚ	ɚ	əː(ɹ)	ɚ	ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ	ɚ	ɚ~əɻ	ɚ	ɚ	əɪ̯	ɚ	ɚ~ɐɹ	ɜ(ɹ)	ɚ~ɐɹ	ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ)			ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ)	ɤ	ɚ	əː(ɾ)	ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ)	øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)		əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ		ɚː	ɚː[49]	ɚː	ʊːɹ[49]		ɚː		ɵː(ɹ)			ɚ	ʌɾ[49]	əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)	əː(ɾ)	øː(ɾ)	øː(ɹ)	NURSE	burn
					ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ																										ɚː[49]		ʊːɹ[49]								ɪɾ~ʌɾ[49]										bird
					əɹ																										ɛːɹ[49]		ɛːɹ[49]								ɛɾ[49]										herd, earth
ər	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		əɹ				ə(ɹ)			ə(ɹ)		ɚ	ə(ɹ)						œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)	ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	ɚ								ə(ɹ)				əɾ	ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɹ)	LETTER	winner, massacre[50]
ər	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ				ə(ɹ)			ə(ɹ)		ɚ	ə(ɹ)						œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)	ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	ɚ								ə(ɹ)				əɾ	ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɹ)	LETTER	donor
ɔːr	oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	oɹ	ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)		ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɔɻ~oɻ	oɹ~ɔɹ	oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)		oɹ~ɔɹ	o(u)ə(ɹ)		o(u)əɹ	oː(ɹ)			ɔə̯(ɹ)	ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ	ɔɹ	ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɾ)	oː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)	ɔːɹ				äːɹ~ɑːɹ		ɒːɹ~oːɹ		oː(ɹ)			oɹ	ɔɾ	oː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)	ɔ(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)		ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	NORTH	sort, warm
ɔːr			ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ)		ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɔɻ~oɻ								oː(ɹ)			oə̯(ɹ)	oːɹ	ɔɹ	oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɹ)			oː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)	oːɹ				ɔːɹ	ɒːɹ	oːɹ		oː(ɹ)			oɹ	o̝(ə̯)ɾ	oː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)		ɔ(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)		ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	FORCE	tore, boar, port
ʊər			ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ)		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ	uɻ~oɻ								ʊu̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)	ïɯə(ɹ)~ʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)	əːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)	uə̯(ɹ)	oːɹ	ʊɹ~ɔɹ	uə̯(ɾ)	ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ)	uɐ̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)			oə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ)	uːɹ								ʉːə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ)			oɚ	ʉɾ	oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ)		uə̯(ɹ)	uːə(ɾ)		uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	CURE	tour, moor
jʊər	juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ)	juɹ~jʊɹ	jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	jʊɹ~jɚ	jɚ	jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ	juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ	juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ~jɚ	jʊu̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)	jïɯə(ɹ)~jʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)	jəːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)	juə̯(ɹ)	joːɹ	jɚ~ jʊɹ~jɵɹ	juə̯(ɾ)	jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ)	juɐ̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)	joː(ɹ)	jo̞ː(ɾ)	joə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ)	juːɹ								jʉːə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ)			joɚ	jʉɾ	joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ)	joː(ɾ)	jɔ(ɹ)	ɪuːə(ɾ)		juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ)	CURE	pure, Europe
Dia- phoneme[1]	AmE														AuE			BahE	BarE	CaE	CIE	EnE					FiE	InE	IrE								NZE			PaE	ScE	SIE	SAE			SSE	WaE			Keyword	Examples

Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA		Explanation
ˈ		Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ		Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
.		Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩	̍	Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

Notes

This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
/t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
/d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
/θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
/ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
/h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
Only exits in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.
/r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
Boberg (2004)
Sailaja (2009:19–26)
Wells (1982:422)
Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
Bekker (2008)
Lass (2002:111–119)
Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
Kenyon & Knott (1953)
Kenyon (1950)
Roach (2004:241–243)
"Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
See bad–lad split for this distinction.
Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978 0 7486 3096 7.
ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. "3" ("2"): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

References

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
Boberg, Charles (2004). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17: 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521791052.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp. 17–38. ISBN 9780748625949.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X.
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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[PE-1] This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.

[2] /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.

[3] /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.

[4] /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.

[5] /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.

[6] The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.

[7] /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.

[8] The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].

[9] In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.

[10] Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.

[voiceless_sonorant-11] Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

[12] L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.

[13] Only exits in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.

[r-14] /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.

[15] R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.

[16] Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.

[17] Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.

[18] This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/

[19] Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)

[20] Cox & Palethorpe (2007)

[21] Boberg (2004)

[22] Sailaja (2009:19–26)

[23] Wells (1982:422)

[Mannell_2009-24] Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)

[25] Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)

[26] Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)

[27] Bekker (2008)

[28] Lass (2002:111–119)

[29] Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)

[30] Kenyon & Knott (1953)

[31] Kenyon (1950)

[32] Roach (2004:241–243)

[33] "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.

[shortatensing-34] In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.

[badlad-35] See bad–lad split for this distinction.

[36] Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.

[37] Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978 0 7486 3096 7.

[38] ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.

[39] In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.

[kit-40] It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.

[Singapore'_pp._93-99-41] Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.

[42] Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. "3" ("2"): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.

[collinse-43] Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.

[44] The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'

[ReferenceA-45] In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.

[canadianraising-46] Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.

[NZE_centering-47] Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.

[airsymbol-48] While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.

[FFFM-49] See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.

[r-colored_schwa-50] Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

Chart

See also

Notes

References