Germanwings Flight 9525

The Massif des Trois-Évêchés, where the crash site lies

The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, 3 km (1.9 mi; 1.6 nmi) east of the settlement Le Vernet and beyond the road to the Col de Mariaud, in an area known as the Ravin du Rosé.[30] The aircraft crashed on the southern side of the Tête du Travers,[31] a minor peak in the lower western slopes of the Tête de l'Estrop. The site is about 10 km (6 mi; 5 nmi) west of Mount Cimet, where Air France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[32][33]

Gendarmerie nationale and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[34] The aircraft had disintegrated; the largest piece of wreckage was "the size of a car."[35] A helicopter landed near the crash site; its personnel confirmed no survivors.[36] The search and rescue team reported the debris field covered 2 km² (500 acres).[24]

The flight's pilot in command was 34-year-old Captain Patrick Sondenheimer,[66] who had 10 years of flying experience (6,000 flight hours, including 3,811 hours on the Airbus A320)[22] flying A320s for Germanwings, Lufthansa, and Condor.[67][17] The co-pilot was 27-year-old Andreas Lubitz,[68] who joined Germanwings in September 2013 and had 630 flight hours of experience, with 540 of them on the Airbus A320.[69][70]

Andreas Günter Lubitz[71] was born on 18 December 1987 and grew up in Neuburg an der Donau, Bavaria[72] and Montabaur in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.[67] He took flying lessons at Luftsportclub Westerwald, an aviation sports club in Montabaur.[67][73]

Lubitz was accepted into a Lufthansa trainee programme after finishing high school. In September 2008, he began training at the Lufthansa Flight Training school in Bremen, Germany.[1][67] He suspended his pilot training in November 2008 after being hospitalized for a severe episode of depression. After his psychiatrist determined that the depressive episode was fully resolved, Lubitz returned to the Lufthansa school in August 2009.[1][74][75][76][77] Lubitz moved to the United States in November 2010 to continue training at the Lufthansa Airline Training Center in Goodyear, Arizona.[78][79] From June 2011 to December 2013, he worked as a flight attendant for Lufthansa while training to obtain his commercial pilot's licence,[67][73] until joining Germanwings as a first officer in June 2014.[1]

Among the passengers were 16 students and two teachers from the Joseph-König-Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were returning home from a student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona.[80] Haltern's mayor, Bodo Klimpel, described the crash as "the darkest day in the history of [the] town".[81] Bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak and contralto Maria Radner, singers with Deutsche Oper am Rhein, were also on the flight.[82][83]

According to French and German prosecutors, the crash was deliberately caused by the co-pilot, Andreas Lubitz.[29][95][96] Brice Robin said Lubitz was initially courteous to Captain Sondenheimer during the first part of the flight, then became "curt" when the captain began the midflight briefing on the planned landing.[97] Robin said when the captain returned from probably using the toilet and tried to enter the cockpit, Lubitz had locked the door.[29][95] The captain had a code to unlock the door, but the lock's code panel can be disabled from the cockpit controls.[5][98] The captain requested re-entry using the intercom; he knocked and then banged on the door, but received no response.[99] The captain then tried to break down the door, but like most cockpit doors made after the September 11 attacks, it had been reinforced to prevent intrusion. The captain asked cabin crew to bring a crash axe to try and ply the door open to try to gain access to the cockpit, which can be heard being used as loud bangs on the CVR recovered from the crash site.[100][14][75][101] During the descent, the co-pilot did not respond to questions from air traffic control, nor transmit a distress call.[102] Robin said contact from the Marseille air traffic control tower, the captain's attempts to break in, and Lubitz's steady breathing were audible on the cockpit voice recording.[95][103] The screams of passengers in the last moments before impact were also heard on the recording.[97]

After their initial analysis of the aircraft's flight data recorder, the BEA concluded that Lubitz had made flight control inputs that led to the accident, though it had yet to be determined why. He had set the autopilot to descend to 100 ft (30 m) and accelerated the speed of the descending aircraft several times thereafter.[104][105] The aircraft was travelling at 700 km/h (380 kn; 435 mph) when it crashed into the mountain.[97] The BEA preliminary report into the crash was published on 6 May 2015, six weeks later. It confirmed the initial analysis of the aircraft's flight data recorder and revealed that during the earlier outbound Flight 9524 from Düsseldorf to Barcelona, Lubitz had practised setting the autopilot altitude dial to 100 ft several times while the captain was out of the cockpit.[106][107]

The BEA final report into the crash was published on 13 March 2016. The report confirmed the findings made in the preliminary report and concluded that Lubitz had deliberately crashed the aircraft as a suicide, which stated:[1][108]

The collision with the ground was due to the deliberate and planned action of the co-pilot, who decided to commit suicide while alone in the cockpit. The process for medical certification of pilots, in particular self-reporting in case of a decrease in medical fitness between two periodic medical evaluations, did not succeed in preventing the co-pilot, who was experiencing mental disorder with psychotic symptoms, from exercising the privilege of his license.

The following factors may have contributed to the failure of this principle:

• The co-pilot’s probable fear of losing his ability to fly as a professional pilot if he had reported his decrease in medical fitness to an AME
• The potential financial consequences generated by the lack of specific insurance covering the risks of loss of income in case of unfitness to fly
• The lack of clear guidelines in German regulations on when a threat to public safety outweighs the requirements of medical confidentiality

Security requirements led to cockpit doors designed to resist forcible intrusion by unauthorized persons. This made entering the flight compartment impossible before the aircraft impacted the terrain in the French Alps.

— Causes, BEA Final Report

Three days after the crash, German detectives searched Lubitz's Montabaur properties and removed a computer and other items for testing. They did not find a suicide note nor any evidence his actions had been motivated by "a political or religious background".[109][110][111] During their search of Lubitz's apartment, detectives found a letter in a waste bin indicating he had been declared unfit to work by a doctor. Germanwings stated it had not received a sick note from Lubitz for the day of the flight. News accounts said Lubitz was "hiding an illness from his employers";[112][113][114][115][116] under German law, employers do not have access to employees' medical records, and sick notes excusing a person from work do not give information about medical conditions.[117]

The following day, authorities again searched Lubitz's home, where they found evidence he was taking prescription drugs and suffered from a psychosomatic illness.[118][119] Criminal investigators said Lubitz's web searches on his tablet computer in the days leading up to the crash included "ways to commit suicide" and "cockpit doors and their security provisions".[91][92][93] Prosecutor Brice Robin said doctors had told him Lubitz should not have been flying, but medical secrecy requirements prevented this information from being made available to Germanwings.[120][121]

In the weeks before the BEA's preliminary report, the investigation into Lubitz found he had been treated for suicidal tendencies prior to his training as a commercial pilot and had been temporarily denied a US pilot's license because of these treatments for depression.[122][123][124] The final report of the BEA confirmed the preliminary report's findings, saying the co-pilot began showing symptoms of psychotic depression.[1][lower-alpha 6] For five years, Lubitz had frequently been unable to sleep because of what he believed were vision problems; he consulted over 40 doctors and feared he was going blind.[120][121][125] Motivated by the fear that blindness would cause him to lose his pilot's licence, he began conducting online research about methods of committing suicide before deciding to crash Flight 9525.[1][67][121][125][126]

Memorial at Düsseldorf Airport

French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve announced that due to the "violence of the impact", "little hope" existed that any survivors would be found.[127] Then-Prime Minister Manuel Valls dispatched Cazeneuve to the scene and set up a ministerial task force to coordinate the response to the incident.[128]

German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site; he described it as "a picture of horror".[128] German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia Hannelore Kraft travelled to the crash site the following day.[129][130] Merkel, Valls, and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy visited the recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes.[131] Bodo Klimpel, mayor of Haltern am See, reacting to the deaths of 16 students and two teachers from the town, said that people were shocked by the crash.[132]

Germanwings headquarters in Cologne: flags at half mast following loss of Flight 9525

Lufthansa chief executive officer Carsten Spohr visited the crash location the day following the crash; he said it was "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[133] Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24 and 25 March due to the pilots' grief at the loss of their colleagues.[134] Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441; the outbound flight number was changed from 4U9524 to 4U9440.[135] In the days following the crash, Lufthansa at first said it saw no reason to change its procedures, then reversed its earlier statement by introducing a new policy across its airlines requiring the presence of two crew members in the cockpit at all times.[136][137][138]

In response to the incident and the circumstances of Lubitz's involvement in it, aviation authorities in some countries (including Australia, Canada, Germany, and New Zealand) implemented new regulations that require two authorized personnel to be present in the cockpit of large passenger aircraft at all times.[4][5][6][7] While the United States Federal Aviation Administration,[lower-alpha 7][11][139] the Civil Aviation Administration of China[lower-alpha 8][140][141] and some European airlines already had a similar "rule of two" requirement, the European Aviation Safety Agency recommended the introduction of similar legal changes.[6][142] Other airlines announced similar changes to their policies.[4][10]

The British Psychological Society issued a statement offering to provide expert support in psychological testing and monitoring of pilots.[143] The European Federation of Psychologists' Associations issued a statement supporting psychological testing in the selection of pilots, but also stated it could not forecast the life events and mental health problems of individual pilots, nor could it predict the unique ways pilots would cope with these. It said priority should be given to psychological help for relatives and friends of victims in the aftermath of a disaster.[144] Lufthansa CEO Carsten Spohr proposed random checks of pilots' psychological fitness and a loosening of the extant physician–patient confidentiality laws. Politicians began echoing the call for a loosening of the laws in exceptional cases.[145][146]

The National Gendarmerie, a national police force in France that prides itself on toughness and resilience, introduced a new set of support mechanisms to minimize the psychosocial risks to relief workers who deal with events such as Flight 9525 in their daily jobs.[147]

Germanwings' parent company Lufthansa offered victims' families an initial aid payment up to €50,000, separate from any legally required compensation for the disaster. Elmar Giemulla, a professor of aviation law at the Technical University of Berlin quoted by the Rheinische Post, said he expected the airline would pay €10–30 million in compensation. The Montreal Convention sets a per-victim cap of €143,000 in the event an airline is held liable, unless negligence can be proven.[148][149] Insurance specialists said although co-pilot Andreas Lubitz hid a serious illness from his employer and deliberately crashed the passenger aircraft, these facts would not affect the issue of compensation nor be applicable to the exclusion clause in Lufthansa's insurance policy.[148] Lufthansa's insurance company set aside US$300 million (€280 million) for financial compensation to victims' families and for the cost of the aircraft.[150][151]

As of February 2017, Lufthansa had paid €75,000 to every family of a victim, as well as €10,000 pain and suffering compensation to every close relative of a victim. A lawyer for the families was preparing a lawsuit in Germany to extract higher compensation.[152]

Shortly after the crash, a memorial stone in memory of the victims was erected near the crash site in Le Vernet.[153] The following month, about 1,400 relatives of victims, senior politicians, rescue workers, and airline employees attended a memorial service at Cologne Cathedral.[154] The parents of Andreas Lubitz were invited to the service but did not attend.[155]

The remains of 15 of the 16 school children and their two teachers arrived in their home town of Haltern for burial two months after the crash. Residents held white roses as the hearses passed the children's school, where 18 trees—one for each victim—had been planted as a memorial.[156] In Düsseldorf on the same day, the remains of 44 of the 72 German victims arrived for burial. Errors on the victims' death certificates had caused a delay. A lawyer representing the families of 34 victims said that burying the remains would help many relatives achieve closure.[157]

The Lubitz family held a press conference on 24 March 2017, two years after the crash. Lubitz's father said that they did not accept the official investigative findings that Andreas Lubitz deliberately caused the crash or that he had been depressed at the time. They presented aviation journalist Tim van Beveren, whom they had commissioned to publish a new report, which asserted that Lubitz could have fallen unconscious, that the cockpit door lock had malfunctioned on previous flights, and that potentially dangerous turbulence had been reported in the area on the day of the crash. The timing of the press conference by Lubitz's father, on the anniversary of the crash, was criticized by families of the victims, who were holding their own remembrances on that day.[158][159][160][161]