Imee Marcos

Marcos went to the Institucion Teresiana (now Saint Pedro Poveda College) from Kindergarten to Grade IV. She earned First Honors. She attended Assumption Convent at Herran Street in Manila for Grade V to First Year High School where she also earned First Honors. Then, she went to the American School (now International School Manila) in Makati.[17]

Marcos has claimed that she graduated as "class valedictorian" in Santa Catalina Convent, now called Santa Catalina School, in Monterey, California, for more than four decades.[25] On March 21, 2019, no less than Santa Catalina School assistant head of school John Aimé disproved Imee's claims, stating: '[Imee Marcos] attended our school for a brief period in the fall of 1972, she is not a graduate.'[25]

In 1973, Imee Marcos enrolled in Princeton University, where she took a variety of courses in Religion and Politics, but never stated a major.[27]

Marcos' stay at Princeton was marred with controversy with black and Asian students (Asian-American Students Association - AASA) protesting her admission for allowing the daughter of a dictator to study at the university and as a potential threat to students who opposed the Marcos regime.[27][28]

She withdrew from Princeton in 1976, returned in 1977, and then withdrew for the last time in 1979.[29][30] She did not receive a degree from Princeton.[27][29][30][31] She had flunked out, according to Princeton alumnus Richard Klein in the August 1983 issue of Town Topics.[32]

In the book "Some Are Smarter Than Others," author Ricardo Manapat reveals that after the EDSA revolution, investigators of the Presidential Commission on Good Government found out that Imee Marcos' tuition, US$10,000 monthly allowance, and the 18th century estate Imee Marcos stayed in while studying at Princeton was paid for using taxpayer money that could be traced partly to the intelligence funds of the office of the president, and partly to some of the 15 bank accounts that the Marcoses had secretly opened in the US under assumed names.[33]

Imee Marcos' time as a student at Princeton became a public issue once again in 2018, when she filed her candidacy for the Philippine Senate in the 2019 Philippine Midterm elections.[29]

Marcos claimed in numerous venues, including a campaign leaflet and her official website, that she had graduated from Princeton. This resulted in social media uproar which brought up old news articles to show that Imee Marcos had not.[31]

Philippine journalist Mara Cepeda eventually reached out to Princeton University, and was told by Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss, who confirmed that Imee Marcos had not graduated, saying that "(Their) records do not show that Ms. Marcos was awarded a degree."[31]

On her campaign website, Marcos uploaded an official biography that claimed that she was “one of the first female graduates from an Ivy League School—Princeton University, graduating with honors,”[34] but this claim was quickly disproven by news reports and on social media.[29][30] In addition, she had stated in her curriculum vitae during her stay at the House of Representatives that she had graduated with honors from Princeton with an Independent Major in Religion and Politics.[35]

In a later interview with news anchor Tina Marasigan on DZMM TeleRadyo, she was asked whether she really graduated from Princeton or not, and whether her status as a Princeton Graduate could be proven. She evaded the question and answered:[36]

Yes, correct: it really is the season -- it's election season even though it hasn't been declared by COMELEC. This was also done to Bongbong and to others we know. My record speaks for itself. I think, performance-wise, we can see that we know what we are doing and we were able to help many. Most of all, we have many solutions that can help the multitude. I believe that this is the first generation in which we can really end hunger and poverty. The science is already there for agriculture, the medicine is also there so that no one will die from infections and other diseases. So we really have no excuse. There is also big data and technology so we can monitor each and every poor person in the Philippines. Let us end poverty in this decade.[37]

DZMM TeleRadyo's parent network, ABS-CBN News, noted that the video went viral as Marcos opted not to answer the question. [38]

News agency Interaksyon noted that Marcos had "avoided answering the question and instead diverted the topic to the scholastic records of her brother Bongbong Marcos." [39]

In January 2019, Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss stated that university records "do not show that Ms Marcos was awarded a degree," effectively proving that Marcos fabricated her Princeton degree.[30]

On February 26, 2019, the student newspaper of Princeton, The Daily Princetonian, stated that Marcos falsely claims that she graduated from the university. In an e-mail to The Daily Princetonian, Hotchkiss repeated "Our records do not show that Ms. Marcos was awarded a degree."[28]

After her stay at Princeton, she then enrolled at the UP College of Law of the University of the Philippines Diliman [29] her admission was controversial because the student body protested the fact that she had failed to meet the normal requirement of having a college degree, while they had to go through a stringent admissions process.[40]

According to University of the Philippines Cebu history professor Madrileña de la Cerna, Imee Marcos did not take 35 units worth of courses at the College of Law by the time she was supposed to graduate. Despite the missing units, the college faced political pressure to allow her to graduate, but the Faculty, led by Haydee Yorac, refused to approve her graduation.[40]

A few days after the University of the Philippines held its recognition ceremonies for 1983, a televised recognition ceremony held at the Meralco Theater showed Imee Marcos graduating, and being honored magna cum laude even though she had not actually graduated. The ceremony was pushed by her parents, Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, who then controlled the Philippines under their conjugal dictatorship.[40][29]

In the book Some Are Smarter Than Others published in 1991 and written by Ricardo Manapat, the author detailed, "It appeared that Imee never had the proper qualification to enter the school and that her name never appeared in the list of approved graduates nor among the candidates endorsed for graduation by a committee."[24]

Marcos claimed in her curriculum vitae during her time at the House of Representatives that she graduated with a bachelor's degree from the UP College of Law. She also falsely noted that she was cum laude.[35]

In an e-mail with Rappler, UP Executive Vice President Teodoro Herbosa stated that: "There is no record of her graduation from UP [Diliman] nor any honors or academic distinctions received with the University Registrar's office".[41]

A viral Facebook post later circulated in the social platform, claiming that Imee graduated from the University of the Philippines in 1983 as a 'class valedictorian'. The post included an alleged yearbook, which had Marcos in it.[42] The yearbook's authenticity was later proven to be false, as Marcos did not appear in any authenticated UP yearbook from 1983.[42] Coincidentally, Marcos' eldest son Borgy was also born in 1983, making it impossible for Marcos to graduate from UP Law on time.[43]

According to former UP Law dean Froilan Bacungan in the book The Turning Point: Twenty-six accounts of February events in the Philippines:[44]

"There was indeed some kind of a ceremony held which looked as if she graduated. I was there. It was a little bit PR that, strictly speaking, we should not have participated in, It borders in fact on a little bit of misrepresentation. No less than the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court graced the occasion...

...I allowed her to enter the College of Law in spite of the fact that she couldn't present a certificate proving that she had a bachelor's degree which was the basic requirement...

Imee had sounded very confident that she would submit the certificate. Maybe she was not telling the truth --- how can I know? Four years afterwards, when she could be considered for graduation, we discovered that she never submitted her [undergraduate] diploma. She was not given a bachelor of law degree and that meant she could not take the bar examination,"[44]

After Imee's third educational attainment claim was disproved, the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) refused to provide information on whether Marcos was enrolled or had graduated from their school, as Marcos has claimed through her government resume that she also earned a "MA Management and Business Administration (MA MBA)" from the school. AIM. However, on March 22, 2019, the Registrar and Student Enterprise Director of the school, Bryan Magbutay, reiterated, "In our 50 years of providing world class programs we never offered an MA MBA,” effectively disproving Imee's claims.[45]

Marcos and her siblings (Ferdinand Jr. and Irene) were studying overseas before Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972. The siblings stayed there until they ended their studies, but would come home for Christmas and summer holidays using government funds.[22] She turned 18 - the Philippines' age of majority, fourteen months after the declaration of Martial Law,[4] and played various political roles in the Martial Law administration - as chairperson of the Kabataang Barangay and as assemblyman to the Batasang Pambansa. She was already 30 when the People Power revolution finally deposed the Marcos administration in 1986.

After returning from Princeton, Marcos entered the world of politics as chairperson of the Kabataang Barangay—the youth organization that would eventually be replaced by the Sangguniang Kabataan—in 1977.[22] She was founding chair of the Kabataang Barangay Foundation from 1975 to 1986.[46] During her stint, Archimedes Trajano was brutally murdered. She would later be convicted on the torture and killing of Trajano in later life.[47]

On June 30, 1984, she won a seat as one of two assemblyman to the Batasang Pambansa for Ilocos Norte (the other assemblyman was Antonio V. Raquiza) under the wing of her father's dictatorship. She formally held this role until the Batasang Pambansa was dissolved in the aftermath of the 1986 EDSA Revolution, which ousted their family from power.[46]

From 1979 to 1986, she was consultant to the minister of the National Media Production Center in Quezon City. From 1981 to 1986, she was director general of the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines (ECP) after recommendation from her parents, who were controlling the country through a conjugal dictatorship.[48] She served as co-producer of the films The Boatman, Brutal, and Scorpio Nights, but was not listed as producer or co-producer of other ECP films.[49]

In a 2002 interview with Philippine cinema academician Joel David, Marcos confirmed that she had "half-jokingly" named the “Experimental Cinema of the Philippines” as a reference to Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, the institution founded during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini - a reference to a cinema institution put up under a prior dictatorship which Professor David surmised to also be a tease aimed at Imee's parents.[50]

As the mid-1980s approached, the collapse of the Philippine economy forced government to reduce the budget of the ECP, and to raise funds, it began screening what critics deemed skin flicks, which were called "Bomba" or "Bold" films in the local slang.[51] At around this time, Imee Marcos promoted Johnny Litton, who had been deputy director general to chief executive officer of the ECP under her, and Litton's decision to screen extremely explicit films such as Scorpio Nights (Regal Films), Company Of Women (Athena Productions, Inc.) and Hubo (lit. "Naked" FLT Films International) were scored by industry critics. By 1985 ECP was producing "about twenty sexually explicit quickies" which they hoped to screen at the three screening rooms of the National Film Center. The films were assured of a neat profit despite the few screening venues.[51]

The Marcoses got much criticism during the last part of Ferdinand Marcos' reign because of their conspicuous spending,[33][52] which was far beyond their legal means, as expressed in the Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos' legally-required Statements of Assets Liabilities and Net Worth (SALN).[53][54]

Some of the specific things Imee Marcos enjoyed were her own "Marcos Mansions" in Baguio and in the Metro Manila area,[33] and her own purchases of Marcos jewels just like her mother.[33][53]

In one instance recounted by British journalist Caroline Kennedy, Imee Marcos effectively used Philippine Airlines flights as a courier for breastmilk when she was traveling in Europe but had left her child in the Philippines. According to Kennedy, Imee had explained that she "expressed her milk every day and then Daddy sent a Philippine Airlines plane to wherever she was and it would bring the milk back."[33][53] Kennedy noted that this coincided with a time when many Europe-based Philippine expats complained of a lot of flight delays and cancellations.[53]

All this was aside from the uber-VIP treatment that the Marcoses regularly received. For example, when Imee Marcos enrolled in the University of the Philippines, the university broke its own policy of not having airconditioned classrooms and made sure the lecture halls Imee had classes in were equipped with AC.[52]

From 1975 to 1986, Marcos produced the television shows Kulit Bulilit and Kaluskos Musmos.[46] She was also a consultant/writer of the Children's Television Workshop for Asia and New York (1977–1979).[46]

Marcos was columnist of Manila Bulletin (then known as Bulletin Today) in Manila, publisher of the Filipino Film Review, publisher and editor of the Kabataang Barangay Foundation, Makati, Metro Manila, and special consultant to the chairperson of the board of BBC-2, RPN 9, and IBC 13.[48] She was also the producer of Metro Magazine (1975–1986).[46]

Marcos also worked as counsel at the Center for Legal Aid at the U.P. College of Law, and consultant for corporate taxation for different real estate corporations, such as Independent Realty Corp., Anchor Corp., and Prime Holdings.

Twelve years after her family's exile, Marcos returned to the world of politics. She ran as Congresswoman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte and won. She assumed office on June 30, 1998, and ended June 30, 2007.

In the 2010 elections, she ran as governor of Ilocos Norte against her cousin, Michael Marcos Keon, who was the governor during that time. She defeated her cousin in the elections. Imee had 196,160 votes while her cousin, Gov. Michael had 86,005 votes. She assumed office on June 30, 2010. She was re-elected as governor in the 2013 polls, unopposed. On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term. She was reelected in the 2016 elections.

During the 3rd Sulong Pilipinas Convention last 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte named Imee as one of his campaign contributors, saying that she borrowed money to fund his campaign. However, Duterte's Statement of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE) does not include her as a donor. Imee denied the claim saying that she just helped him get votes from the Ilocos Region.[65][66]

In 2018, she expressed her desire to run for senator "to bring back the Marcoses to Malacañang Palace one day."[67]

On January 25, 2019, Marcos tweeted that Ilocos Norte's poverty incidence rate lessened under her governorship; however, the very same tweet showed poverty incidence rate actually increased during her rule. Poverty reduction rate was 17% in 2006, while it dropped to 5% in 2015.[68] The tweet was afterwards deleted.[69]

Imee Marcos' entrance into politics, beginning with her term as congresswoman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte in 1998, saw her taking over the position previously held by her brother, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., who became governor of Ilocos Norte that same year.[70] In the context of their mother Imelda Marcos' similar return to politics as congresswoman in Leyte in 1995,[70] journalists and academics noted that the Marcoses had cemented a political dynasty after their return from exile,[71][70] despite the explicit anti-dynasty provision in Article II Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.[72]

Saying that this was a common occurrence because of the way Philippine society is structured, Imee Marcos asserted in a November 2012 interview with the Sydney Morning Herald[71] that:

"It's pretty feudal in the Philippines still, even though we like to fool ourselves."[71]

Political scientist Ramon Casiple, in an interview with the South China Morning Post,[73] noted:

“The Marcos support through the years is based on their maintaining the Marcos loyalists, largesse to Ilocos Norte bailiwick, and cultivating the myth of a golden era during the Marcos regime.”[73]

Imee Marcos at a CREAM event

Marcos has been president and executive producer of Renegade Filmmakers since 1996.[46]

In 2007, along with some industry luminaries, Imee Marcos established the Creative Media and Film Society of the Philippines (CREAM). A year after CREAM evolved into CREAM Content Distribution, Inc., a production company that specializes in animation, game and film production. She is currently the president of CREAM.[74]

Imee Marcos was named in the Offshore Leaks – Panama Papers,[75] along with her three sons, Fernando Martin, Matthew Joseph, Ferdinand Richard Michael,[76] her sister Irene Marcos,[77][78][79][80] her brother-in-law Gregorio Maria Araneta III,[80] and her estranged husband Tommy Manotoc's relatives Ricardo Gabriel Kalaw Manotoc and Teodoro Kalaw Manotoc.[81][82] According to records uncovered by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Imee and her three sons are beneficiaries of the Sintra Trust, which was formed in June 2002 in the British Virgin Islands. Other documents, the latest dated 2010, also name Imee as a financial adviser for the Sintra Trust as well as ComCentre Corporation, which was formed in January 2002 and is still in operation. She is also identified as a "master client" for the M Trust, which was formed in July 1997 and closed July 2009. However, these three offshore accounts do not appear in Imee's Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net worth (SALN).[83][76] The SALN is required of all public officials and employees, and should include all of the officials' assets and liabilities.[84]

On March 2, 2017, House Majority Leader Rodolfo Fariñas, along with Pampanga representatives Aurelio Gonzales Jr. and Juan Pablo Bondoc, filed House Resolution 882, which requested the House Committee on Good Government to "conduct an inquiry" about the misuse of PHP 66.45 million from Ilocos Norte's share of excise tax funds to obtain more than 110 units of motor vehicles. The resolution cited that the "highly irregular purchase" violated 2 republic acts—RA No. 7171, "An Act to Promote the Development of the Farmer in the Virginia Tabacco Producing Provinces," [85] and RA No. 9184, "Government Procurement Reform Act[86] --and 1 presidential decree: PD No. 1445, Government Auditing Code of the Philippines.[87][88] The investigation began on May 2, 2017.[89]

The vehicles were said to be for distribution to the different baranggays and municipalities.[88] Marcos justified the purchase as a response to the multiple requests of farmers asking for vehicles,[90] although Fariñas had pointed out that RA 7171 does not include purchasing vehicles as a means to utilize the excise tax. He also pointed out that a baranggay captain from Laoag City received vehicles, despite the fact that there are no tobacco farms in that area.[89] Other baranggay captains have also complained that the vehicles were not duly registered under the Land Transportation Office (LTO), or filed as government property, so costs for oil and gas could not be reimbursed by the baranggay budget.[91]

On July 24, 2017 hearing, six local officials confessed that they have access to tobacco excise tax funds used to pay 70 mini-trucks.[92] Pedro Agcaoili, Eden Batulayan, Josephine Calajete, Encarnacion Gaor, Genedine Jambaro, and Evangeline Tabulog[93] also acknowledged that their signatures were written on pertinent documents, a fact that they had previously denied.[94] Marcos also admitted that the said mini-trucks were bought from a direct contractor, and was not up for public bidding, as was the protocol when government property is procured.[92]

Upon continued investigation and hearings, the House committee discovered that all the purchased vehicles "were overpriced by PHP21,450,000."[95][96] The direct contractor who sold 40 units of mini cab was identified as Mark Chua, who is also currently Marcos' long-time boyfriend, who overpriced the mini cabs by PHP7,800,000 overall.[95][96] The committee also verified the complaints from baranggay captains that the vehicles did not have registrations from the LTO. Committee Report No. 638 therefore concluded and recommended that charges be filed against Marcos, Chua, and several local officials.[95] As of July 2018, another "fact-finding investigation" initiated by the Office of the Ombudsman is underway. If they find enough cause, the Ombudsman will then open a formal investigation.[97]

In the conviction of her mother Imelda Marcos for seven counts of graft in November 2018,[98] the Sandiganbayan anti-graft court found that illegal Swiss foundations were used to earn from investments and interests to benefit Imelda and Ferdinand Marcos and their beneficiaries Imee Marcos, Bongbong Marcos, and Irene Marcos-Araneta.[99]

The Sandiganbayan's 5th Division convicted former Imelda Marcos for creating and maintaining seven private foundations in Switzerland while holding government positions from 1968 to 1986. The Imee and her siblings were named as beneficiaries of two of the illegal foundations: the Trinidad Foundation and the Xandy Foundation.[99]

President Rodrigo Duterte backing the senatorial campaign of Imee Marcos due to "indebtedness".

In 2018, she expressed her desire to run for senator "to bring back the Marcoses to Malacañang Palace one day."[67] She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 16, 2018, accidentally arriving at the same time as human rights advocate Chel Diokno, who was also filing his candidacy.[100] Because Chel Diokno's crowds supported his human rights advocacy, political chants quickly transitioned into protest chants concerning the Marcos martial law legacy, including the traditional protest chants "Never Again to Martial Law" and "Marcos Hitler Diktador Tuta!" (Marcos: Hitler, Dictator, Lapdog").[101] Imee Marcos did not acknowledge either Chel Diokno or the protest chants of his supporters.[100]

On November 10, 2018, the anti-graft court Sandiganbayan found that she and her siblings benefited from the illegal Swiss foundations that her mother, Imelda Marcos, created and maintained.[102][103] On November 25, 2018, Marcos said that she intends to 'help' coco farmers once elected;[104] however, she dodged questions regarding her family's involvement in the Coco Levy Fund scam, which used coco farmers to enrich the Marcos family and its cronies.[105]

Despite the senatorial campaign not yet in effect, Marcos began a premature[106] senatorial campaign in numerous provinces. On January 17, 2019, the government of Cebu City took down political tarpaulins of Marcos that she ordered to be installed in the city during the Sinulog Festival. The city government criticized Marcos for 'politicizing' a religious festivity.[107]

In her campaigns, she noted that she was a graduate of Princeton University in the United States.[108] However, Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss stated that Imee's claim was false and completely fabricated, as she never graduated from Princeton University.[30][23] At the same time, Imee's claim that she was a cum laude from the University of the Philippines Diliman was found to be fabricated. UP Executive Vice President Teodoro Herbosa noted that "there is no record of [Imee's] graduation from UPD (University of the Philippines Diliman) nor any honors or academic distinctions received with the University Registrar's office."[24] During a February 9, 2019, senatorial debate, Marcos called on the government to remove term limits in elections, sparking criticism.[109] Term limit removal was used by her father, the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, in the 1970s which led to a 21-year brutal regime.[109] On March 6, 2019, amid Imee's fake degrees controversy, President Duterte's daughter, Sara Duterte, backed Marcos, stating, "Honesty should not be an election issue," effectively yielding to Imee's fabricated claims.[110] Marcos has also claimed she graduated from Santa Catalina School as "class valedictorian" for more than four decades. On March 21, 2019, Santa Catalina School assistant head of school John Aimé disproved Imee's claims, stating: '[Imee Marcos] attended our school for a brief period in the fall of 1972, she is not a graduate.'[25] After Imee's third educational attainment claim was disproved, the Asian Institute of Management (AIM)'s Registrar and Student Enterprise Director, Bryan Magbutay, reiterated, "In our 50 years of providing world class programs we never offered an MA MBA,” effectively disproving Imee's fourth educational attainment claim.[26]

In another campaign meet-up, Marcos stated that she was "too young" to have any power during her father's dictatorship, and that she should not be blamed for the things she did due to her youth. However, records show that she was already 30 years old when her family was ousted from power in 1986.[111][112]

On January 25, 2019, Marcos tweeted that Ilocos Norte's poverty incidence rate lessened under her governorship; however, the very same tweet showed poverty incidence rate actually increased during her rule. Poverty reduction rate was 17% in 2006, while it dropped to 5% in 2015.[68] The tweet was afterwards deleted.[69] In April 2019, Marcos stated that she intends to make working abroad a "matter of choice", however, she dodged questions on her father's dictatorship - which led to the country's economic collapse, forcing Filipinos to work abroad in the first place.[113]

On April 11, 2019, after China again reiterated its claims in the West Philippine Sea, Marcos announced that she "trusts China",[114] falsely claiming that China never invaded any Philippine territory.[114][115] She also blamed the Philippines, falsely claiming that Filipinos started the territorial conflicts with China,[114] earning criticism from Filipinos.[116]

After the 2019 Philippine Senate election, she placed ninth and won one of the twelve contested seats. On June 30, 2019, Marcos officially took office in the Senate and has already filed various bills during her first months including her own version of the SOGIE bill or the Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression Bill that was first filed by fellow Senator Risa Hontiveros.[117]

On July 22, 2019, Marcos was appointed as chair of the Philippine Senate Cultural Communities Committee.

On August 6, 2019, Marcos filed a bill that would make men also liable for committing adultery.[118]

On August 21, 2018, the anniversary of the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. who had flown back to the Philippines to face her father, Imee Marcos told Filipinos to "move on" from the abuses, murders and massacres during her father's dictatorship. Imee Marcos stated "The millennials have moved on, and I think people at my age should also move on as well".[112]

To this, various sectors of the youth protested, releasing statements such as "She has no right to claim what our stand is on the issue. Not in our name, Imee Marcos," "The millennials, the youth in general, have not moved on and we will never move on from the Marcoses’ crimes against the Filipino people. Not until justice has been served to the thousands of Filipinos who were killed, abducted and tortured under their reign, we will not move on",[123] "Binubuo pa lang ako ng magulang ko may utang na ako. Paano ako nagmo-move on Imee Marcos?" (I was still being formed by my parents in the womb, already I had debts. How can I move on, Imee Marcos?),[124] "When your family's in jail, when you return what you stole, when Marcos is taken out of Libingan ng mga Bayani, then we move on," and "The gall of Imee Marcos to ask why many have not “moved on” from the turbulent past they caused is like asking someone who got robbed to just think of the stolen item as donation. Sauli nyo mga ninakaw nyo! (Return what you stole!)"[125]

In a statement before media, Marcos said "...what I've heard is that there are calls for an apology tantamount on admission, which we would never do" and stated that she didn't know what her family should admit to in the first place.[126]

Imee Marcos denies that human rights abuses occurred during her family's regime and called them political accusations.[127]

In a press briefing, she said "Kung ang dinedemand ay admission (of guilt) ay palagay ko hindi pwede 'yun." (If what is demanded is an admission of guilt, I don't think that's possible)

When asked why, she replied: "Bakit kami mag-aadmit sa hindi namin ginawa?" (Why would we admit to something we did not do?)

She then falsely claimed: "As we all know, these are political accusations that have not been proven in court."[127] She was convicted before a U.S. district court through the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493).[128][129][55]