Interleukin 3
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene localised on chromosome 5q31.1.[3][4]
Synonyms: colony-stimulating factor; mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399.
The protein contains 152 amino acids and its molecular weight is 17 kDa.
IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells.[5]
Importance
The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate blood-cell production.[6][6] It induces proliferation and differentiation of early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors.[7]
Function
Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. It acts by binding to the interleukin-3 receptor.
Interleukin 3 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid progenitor cells or, with the addition of IL-7, into lymphoid progenitor cells. In addition, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), in conjunction with other cytokines, e.g., Erythropoietin (EPO), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-6. It is secreted by basophils and activated T cells to support growth and differentiation of T cells from the bone marrow in an immune response. Activated T cells can either induce their own proliferation and differentiation (autocrine signalling), or that of other T cells (paracrine signalling) – both involve IL-2 binding to the IL-2 receptor on T cells (upregulated upon cell activation, under the induction of macrophage-secreted IL-1). The human IL-3 gene encodes a protein 152 amino acids long, and the naturally occurring IL-3 is glycosylated. The human IL-3 gene is located on chromosome 5, only 9 kilobases from the GM-CSF gene, and its function is quite similar to GM-CSF.
Receptor
IL-3 is a T cell-derived, pluripotent and hematopoietic factor required for survival and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The signal transmission is ensured by high affinity between cell surface interleukin-3 receptor and IL-3.[8] This high affinity receptor contains α and β subunits. IL-3 shares the β subunit with IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).[9] This β subunit sharing explains the biological functional similarities of different hematopoietic growth factors.[10]
IL-3/Receptor complex induces JAK2/STAT5 cell signalisation pathway. It can stimulate transcription factor c‑myc (activation of gene expression) and Ras pathway (suppression of apoptosis).[5]
Discovery
Interleukin 3 was originally discovered in mice. He found a T cell derived factor that induced the synthesis of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hematopoietic cells and termed it interleukin-3.[11][12]
In the early 1960s Ginsberg and Sachs discovered that IL-3 is a potent mast cell growth factor produced from activated T cells.[8]
Disease
IL-3 is produced by T cells only after stimulation with antigens or other specific impulses.
However, it was observed that IL-3 is present in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that this genetic change is the key in development of this leukemia type.[6]
Immunological therapy
Human IL-3 was first cloned in 1986 and since then clinical trials are ongoing.[13] Post-chemotherapy, IL-3 application reduces chemotherapy delays and promotes regeneration of granulocytes and platelets. However, only IL-3 treatment in bone marrow failure disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and aplastic anemia (AA) was disappointing.[10]
It has been shown that combination of IL-3, GM-CSF and stem cell factor enhances peripheral blood stem cells during high-dose chemotherapy.[14][15]
Other studies showed that IL-3 could be a future perspective therapeutic agent in lymphohematopoietic disorders and solid cancers.[16]
See also
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164399 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Entrez Gene: IL3 interleukin 3 (colony-stimulating factor, multiple)".
- Yang YC, Ciarletta AB, Temple PA, Chung MP, Kovacic S, Witek-Giannotti JS, Leary AC, Kriz R, Donahue RE, Wong GG (October 1986). "Human IL-3 (multi-CSF): identification by expression cloning of a novel hematopoietic growth factor related to murine IL-3". Cell. 47 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90360-0. PMID 3489530.
- "IL3 (interleukin-3)". atlasgeneticsoncology.org. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- Aiguo, Wu; Guangren, Duan (July 2006). "PMID Observer Design of Descriptor Linear Systems". 2007 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE: 161–165. doi:10.1109/chicc.2006.4347343. ISBN 9787811240559.
- Aglietta, M.; Pasquino, P.; Sanavio, F.; Stacchini, A.; Severino, A.; Fubini, L.; Morelli, S.; Volta, C.; Monteverde, A. (1996-01-01). "Granulocyte-Macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin 3: Target cells and kinetics of response in vivo". Stem Cells. 11 (S2): 83–87. doi:10.1002/stem.5530110814. ISSN 1066-5099. PMID 8401260.
- Delves, Peter J.; Roitt, Ivan Maurice, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of immunology (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0122267656. OCLC 36017792.
- Takai, S.; Yamada, K.; Hirayama, N.; Miyajima, A.; Taniyama, T. (February 1994). "Mapping of the human gene encoding the mutual signal-transducing subunit (?-chain) of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5) receptor complexes to chromosome 22q13.1". Human Genetics. 93 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1007/bf00210610. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 8112746.
- Manzoor H Mangi, Adrian C Newland. "Interleukin-3 in hematology and onkology: Current state of knowledge and future directions". Cytokines, Cellular and Molecular Therapy. 5: 87–95.
- Ihle JN, Pepersack L, Rebar L (June 1981). "Regulation of T cell differentiation: in vitro induction of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in splenic lymphocytes from athymic mice by a unique lymphokine". J. Immunol. 126 (6): 2184–9. PMID 6971890.
- Ihle JN, Weinstein Y, Keller J, Henderson L, Palaszynski E (1985). Interleukin 3. Meth. Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 116. pp. 540–52. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(85)16042-8. ISBN 978-0-12-182016-9. PMID 3003517.
- Metcalf D, Begley CG, Johnson GR, et al. (1986). "Effects of purified bacterially synthesised murine multi CSF (IL3) on hematopoiesis in normal adult mice". Blood. 68 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1182/blood.V68.1.46.46. PMID 3087441.
- Serrano F, Varas F, Bernard A, Bueren JA (1994). "Accelerated and longterm hematopoietic engraftment in mice transplanted with ex-vivo expanded bone marrow". Bone Marrow Transplant. 14 (6): 855–62. PMID 7711665.
- Peters SO, Kittler EL, Ramshaw HS, Quesenberry PJ (1996). "Ex-vivo expansion of murine marrow cells with IL-3, Il-6, Il-11 and SCF leads to impaired engraftment in irradiated host". Blood. 87 (1): 30–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V87.1.30.30. PMID 8547656.
- Hirst, WJR; Buggins, A; Darling, D; Gäken, J; Farzaneh, F; Mufti, GJ (July 1997). "Enhanced immune costimulatory activity of primary acute myeloid leukaemia blasts after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of B7.1". Gene Therapy. 4 (7): 691–699. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300437. ISSN 0969-7128. PMID 9282170.
- Stomski FC, Sun Q, Bagley CJ, Woodcock J, Goodall G, Andrews RK, Berndt MC, Lopez AF (June 1996). "Human interleukin-3 (IL-3) induces disulfide-linked IL-3 receptor alpha- and beta-chain heterodimerization, which is required for receptor activation but not high-affinity binding". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (6): 3035–46. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.6.3035. PMC 231298. PMID 8649415.
- Woodcock JM, Zacharakis B, Plaetinck G, Bagley CJ, Qiyu S, Hercus TR, Tavernier J, Lopez AF (November 1994). "Three residues in the common beta chain of the human GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptors are essential for GM-CSF and IL-5 but not IL-3 high affinity binding and interact with Glu21 of GM-CSF". EMBO J. 13 (21): 5176–85. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06848.x. PMC 395466. PMID 7957082.
Further reading
- Wagemaker G, Burger H, van Gils FC, van Leen RW, Wielenga JJ (1990). "Interleukin-3". Biotherapy. 2 (4): 337–45. doi:10.1007/BF02170083. PMID 2268499.
- Martinez-Moczygemba M, Huston DP (2003). "Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112 (4): 653–65, quiz 666. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.08.015. PMID 14564341.
- Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M (2004). "Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 42 (12): 1347–54. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.253. PMID 15576295.
- Kitamura T, Sato N, Arai K, Miyajima A (1991). "Expression cloning of the human IL-3 receptor cDNA reveals a shared beta subunit for the human IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors". Cell. 66 (6): 1165–74. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90039-2. PMID 1833064.
- Urdal DL, Price V, Sassenfeld HM, Cosman D, Gillis S, Park LS (1989). "Molecular characterization of colony-stimulating factors and their receptors: human interleukin-3". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 554 (1): 167–76. Bibcode:1989NYASA.554..167U. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22418.x. PMID 2544122.
- Otsuka T, Miyajima A, Brown N, Otsu K, Abrams J, Saeland S, Caux C, de Waal Malefijt R, de Vries J, Meyerson P (1988). "Isolation and characterization of an expressible cDNA encoding human IL-3. Induction of IL-3 mRNA in human T cell clones". J. Immunol. 140 (7): 2288–95. PMID 3127463.
- Yang YC, Ciarletta AB, Temple PA, Chung MP, Kovacic S, Witek-Giannotti JS, Leary AC, Kriz R, Donahue RE, Wong GG (1986). "Human IL-3 (multi-CSF): identification by expression cloning of a novel hematopoietic growth factor related to murine IL-3". Cell. 47 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90360-0. PMID 3489530.
- Le Beau MM, Epstein ND, O'Brien SJ, Nienhuis AW, Yang YC, Clark SC, Rowley JD (1987). "The interleukin 3 gene is located on human chromosome 5 and is deleted in myeloid leukemias with a deletion of 5q". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (16): 5913–7. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.5913L. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.16.5913. PMC 298973. PMID 3497400.
- Dorssers L, Burger H, Bot F, Delwel R, Geurts van Kessel AH, Löwenberg B, Wagemaker G (1987). "Characterization of a human multilineage-colony-stimulating factor cDNA clone identified by a conserved noncoding sequence in mouse interleukin-3". Gene. 55 (1): 115–24. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90254-X. PMID 3497843.
- Chirmule N, Goonewardena H, Pahwa S, Pasieka R, Kalyanaraman VS, Pahwa S (1995). "HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induce activation of activated protein-1 in CD4+ T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (33): 19364–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.33.19364. PMID 7642615.
- Than S, Oyaizu N, Pahwa RN, Kalyanaraman VS, Pahwa S (1994). "Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 on cytokine production from cord-blood T cells". Blood. 84 (1): 184–8. doi:10.1182/blood.V84.1.184.184. PMID 8018916.
- Le Beau MM, Espinosa R, Neuman WL, Stock W, Roulston D, Larson RA, Keinanen M, Westbrook CA (1993). "Cytogenetic and molecular delineation of the smallest commonly deleted region of chromosome 5 in malignant myeloid diseases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5484–8. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5484B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5484. PMC 46745. PMID 8516290.
- Stomski FC, Sun Q, Bagley CJ, Woodcock J, Goodall G, Andrews RK, Berndt MC, Lopez AF (1996). "Human interleukin-3 (IL-3) induces disulfide-linked IL-3 receptor alpha- and beta-chain heterodimerization, which is required for receptor activation but not high-affinity binding". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (6): 3035–46. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.6.3035. PMC 231298. PMID 8649415.
- Feng Y, Klein BK, McWherter CA (1996). "Three-dimensional solution structure and backbone dynamics of a variant of human interleukin-3". J. Mol. Biol. 259 (3): 524–41. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.3736. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0337. PMID 8676386.
- Vanhaesebroeck B, Welham MJ, Kotani K, Stein R, Warne PH, Zvelebil MJ, Higashi K, Volinia S, Downward J, Waterfield MD (1997). "P110delta, a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase in leukocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (9): 4330–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4330. PMC 20722. PMID 9113989.
- Klein BK, Feng Y, McWherter CA, Hood WF, Paik K, McKearn JP (1997). "The receptor binding site of human interleukin-3 defined by mutagenesis and molecular modeling". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (36): 22630–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.36.22630. PMID 9278420.
- Sanchez X, Suetomi K, Cousins-Hodges B, Horton JK, Navarro J (1998). "CXC chemokines suppress proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells by activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 2". J. Immunol. 160 (2): 906–10. PMID 9551928.
- Tabira T, Chui DH, Fan JP, Shirabe T, Konishi Y (1998). "Interleukin-3 and interleukin-3 receptors in the brain". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 840 (1): 107–16. Bibcode:1998NYASA.840..107T. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09554.x. PMID 9629242.
- Nilsen EM, Johansen FE, Jahnsen FL, Lundin KE, Scholz T, Brandtzaeg P, Haraldsen G (1998). "Cytokine profiles of cultured microvascular endothelial cells from the human intestine". Gut. 42 (5): 635–42. doi:10.1136/gut.42.5.635. PMC 1727090. PMID 9659156.