DC animated universe

The DC Animated Universe[1] (DCAU; also referred to as the Timmverse or Diniverse by fans) is a media franchise and shared universe centered on a group of superhero animated television series, produced by Warner Bros. Animation and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by DC Comics. The shared universe, much like the original DC Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.

An image of several DCAU heroes from the Justice League Unlimited episode "Dark Heart".

The first DCU entry was the TV series Batman: The Animated Series, which started airing in 1992 and the last entry was the TV series Justice League Unlimited which aired in 2006. A short film titled Batman Beyond, was released in 2014 for Batman's 75th anniversary and is set in the DCAU. Some parts of the associated media franchise including direct-to-video feature films and shorts, comic books, video games and other multimedia adaptations are also included in the continuity.

List of DC Animated Universe media

Batman's various character designs from the DCAU; he has been the most prominent character in this animated continuity, due to being the star of the original DCAU TV series.

While there have been several animated projects based upon DC Comics characters over the decades, what is commonly accepted as the DC Animated Universe consists of the stable of TV series and films that spin off from Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), the first TV series in this continuity. Two characters outside of the normal Batman canon, Zatanna and Jonah Hex, appeared on the series, but the first series to indicate a shared continuity with other well-known characters was the subsequent series, Superman: The Animated Series, in which the title character has encounters with heroes such as the Wally West Flash and Green Lantern Kyle Rayner.

Older TV series such as Super Friends and newer ones such as The Batman, Legion of Super Heroes, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Young Justice and Justice League Action are not part of this continuity. The direct-to-video DC Universe Animated Original Movies, such as Superman: Doomsday, Justice League: The New Frontier, and Batman: Gotham Knight are also not considered part of the DCAU, despite utilizing similar character designs and several of them featuring much of the same voice cast as previous DCAU series.

Television series

The DC Animated Universe consists of these animated television series:

SeriesSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedConnections
First airedLast airedNetwork
Batman: The Animated Series165September 6, 1992 (1992-09-06)September 17, 1993 (1993-09-17)FOX
220May 2, 1994 (1994-05-02)September 15, 1995 (1995-09-15)
Superman: The Animated Series113September 6, 1996 (1996-09-06)February 15, 1997 (1997-02-15)The WB
  • Crossovers with The New Batman Adventures: "World's Finest", "Knight Time", and "The Demon Reborn"
  • Introductions: Lobo ("The Main Man: Part I"), Wally West ("Speed Demons"), Doctor Fate ("The Hand of Fate"), Steel ("Heavy Metal"), Green Lantern Corps ("In Brightest Day..."), and Aquaman ("A Fish Story")
228September 8, 1997 (1997-09-08)May 2, 1998 (1998-05-02)
313September 19, 1998 (1998-09-19)February 12, 2000 (2000-02-12)
The New Batman Adventures124September 13, 1997 (1997-09-13)January 16, 1999 (1999-01-16)The WB
  • Crossovers with Superman: The Animated Series: "Girl's Night Out"
  • Introductions: Etrigan ("The Demon Within") and The Creeper ("Beware The Creeper")
Batman Beyond113January 10, 1999 (1999-01-10)May 22, 1999 (1999-05-22)The WB
  • Crossovers with The Zeta Project: "Countdown"
  • Introductions: Infiltration Unit Zeta ("Zeta") and Justice League Unlimited ("The Call")
226September 17, 1999 (1999-09-17)May 27, 2000 (2000-05-27)
313August 19, 2000 (2000-08-19)December 18, 2001 (2001-12-18)
Static Shock113September 23, 2000 (2000-09-23)May 12, 2001 (2001-05-12)The WB
  • Crossovers with The New Batman Adventures: "The Big Leagues", "Hard as Nails; Justice League: "A League of Their Own", "Fallen Hero"; Superman: The Animated Series: "Toys in the Hood"; The New Batman Adventures and Batman Beyond: "Future Shock"
211January 26, 2002 (2002-01-26)May 4, 2002 (2002-05-04)
315January 25, 2003 (2003-01-25)June 21, 2003 (2003-06-21)
413January 17, 2004 (2004-01-17)May 22, 2004 (2004-05-22)
The Zeta Project112January 27, 2001 (2001-01-27)August 11, 2001 (2001-08-11)The WB
  • Crossovers with Batman Beyond: "Shadows"
214March 23, 2002 (2002-03-23)August 17, 2002 (2002-08-17)
Justice League126November 17, 2001 (2001-11-17)November 9, 2002 (2002-11-09)Cartoon Network
226July 5, 2003 (2003-07-05)May 29, 2004 (2004-05-29)
Justice League Unlimited113July 31, 2004 (2004-07-31)January 29, 2005 (2005-01-29)Cartoon Network
  • Crossovers with Static Shock and Batman Beyond: "The Once and Future Thing"; Batman Beyond: "Epilogue"
213February 5, 2005 (2005-02-05)July 23, 2005 (2005-07-23)
313September 17, 2005 (2005-09-17)May 13, 2006 (2006-05-13)

Feature films

The following animated feature films also are part of the DCAU continuity:

Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriters Release Notes RT
Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 24, 1993 Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm Story by: Alan Burnett
Screenplay by: Alan Burnett, Paul Dini, Martin Pasko
and Michael Reaves
Theatrical[2][3]
Continuation of Batman: The Animated Series. 83%[4]
Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero March 17, 1998 Boyd Kirkland Boyd Kirkland and Randy Rogel Direct-to-DVD Continuation of Batman: The Animated Series. 92%[5]
Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker October 31, 2000 Curt Geda Story by: Paul Dini, Glen Murakami and Bruce Timm
Screenplay by: Paul Dini
Direct-to-DVD Continuation of Batman Beyond, Batman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures. 90%[6]
Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman October 21, 2003 Curt Geda Story by: Alan Burnett
Screenplay by: Michael Reaves
Direct-to-DVD Continuation of Batman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures. N/A

Short films

Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriters Notes
The Dark Knight's First Night 1991 Bruce Timm & Eric Radomski Story by: Bruce Timm
Teleplay by: Eric Radomski
A short film which acted as the developmental pilot for Batman: The Animated Series.
Chase Me October 21, 2003 Curt Geda Paul Dini and Alan Burnett A short film with no dialogue based on The New Batman Adventures.
Batman Beyond April 20, 2014[7] Darwyn Cooke[8][9] A short film based on Batman Beyond created by Darwyn Cooke for Batman's 75th anniversary. The short features the original voice cast of the show, as well as cameos of robotic batmen from The New Batman Adventures, The Batman, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Beware the Batman, The Dark Knight Returns, Michael Keaton's Batman, Adam West's Batman, and the original comic book Batman from 1939.

Digital series

SeriesSeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast airedNetwork
Gotham Girls111July 27, 2000 (2000-07-27)December 14, 2000 (2000-12-14)warnerbros.com
210June 5, 2001 (2001-06-05)October 9, 2001 (2001-10-09)
310July 16, 2002 (2002-07-16)November 19, 2002 (2002-11-19)
Lobo114June 15, 2000 (2000-06-15)[10]2000 (2000)warnerbros.com

Cancelled projects

An animated series based on the Teen Titans comic books was planned for the DC Animated Universe during the mid-1990s, but was finally scrapped.[11] Instead a Teen Titans series not related to the DC animated universe was released. Also, after the success of Batman: The Animated Series in the early 1990s, Fox approached producer Bruce Timm to create a spin-off series focusing on Catwoman, but the project never materialized.[11]

In 1998, writer John P. McCann had been tasked with coming up with a Lobo animated series in the DC Animated Universe, with Brad Garret set to reprise his role as the character, but the show had been cancelled right before production. A few elements of the show would find it's way in the 2000 Lobo Webseries, an online Flash animated series starring Lobo, the galactic bounty hunter, however whether the webseries is part of the official DCAU is unclear. A wax statue with the same character design as Lobo in this series appeared in an episode of Gotham Girls which somewhat support that the webseries is part of the official DCAU, although this is still disputed. Unlike the other shows set in the DCAU, it has graphic violence, sexual content, strong profanity, and a lack of tie-ins with the greater DCAU.

Before the release of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, a third animated feature based on Batman: The Animated Series was planned, entitled Batman: Arkham. The film was supposed to be a follow-up for Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, and Boyd Kirkland was attached to write and direct; but the project was soon scrapped. A second Batman Beyond movie was planned for release but was finally scrapped due to the dark tones and controversies of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker in 2001.[12] Around 2003, during the production of Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman, Warner Bros. approached Kirkland to write a Catwoman direct-to-video feature film as a tie-in with the 2004 live-action film. Although the script was written, the project was soon scrapped after the poor reception of the live-action film.[13]

Also, a direct-to-video feature-length animated film entitled Justice League: Worlds Collide was planned to connect Justice League with its follow-up Justice League Unlimited, but the production was finally cancelled in 2004, and the script was later rewritten for the animated film Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, that was not part of the DC Animated Universe.[14][15]

Comic books

Many of the DCAU productions have also had comic books created based on the characters of the various series, though their canonicity is disputable. The comics are:

Year Title Issues
1992 The Batman Adventures (vol. 1) #1–36
Mad Love
Holiday Special
Batman: Mask of the Phantasm
Annuals (#1–2)
1993 Superman & Batman Magazine #1–8
1995 Batman and Robin Adventures #1–25
Annuals (#1–2)
Batman & Mr. Freeze: Sub-Zero
Dark Claw Adventures
1996 Superman Adventures #1–66
Annual
World's Finest
Superman vs. Lobo
Exclusive Edition (Superman '64 prequel)
Two-Face: Two of a Kind[16] #0
1997 Adventures in the DC Universe #1–19
Annual
1998 The Batman Adventures: The Lost Years #1–5
Batman: Gotham Adventures #1–60
Batgirl Adventures One-Shot
1999 Batman Beyond (vol. 1) #1–6
Batman Beyond (vol. 2) #1–24
Return of the Joker
Claritin Syrup Presents Batman[17] One-Shot
2001 Gotham Knights #14 (backstory by Paul Dini)[18]
2002 Gotham Girls #1–5
Justice League Adventures #1–34
#1-8 (Burger King miniseries)[19]
2003 Batman Adventures (vol. 2) #1–17
Batman: Shadow of Sin Tzu #1–22
2004 Batman: Harley and Ivy #1–3
Justice League Unlimited #1–46
2010 Batman Beyond (vol. 3) #1–6
Superman/Batman Annual #4
2011 Batman Beyond (vol. 4) #1–8
Superman Beyond #0–20
2012 Justice League Beyond #1–25
Batman Beyond (vol. 5) #1–29
2013 Batman Beyond 2.0 #1–40
Justice League Beyond 2.0 #1–24
2015 Scooby Doo Team Up[20] #12, #17, #21
(series uses DCAU character models but ignores the lore)
2016 Batman/TMNT Adventures #1-6
Love is Love[21] Harley and Ivy story by Paul Dini
Harley Quinn[22] #17-26 (backstory by Paul Dini) (used the art style and character models but has been stated before its follow-up mini-series "Harley loves Joker" to be canon to the current main universe instead)
2018 Harley loves Joker #1-2 (used the art style and character models, is also a follow-up to the Harley Quinn main series backstory but is then hinted to be canon to the main comic universe in Harley Quinn #42 with the "next issue" area and then is stated to be in the main universe by its official description)
2020 Batman: The Adventures Continue #1-5

Recurring cast and characters

List indicator(s)

This section shows characters who have appeared in multiple DCAU media.

  • An empty, dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the media, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed.
  •  C indicates a cameo role.
Heroes
Character TV series Films
Batman:
The Animated Series
Superman:
The Animated Series
The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Justice League Unlimited Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman
Bruce Wayne
Batman
Kevin Conroy
Dick Grayson
Robin / Nightwing
Loren Lester Loren Lester C Loren Lester
Barbara Gordon
Batgirl
Melissa Gilbert Tara Strong Stockard Channing,
Angie Harmon
C Mary Kay Bergman Angie Harmon,
Tara Strong (flashback)
Tara Strong
Clark Kent
Superman
Tim Daly C Christopher McDonald George Newbern
Tim Drake
Robin
Mathew Valencia Eli Marienthal,
Shane Sweet
C Dean Stockwell,
Mathew Valencia (flashback)
Eli Marienthal
Kara In-Ze
Supergirl
Nicholle Tom C Nicholle Tom
Wally West
Flash
Charlie Schlatter Michael Rosenbaum Michael Rosenbaum
Terry McGinnis
Batman
Will Friedle Will Friedle Will Friedle
Infiltration Unit Zeta Gary Cole,
Diedrich Bader
Diedrich Bader
John Stewart
Green Lantern
Phil Lamarr Phil Lamarr
Shayera Hol
Hawkgirl
Maria Canals Maria Canals
J'onn J'onzz Carl Lumbly Carl Lumbly
Virgil Hawkins
Static
Phil LaMarr Phil LaMarr
Diana Prince
Wonder Woman
Susan Eisenberg
Oliver Queen
Green Arrow
Kin Shriner
Mister Terrific Michael Beach
Villains
Character TV series Films
Batman:
The Animated Series
Superman:
The Animated Series
The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Justice League Unlimited Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman
The Joker Mark Hamill C Mark Hamill Mark Hamill Mark Hamill Mark Hamill
Harley Quinn Arleen Sorkin C Arleen Sorkin Arleen Sorkin Arleen Sorkin
Oswald Cobblepot
The Penguin
Paul Williams C David Ogden Stiers
Edward Nygma
The Riddler
John Glover C C
Jervis Tetch
The Mad Hatter
Roddy McDowall C C
Pamela Isley
Poison Ivy
Diane Pershing Diane Pershing Diane Pershing Diane Pershing
Arnold Wesker
Ventriloquist
George Dzundza George Dzundza C C
Bane Henry Silva C Hector Elizondo
Ra's al Ghul David Warner David Warner
Victor Fries
Mr. Freeze
Michael Ansara Michael Ansara Michael Ansara C
Harvey Dent
Two-Face
Richard Moll Richard Moll C C C
Matt Hagen
Clayface
Ron Perlman Ron Perlman Ron Perlman
Leslie Willis
Livewire
Lori Petty Maria Canals C
Brainiac Corey Burton Corey Burton Corey Burton
Toyman Bud Cort Bud Cort Corey Burton Bud Cort
Lex Luthor Clancy Brown Clancy Brown
Darkseid Michael Ironside Michael Ironside
John Corben
Metallo
Malcolm McDowell Corey Burton Malcolm McDowell
Kalibak Michael Dorn Michael Dorn
General Hardcastle Charles Napier Charles Napier
Bizarro Tim Daly George Newbern
Doomsday Michael Jai White
Others
Character TV series Films
Batman:
The Animated Series
Superman:
The Animated Series
The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Justice League Unlimited Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman
Alfred Pennyworth Clive Revill, Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Efrem Zimbalist Jr.
Commissioner James Gordon Bob Hastings C Bob Hastings Bob Hastings Bob Hastings
Detective Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo Robert Costanzo Robert Costanzo Robert Costanzo
Selina Kyle
Catwoman
Adrienne Barbeau Adrienne Barbeau C
Lois Lane Dana Delaney C Dana Delaney
Mercy Graves Lisa Edelstein Lisa Edelstein
Lobo Brad Garrett Brad Garrett

The future of the DCAU

With the conclusion of the Justice League Unlimited animated series, Warner Bros has moved on to adapting new versions of the various DC comics properties rather than reviving the DCAU counterparts.

The last script written for DCAU continuity was titled Justice League: Worlds Collide. This screenplay was created to bridge the several month gap between Justice League and Justice League Unlimited. The draft was eventually adapted into the February 2010 film Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, with the removal of any references specific to DCAU continuity, replacing Green Lantern John Stewart with Hal Jordan, and the casting of different voice actors than those of the DCAU.

In 2009, Bruce Timm was asked at a ToonZone forum if the DCAU will return in the future, and he stated this:[23]

I very much appreciate that so many of you guys have so much love for the old series, from BTAS through JLU (I do too) -- but frankly, I doubt that we'll be formally, "officially" doing another movie or TV series set in that continuity (...) anything is possible, so conceivably that could change someday -- instead of saying "THE DCAU IS DEAD", maybe we can just say it's in a state of suspended animation until further notice...?

Bruce Timm, 2009[24]

On June 8, 2015, during an interview with Nerdist about his new film Justice League: Gods and Monsters, Bruce Timm was asked if the DC Animated Universe will return someday. Although Timm stated that the DCAU continuity was unlikely to return, the possibility always exists.[25]

In 2018, Kevin Conroy said work on the DCAU had stalled because the writers ran out of ideas for stories and believed stopping was best, as they did not want to "compromise on the quality of what they had and start creating kind of silly stories".[26]

Comics

The Batman Beyond comic series is a loose adaptation of the Batman Beyond franchise, intended to fit the character and storylines from the series into the mainstream DC continuity. The miniseries began in June 2010, under the title Future Evil. In August 2010, the series was announced to continue following the completion of the first arc as an ongoing series.[27] That series concluded alongside the entire line of ongoing monthly DC Comics superhero books during the 2011 revamp and relaunch, titled The New 52.

Superman Beyond, a one-shot comic set in the same universe as Batman Beyond, was released in 2011.

Batman Beyond Unlimited, a title chronicling the adventures of the future Justice League introduced in the DCAU, was released in February 2012.[28] This series published monthly triple-sized issues, containing three stories of Terry McGinnis, Clark "Cal" Kent, and the future Justice League Unlimited, respectively.[29]

Batman Beyond Universe succeeded Unlimited in August 2013, condensing to double-monthly issues upon the elderly Superman's rejoining the future Justice League.[30]

Terry McGinnis was the central figure in The New 52: Futures End weekly series.[31]

In 2015–2016, DC Comics and IDW Publishing released a jointly produced, six-issue miniseries comic titled Batman/TMNT, where the New 52 Batman encounters the IDW incarnation of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The success of this miniseries inspired a similar crossover story, with Batman's DCAU incarnation meeting the Amazing Adventures comic version of the 2012 CGI series' Turtles. The concept was first announced in late July 2016,[32] and scheduled for a six-issue release starting November 9, 2016.[33]

Outside media

Video games

There have also been a number of DCAU tie-in video games released to correspond with the various animated television series and films. Some of these games have original plots, while others follow previous stories; their status in DCAU canon is unknown. The games are:

Year Title Platforms
1993 Batman: The Animated Series Game Boy
1994 The Adventures of Batman & Robin Super NES, Mega Drive/Genesis, Sega CD/Mega-CD, Game Gear
1997 Superman[34] Game Boy
1999 Superman Nintendo 64
2000 Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Game Boy Color, PlayStation, Nintendo 64
2001 Batman: Chaos in Gotham Game Boy Color
Batman: Gotham City Racer PlayStation
Batman: Vengeance PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows
2002 Justice League: Injustice for All Game Boy Advance
Static Shock (canceled game)[35]
Superman: Shadow of Apokolips PlayStation 2, GameCube
2003 Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu Xbox, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance, GameCube
Justice League: Chronicles Game Boy Advance
Superman: Countdown to Apokolips
2016 View-Master Batman Animated VR iOS, Android

Six of these games feature voice acting from the casts of the original shows. These are: The Adventures of Batman and Robin (SEGA CD/Mega CD version), Superman, Batman Vengeance, Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu, and View-Master Batman Animated VR. The SEGA CD/Mega CD game, The Adventures of Batman and Robin, also features animation from one of the studios that worked on Batman: The Animated Series.

The Heart of Batman

A 90-minute documentary film released on October 16, 2018, as part of the Batman: The Complete Animated Series Deluxe Limited Edition[36] and Batman: The Complete Animated Series Blu-ray/Digital box set[37] [38] and was later made available on the official Warner Bros. Entertainment YouTube channel.[39][40]

Cultural impact

TV series

Year Series Episode DCAU Reference
1995 Freakazoid Dance of Doom Batman appears, but is unable to help due to being on a different network[41]
1995 Animaniacs A Hard Day's Warners Paul Dini and Bruce Timm can be seen at the Batman booth in episode #73 with a Mask of the Phantasm poster[42]
2011 Batman: The Brave and the Bold Night of the Batmen Batman's TNBA design shows up among the Batmen of other worlds along with Batman Beyond[43]
2013 Teen Titans Go! multiple Meta-gags referencing the DCAU have been made[44]

Comics

Year Title Issue DCAU Reference
1994 Man of Steel #37 Bruce Timm's Batman design appears on the front cover[45]
1999 Fan Boy #5 Bruce Timm was a featured artist, lending his Batman to the issue[46]
1999 Superman/Fantastic Four One-Shot Superman's DCAU counterpart makes a cameo
2001 Catwoman #89 Harleen Quinzel pitches a TV series in the same style of The New Batman Adventures[47]
2005 Krypto the Super Dog #1-6 Artist Min S Ku draws many characters in their DCAU style.
2007 Teen Titans Go! #45 The Justice League is presented in their DCAU style[48]
2008 Legion of Superheroes in the 31st Century #11 The Justice League appears in their DCAU versions
2013 Green Lantern: The Animated Series #13 Lobo shows up in his DCAU design
2014 Adventures of Superman #40 The Joker shows up in multiple styles, including his New Batman Adventures look.[49]
2017 Action Comics #975 Mr. Mxyzptlk and Superman appear in their Superman: The Animated Series style.[50]

Characters adapted from the DCAU

Though the DCAU is an offshoot of the mainstream DC comics universe, it has also affected the DC universe in return. The following characters were originally created for their respective series in the DCAU, but were eventually adapted via retroactive continuity into the mainstream DC comic continuity:

  • Nora Fries (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • Harley Quinn (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • Renee Montoya (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • Lock-Up (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • Sewer King (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • The Condiment King (Batman: The Animated Series)
  • Mercy Graves (Superman: The Animated Series)
  • Livewire (Superman: The Animated Series)
  • Roxy Rocket (The New Batman Adventures)
  • Terry McGinnis/Batman (Batman Beyond)
  • Gray Ghost (Batman: The Animated Series)

In addition, the backstory of Mr. Freeze was adapted from his portrayal in Batman: The Animated Series, and the visuals and/or characterization of Green Lantern, Supergirl, Toyman, Two-Face, Parasite, Metallo, Clayface, and many others have been applied to their comic counterparts. On a different note, issue #22 of DC Comics' Superman/Batman series, which explores alternate realities, had Bizarro transported to an alternate version of Gotham City that was patrolled by a Batman using the Batman Beyond version of the costume. A version of the future of Batman Beyond made an appearance in Countdown to Final Crisis #21, as part of the new Multiverse in the wake of the Infinite Crisis and 52 series, and a Batman Beyond series had been planned. In January 2015, DC published The Multiversity Guidebook which revealed a universe inspired by the DCAU is Earth-12 in the DC Multiverse, and currently in the Batman Beyond era, while the Justice Lords Earth from those Batman Beyond comics has also been added to the canon as Earth-50.[51]

See also

References

  1. "DCAU: 10 Things You Never Knew About The Making Of This Animated Universe". CBR. June 8, 2020.
  2. "Top 25 Animated Movies of All-Time". IGN. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  3. "Batman: Mask of the Phantasm". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  4. "Batman: Mask Of The Phantasm (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  5. "Batman & Mr. Freeze: Subzero (1998)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  6. "Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  7. "Video". www.youtube.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  8. "'Batman Beyond' Returns in New Anniversary Short (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  9. "Watch New 'Batman Beyond' Short by Darwyn Cooke". /Film. April 21, 2014.
  10. "WarnerBros.com | Warner Bros. Online Joins Forces With DC Comics And Warner Bros. Animation To Create Original Animation For Debut Of Redesigned Warner Bros. Online June 15 | Press Releases". www.warnerbros.com.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved 2010-01-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved 2016-11-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2010-09-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "Two-Face #0". Comic Vine. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  17. "Claritin Syrup Presents". Comic Book Database. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  18. "Gotham Knights". Comixology. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  19. "JLA Burger King Mini". Comic Vine. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  20. "SCOOBY-DOO TEAM-UP #12". DC Comics. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  21. "Love is Love". Previews World. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  22. "Harley Quinn". DC Comics. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  23. "Green Lantern History: An Unauthorized Guide to the DC Comic Book Series". google.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  24. Timm, Bruce (September 18, 2009). "Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths News & Discussion". Toon Zone. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  25. "Interview: Bruce Timm Talks JUSTICE LEAGUE: GODS AND MONSTERS - Nerdist". June 8, 2015. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  26. Bonomolo, Cameron (May 27, 2018). "Kevin Conroy Reveals The Real Reason They Stopped Making 'Batman: The Animated Series'". ComicBook.com. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  27. "Batman Beyond To Receive An Ongoing Series". Inside Pulse. August 28, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  28. "DC Comics Launches Batman Beyond Unlimited". DC Comics. November 14, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  29. "DC Comics' FULL June 2013 Solicitations". Newsarama. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ...don't miss the epic conclusion of Superman Beyond!
  30. "DC Comics' FULL August 2013 Solicitations". Newsarama. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  31. Arrant, Chris (May 16, 2014). "DC Reveals Creative Line-Ups For September's Futures End Titles". Newsarama. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  32. Press, Official (July 22, 2016). "The Classic '90s Cartoon Batman Is Teaming Up With the Ninja Turtles for a New Comic". io9.com. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  33. Press, Official (July 22, 2016). "Animated-style Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover announced". Batman-news.com. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  34. "Superman: Game Boy: Video Games". Amazon.com. September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  35. https://tvweb.com/batman-the-animated-series-complete-bluray-october/
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