Interleukin 1 beta

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene.[5][6][7][8] There are two genes for interleukin-1 (IL-1): IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta (this gene). IL-1β precursor is cleaved by cytosolic caspase 1 (interleukin 1 beta convertase) to form mature IL-1β.

IL1B
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesIL1B, IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, interleukin 1 beta, IL1beta
External IDsOMIM: 147720 MGI: 96543 HomoloGene: 481 GeneCards: IL1B
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 2 (human)[1]
Band2q14.1Start112,829,751 bp[1]
End112,836,816 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern


More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3553

16176

Ensembl

ENSG00000125538

ENSMUSG00000027398

UniProt

P01584

P10749

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000576

NM_008361

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000567

NP_032387

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 112.83 – 112.84 MbChr 2: 129.36 – 129.37 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

The fever-producing property of human leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin 1) was purified by Dinarello in 1977 (PNAS) with a specific activity of 10–20 nanograms/kg. In 1979, Dinarello reported that purified human leukocytic pyrogen was the same molecule that was described by Igal Gery in 1972.[9][10][11] He named it lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) because it was a lymphocyte mitogen. It was not until 1984 that interleukin 1 was discovered to consist of two distinct proteins, now called interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta.[6]

IL-1β is a member of the interleukin 1 family of cytokines. This cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2) by this cytokine in the central nervous system (CNS) is found to contribute to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2.[12]

IL-1β, in combination with IL-23, induced expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 by γδT cells. This induction of expression is in the absence of additional signals. That suggests IL-1β is involved in modulation of autoimmune inflammation [13]

Different inflammasome complex - cytosolic molecular complex - have been described. Inflammasome recognize danger signals and activate proinflamatory process and production of IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 ( contains three domain: pyrin domain, a nucleotide-binding domain and a leucine-rich-repeat ) type of inflammasome is activated by various stimuli and there are documented several diseases connected to NLRP3 activation like type 2 diabetes mellitus , Alzheimer's disease, obesity and atherosclerosis.[14]

Properties

The molecular weight of the proteolytically processed IL-1β is 17.5 kDa. IL-1β has the following amino acid sequence:

  • APVRSLNCTL RDSQQKSLVM SGPYELKALH LQGQDMEQQV VFSMSFVQGE ESNDKIPVAL GLKEKNLYLS CVLKDDKPTL QLESVDPKNY PKKKMEKRFV FNKIEINNKL EFESAQFPNW YISTSQAENM PVFLGGTKGG QDITDFTMQF VSS

The physiological activity determined from the dose dependent proliferation of murine D10S cells is 2.5 x 108 to 7.1 x 108 units/mg.

Clinical significance

Increased production of IL-1β causes a number of different autoinflammatory syndromes, most notably the monogenic conditions referred to as Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS), due to mutations in the inflammasome receptor NLRP3 which triggers processing of IL-1B.[15]

Intestinal dysbiosis has been observed to induce osteomyelitis through a IL-1β dependent manner.[16]

The presence of IL-1β has been also found in patients with multiple sclerosis (a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system). However, it is not known exactly which cells produce IL-1β. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate or natalizumab has also been shown to reduce the presence of IL-1β or its receptor.[17]

Role of inflammasome and IL-1β in carcinogenesis

Several types of inflammasomes are suggested to play role in tumorgenesis due to their immunomodulatory properties, modulation of gut microbiota, differentiation and apoptosis. Over-expresion of IL-1β caused by inflammasome may result in carcinogenesis. Some data suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome polymorphisms is connected to malignancies such as colon cancer and melanoma. It was reported that IL-1β secretion was elevated in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Another study showed that inhibition of inflammasome and IL-1β expresion decreased development of cancer cells in melanoma.[18]

Retinal degeneration

It has been shown that IL-1 family plays important role in inflammation in many degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular dgeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa. Significantly increased protein level of IL-1β has been found in the vitreous of diabetic retinopathy patient. The role of IL-1β has been investigated for potential terapeutic target for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. However, systemic using of canakinumab did not have an significant effect. The role of IL-1β in age-related macular degeneration has not been proven in patient, but in many animal models and in vitro studies it has been demonstrated the role of IL-1β in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and photoreceptor cells damage. NLRP3 inflammasome activate caspase-1 which catalyze cleavage of inactive cytosolic precursor pro-IL-1β to its mature form IL-1β. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells forms blood retinal barrier in human retina which is important for retinal metabolic activity, integrity and inhibition of immune cells infiltration. It has been shown that human retinal pigmented epithelial cells can secrete IL-1 β in exposure to oxidative stress. The inflammatory reaction leads to damage of retinal cells and infiltration of cells of the immune system. The inflammatory process including NLRP3 upregulation is one of the causes of age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases that lead to vision loss.[19][20][21]

Therapies targeting interleukin 1 beta

Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody targeted at IL-1B, and approved in many countries for treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.

Orthographic note

Because many authors of scientific manuscripts make the minor error of using a homoglyph, sharp s (ß), instead of beta (β), mentions of "IL-1ß" [sic] often become "IL-1ss" [sic] upon automated transcoding (because ß transcodes to ss). This is why so many mentions of the latter appear in web search results.

See also
  • Interleukin 1

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125538 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027398 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Auron PE, Webb AC, Rosenwasser LJ, Mucci SF, Rich A, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA (December 1984). "Nucleotide sequence of human monocyte interleukin 1 precursor cDNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (24): 7907–11. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.7907A. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.24.7907. PMC 392262. PMID 6083565.
  6. "Catabolin" is the name given by Jeremy Saklatvala for IL-1 alpha. March CJ, Mosley B, Larsen A, Cerretti DP, Braedt G, Price V, et al. (1985). "Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs". Nature. 315 (6021): 641–7. Bibcode:1985Natur.315..641M. doi:10.1038/315641a0. PMID 2989698.
  7. Clark BD, Collins KL, Gandy MS, Webb AC, Auron PE (October 1986). "Genomic sequence for human prointerleukin 1 beta: possible evolution from a reverse transcribed prointerleukin 1 alpha gene". Nucleic Acids Research. 14 (20): 7897–914. doi:10.1093/nar/14.20.7897. PMC 311823. PMID 3490654.
  8. Bensi G, Raugei G, Palla E, Carinci V, Tornese Buonamassa D, Melli M (1987). "Human interleukin-1 beta gene". Gene. 52 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90398-2. PMID 2954882.
  9. Gery I, Gershon RK, Waksman BH (July 1972). "Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. I. The responding cell". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 136 (1): 128–42. doi:10.1084/jem.136.1.128. PMC 2139184. PMID 5033417.
  10. Gery I, Waksman BH (July 1972). "Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. II. The cellular source of potentiating mediator(s)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 136 (1): 143–55. doi:10.1084/jem.136.1.143. PMC 2139186. PMID 5033418.
  11. Gery I, Handschumacher RE (March 1974). "Potentiation of the T lymphocyte response to mitogens. III. Properties of the mediator(s) from adherent cells". Cellular Immunology. 11 (1–3): 162–9. doi:10.1016/0008-8749(74)90016-1. PMID 4549027.
  12. "Entrez Gene: IL1B interleukin 1, beta".
  13. Sutton, Caroline E.; Lalor, Stephen J.; Sweeney, Cheryl M.; Brereton, Corinna F.; Lavelle, Ed C.; Mills, Kingston H.G. (August 2009). "Interleukin-1 and IL-23 Induce Innate IL-17 Production from γδ T Cells, Amplifying Th17 Responses and Autoimmunity". Immunity. 31 (2): 331–341. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.001. ISSN 1074-7613. PMID 19682929.
  14. Abderrazak A, Syrovets T, Couchie D, El Hadri K, Friguet B, Simmet T, Rouis M (April 2015). "NLRP3 inflammasome: from a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases". Redox Biology. 4: 296–307. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.008. PMC 4315937. PMID 25625584.
  15. Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL (2009). "Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*)". Annual Review of Immunology. 27: 621–68. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141627. PMC 2996236. PMID 19302049.
  16. Lukens JR, Gurung P, Vogel P, Johnson GR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, et al. (December 2014). "Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease". Nature. 516 (7530): 246–9. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..246L. doi:10.1038/nature13788. PMC 4268032. PMID 25274309.
  17. Lin CC, Edelson BT (June 2017). "New Insights into the Role of IL-1β in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis". Journal of Immunology. 198 (12): 4553–4560. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700263. PMC 5509030. PMID 28583987.
  18. Moossavi M, Parsamanesh N, Bahrami A, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A (November 2018). "Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cancer". Molecular Cancer. 17 (1): 158. doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0900-3. PMC 6240225. PMID 30447690.
  19. Bian ZM, Field MG, Elner SG, Kahlenberg JM, Elner VM (May 2018). "Distinct CD40L receptors mediate inflammasome activation and secretion of IL-1β and MCP-1 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells". Experimental Eye Research. 170: 29–39. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.014. PMC 5924621. PMID 29454857.
  20. Tseng WA, Thein T, Kinnunen K, Lashkari K, Gregory MS, D'Amore PA, Ksander BR (January 2013). "NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells by lysosomal destabilization: implications for age-related macular degeneration". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 54 (1): 110–20. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10655. PMC 3544415. PMID 23221073.
  21. Wooff Y, Man SM, Aggio-Bruce R, Natoli R, Fernando N (2019-07-16). "IL-1 Family Members Mediate Cell Death, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Retinal Degenerative Diseases". Frontiers in Immunology. 10: 1618. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01618. PMC 6646526. PMID 31379825.

Further reading

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