Blackpink discography

South Korean girl group Blackpink have released two Korean language extended plays and seven Korean language singles (including two maxi singles). The group has also released a Japanese language studio album and three extended plays.

Blackpink discography
Blackpink in January 2018
Studio albums1
Live albums3
EPs3
Singles9
Single albums3
Promotional singles2
Collaborations1

Blackpink released their debut maxi single Square One on August 8, 2016.[1] It includes the songs "Boombayah" and "Whistle". In South Korea, "Whistle" debuted atop the Gaon Digital Chart, and has sold approximately 2,500,000 copies within South Korea.[2] The group continued their success with the release of Square Two on November 1, 2016.[3] The maxi single includes "Playing with Fire", which has over 2,500,000 certified downloads in South Korea.[4] As well as "Stay", the maxi single also includes an acoustic version of their single "Whistle". Square Two ranked number 13 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and number two on the US World Albums chart.[5]

On June 27, 2017, the group released a digital single titled "As If It's Your Last".[6] The single is also the group's second song to reach 2,500,000 certified downloads in South Korea.[4] In the same year, on August 30, 2017 Blackpink made their Japanese debut, with the EP Blackpink, which featured Japanese-language editions of the group's existing tracks at the time. The EP was a commercial success, debuting atop the Oricon chart, and has sold over 80,000 copies domestically.[7]

Almost a year later on June 15, 2018, the group released their first Korean EP Square Up, the EP debuted atop the South Korean Gaon Chart. Square Up peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 albums chart,[8] and spawned hit single "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du", which spent three weeks atop the Gaon Chart. "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du", was also the group's first single to enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart, debuting and peaking at number 55.[8] As of April 2019, the single has achieved a platinum certification for both streaming and downloads within South Korea.[9] On October 19, 2018, the group collaborated with British singer Dua Lipa on the track "Kiss and Make Up", achieving commercial success worldwide.[10] On December 5, 2018, the group released their first Japanese language studio album, which included all tracks on their previous Japanese self-titled extended play, as well as Japanese versions of the four tracks on Square Up.[11]

The group's second Korean language EP Kill This Love was released digitally on April 5, 2019. A physical version of the album was released later on April 23, 2019. The EP has received positive reviews, and has been a commercial success. Kill This Love sold over 350,000 copies in China, in the first week alone,[12] and around 250,000 physical copies in South Korea within the first 8 days.[13] Kill This Love (EP) peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The lead single off the EP Kill This Love peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100, being the group's third single on the chart, and extending their record of most entries, and longest charting single of a South Korean girl group on the chart. It was also the group's third consecutive single to chart at number 1 on Billboard's World Digital Songs chart.

Albums

Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected details, chart positions and sales
Title Details Peak chart positions Sales
KOR
[14]
JPN
Oricon
[15]
Hot
[16]
Korean
TBA TBA
Japanese
Blackpink in Your Area
  • Released: December 5, 2018
  • Label: YGEX
  • Formats: CD, DVD, digital download
912
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Live albums

List of live albums, with selected details
Title Details
Blackpink Arena Tour 2018 "Special Final In Kyocera Dome Osaka"
  • Released: March 22, 2019[18]
  • Label: YGEX
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Blackpink 2018 Tour ‘In Your Area’ Seoul
  • Released: August 30, 2019[19]
  • Label: YG Entertainment
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Blackpink 2019-2020 World Tour
In Your Area-Tokyo Dome-
  • Released: May 14, 2020[20]
  • Label: YGEX, Interscope, Universal Music
  • Formats: CD, digital download

Single albums

List of single albums, with selected chart positions and sales
Title Details Peak chart positions Sales
KOR
[21]
US
Heat
[22]
World
[23]
Square One
  • Released: August 8, 2016
  • Label: YG Entertainment
  • Formats: Digital download, streaming
N/A
Square Two
  • Released: November 1, 2016
  • Label: YG Entertainment
  • Formats: Digital download, streaming
132
How You Like That
  • Released: June 26, 2020[25][26]
  • Label: YG Entertainment
  • Formats: CD, digital download, streaming
TBA
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected chart positions and sales
Title Details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications
[upper-roman 1]
KOR
[27]
AUS
[28]
AUT
[29]
CAN
[30]
FRA
[31]
JPN
[32]
SWI
[33]
UK
[34]
US
[35]
US
World

[23]
Korean
Square Up
  • Released: June 15, 2018
  • Label: YG Entertainment
  • Formats: CD, digital download, streaming
161[lower-alpha 1]26211251124401
Kill This Love 318[lower-alpha 2]81740241
Japanese
Blackpink
  • Released: August 30, 2017
  • Repackaged: March 28, 2018
  • Label: YGEX
  • Formats: CD, DVD, digital download
1 N/A
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Singles

As lead artist

List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released, sales, certifications and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Sales
[upper-roman 2]
Certifications
[upper-roman 1]
Album
KOR CAN
[50]
FRA
[31]
JPN NZ
[51]
UK
[34]
US
Gaon
[52]
Hot
[53][upper-roman 3]
Oricon
[56]
Hot
[57][upper-roman 4]
Hot
[58]
World
[59]
"Boombayah" (붐바야)[lower-alpha 3] 2016 7*196151 N/A Square One
"Whistle" (휘파람)[lower-alpha 3] 12
"Playing with Fire" (불장난)[lower-alpha 4] 392811 Square Two
"Stay"[lower-alpha 4] 104
"As If It's Your Last" (마지막처럼)[lower-alpha 5] 2017 3245[upper-alpha 3]19[upper-alpha 4]1 Non-album single
"Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" (뚜두뚜두) [lower-alpha 6] 2018 1122[upper-alpha 5]77[upper-alpha 6]78551 Square Up
"Kill This Love" 2019 221112662433411 N/A Kill This Love
"How You Like That" 2020 TBA How You Like That
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
"*" denotes the chart did not exist at that time

Promotional singles

List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released, sales and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album
KOR
[82]
AUS
[83]
CAN
[84]
FIN
[85]
IRE
[86]
NZ
[87]
SCO
[88]
SGP
[89]
UK
[90]
US
[91]
"Awesome"[lower-alpha 8] 2020 N/A Non-album single
"Sour Candy" (with Lady Gaga) 1788181511122811733 Chromatica
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Other collaborations

List of collaborations, with selected chart positions, showing year released, sales, certifications and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Certifications Album
KOR
[93]
AUS
[94]
CAN
[95]
FIN
[96]
GER
[97]
IRE
[98]
NZ
[99]
SWE
[100]
UK
[101]
US
[91]
"Kiss and Make Up"
(with Dua Lipa)
2018 75334415481532323693 Dua Lipa: Complete Edition

Other charted songs

Title Year Peak chart positions Sales[upper-roman 2] Certifications
[upper-roman 1]
Album
KOR JPN NZ US
World
[59]
Gaon
[106]
Hot
[53][upper-roman 3]
Hot
[57]
Hot
[107]
"Whistle" (acoustic ver.)[lower-alpha 4] 2016 88* N/A Square Two
"Forever Young" 2018 2236104 Square Up
"Really" 18811 N/A N/A
"See U Later" 261012
"Don't Know What to Do" 2019 38949114 Kill This Love
"Kick It" 8989178
"Hope Not" (아니길) 108209
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
"*" denotes the chart did not exist at that time

Footnotes

  1. Due to the short length of Square Up, the EP charted as a single in Australia.[28][36]
  2. Due to the short length of Kill This Love, the EP charted as a single in Australia.[41]
  3. In Korea, "Boombayah" and "Whistle" were released as a double A-side from the group's debut single titled "Square One".[60] In Japan, the song was also subsequently listed as the lead track on the EP edition of "Square Two".[61]
  4. In Korea, "Playing with Fire" and "Stay" were released as a double A-side from the group's second single titled "Square Two", with "Whistle (Acoustic Ver.)" as the B-side.[65] Besides Korea, the single was released in EP format via digital platforms, with "Playing with Fire" as the lead single and "Boombayah" / "Whistle" as added tracks.[66]
  5. "As If It's Your Last" was also later included on the EP Square Up.
  6. "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" was released in two singles, the first released as a single in Korean, while the second as a single in Japanese.
  7. "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" was certified platinum for streaming in November 2018 and for 2,5 million downloads in April 2019.[77][74]
  8. Collaboration with Samsung for Galaxy A series.
  9. "Forever Young" was certified platinum for downloads in December 2019 and streaming in March 2020.[74][77]
  1. In April 2018, the Korea Music Content Association introduced music recording certifications for albums and singles.[49]
  2. Korean sales are paid digital downloads, previously weekly, monthly and annually provided by the Gaon Music Chart. In 2018, Gaon replaced detailed downloads and streaming numbers with the Gaon Digital Index. Sales are now monthly reported on the 'Observation Board' if a song reaches a specific milestone. Japanese sales are physical single sales, provided by Oricon.
  3. The Billboard K-pop Hot 100 chart launched in 2011 and was discontinued in 2014.[54] On the issue dated May 29 – June 4, 2017, the chart was re-established.[55]
  4. The Billboard Japan Hot 100 combines Korean and Japanese language released singles.
    1. Japan sales figures for Kill This Love.[43][44][45][46]
    2. The sales of Blackpink and Re: Blackpink are combined in Oricon.
    3. "As If It's Your Last" did not enter the French single charts, but peaked at number 180 on the Download Chart.[69]
    4. "As If It's Your Last" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[70]
    5. "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" did not enter the French single charts, but peaked at number 95 on the Download Chart.[72]
    6. "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart.[73]

    References

    1. "SQUARE ONE". www.melon.com (in Korean). Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    2. "Gaon Download Chart of 2019" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
    3. "YG LIFE | BLACKPINK - NEW RELEASE".
    4. "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    5. "World Music: Top World Albums Chart". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    6. "'컴백' 블랙핑크, 가장 빠르고 시원한 곡으로 승부본다".
    7. Cumulative sales for Blackpink:
    8. "BlackPink Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    9. "DOWNLOAD 누적판매량 인증" [Gaon Certification – Downloads]. Gaon Chart. April 11, 2019.
    10. "Dua Lipa Announces BLACKPINK Collaboration Coming in October". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    11. Physical sales for Blackpink in Your Area :
    12. Cumulative sales of "Kill This Love" on China's three major music platforms:
    13. Kill This Love Album Sales:
      • 2019년 Album Chart [2019 Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
      • 2020년 05월 Album Chart [2020 May Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
    14. Gaon Chart Album:
    15. Peaks on the Japanese charts:
    16. Peaks on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 Albums:
    17. "블랙핑크 측 "첫 정규앨범 작업 끝…오는 9월 발표 예정" [공식]". Sports Dongha. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
    18. "BLACKPINK ARENA TOUR 2018 "SPECIAL FINAL IN KYOCERA DOME OSAKA" by BLACKPINK". Apple Music. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
    19. "BLACKPINK 2018 TOUR 'IN YOUR AREA' SEOUL (Live) by BLACKPINK". Apple Music. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
    20. "BLACKPINK 2019-2020 WORLD TOUR IN YOUR AREA-TOKYO DOME- (Live) by BLACKPINK". Apple Music. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
    21. Gaon Chart Album:
    22. "Blackpink Chart History: Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
    23. "Blackpink Chart History: World Albums". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
    24. Benjamin, Jeff (November 9, 2016). "Blackpink Earn Second No. 1 on World Digital Songs, Debut on Social 50". Billboard. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
    25. "블랙핑크 美 '지미 팰런쇼' 화려한 컴백, MV도 신기록". Tenasia. June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
    26. "BLACKPINK SPECIAL EDITION [How You Like That]". YG Select. June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
    27. Gaon Chart Album
    28. Peaks on the Australian single charts:
    29. "Discographie Blackpink". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
    30. "Blackpink Chart History: Canadian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    31. "Discographie – Blackpink" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    32. "Discographie Blackpink". hitparade.ch (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
    33. "Blackpink | Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
    34. "Blackpink Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
    35. "Code of Practice for ARIA Charts" (PDF). ARIA CHART. Australian Recording Industry Association. April 2016. p. 19. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
    36. Square Up Album Sales:
      • 2018년 Album Chart [2018 Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
      • 2019년 Album Chart [2019 Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
      • 2020년 05월 Album Chart [2020 May Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
    37. Digital sales for Square Up (5,559) :
    38. Physical sales for Square Up (10,832) :
    39. "가온 인증: 누적판매량 인증" [Gaon Certification: Albums] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. January 11, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    40. "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
    41. Cumulative sales of "Kill This Love" from China's three major music platforms:
    42. Digital sales for Kill This Love KR (3,531):
    43. Digital sales for Kill This Love JPN (827):
    44. Physical sales for Kill This Love KR (9,531) :
    45. Physical sales for Kill This Love JPN (25,322) :
    46. McIntyre, Hugh (April 15, 2019). "Blackpink Hit A New Chart Peak In The U.S. As Their 'Kill This Love' EP Debuts". Forbes. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    47. "가온 인증: 누적판매량 인증" [Gaon Certification: Albums] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    48. "[한국음악콘텐츠협회] (사)한국음악콘텐츠협회, 음원∙앨범에 대한 '가온 인증제' 시행" [[Korea Music Content Association] Korea Music Contents Association, 'Gaon Accreditation System' for songs and albums] (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. April 23, 2018. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
    49. "Blackpink Chart History: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
    50. NZ Top 40 Singles Chart:
    51. Peaks on the Gaon Digital Chart:
      • "Whistle" & "Boombayah": "2016년 33주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 33 of 2016] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. August 7–13, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
      • "Playing With Fire" & "Stay": "2016년 45주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 45 of 2016] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. October 30 – November 5, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
      • "As If It's Your Last": "2017년 26주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 26 of 2017] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. June 25 – July 1, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
      • "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du": "2018년 25주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 25 of 2018] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. June 17–23, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
      • "Kill This Love" & "Don't Know What to Do": "2019년 15주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 15 of 2019] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. April 7–13, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    52. Kpop Hot 100: The Kpop Hot 100 was discontinued on July 16, 2014. The chart was later re-established following the term date of May 29 – June 4, 2017.
    53. "Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 Launches; Sistar Is No. 1 on New Korea Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. August 25, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
    54. "Billboard Relaunches in Korea With Focus on K-Pop". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 20, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
    55. "ブラックピンクのシングル売上ランキング". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
    56. "Blackpink – Chart History: Japan Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
    57. "Blackpink Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
    58. "Blackpink Chart Search: World Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
    59. "Square One – Single by Blackpink". iTunes Store. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
    60. "Square Two – EP by Blackpink" (in Japanese). iTunes Store. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
    61. Cumulative downloads for "Boombayah"
    62. Benjamin, Jeff (August 16, 2016). "Blackpink's Major Debut: New K-Pop Girl Group Lands No. 1 & 2 on World Digital Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
    63. C., Daniel (November 26, 2019). "Gaon's 관찰노트" [Gaon's Observation Notes]. Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
    64. "Square Two by Blackpink". YG Entertainment. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
    65. "Square Two – EP by Blackpink". iTunes Store. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
    66. C., Daniel (September 12, 2018). "Gaon's 관찰노트" [Gaon's Observation Notes] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
    67. Cumulative downloads for "Stay"
    68. "Le Top de la semaine: Top Singles Téléchargés; Semain du 30 Juin 2017" [The Top of the Week: Top Singles Downloaded; Week of June 30, 2017] (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. June 30, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    69. Jeff, Benjamin (November 8, 2017). "Happy Anniversary, Blackpink: A Breakdown of Their Major Chart Accomplishments After 1 Year". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
    70. Rutherford, Kevin (June 28, 2017). "Blackpink Earns New High on Social 50 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
    71. "Le Top de la semaine: Top Singles Téléchargés; Semain du 22 Juin 2018" [The Top of the Week: Top Singles Downloaded; Week of June 22, 2018] (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
    72. "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. June 25, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
    73. "가온 인증: 누적판매량 인증" [Gaon Certification: Download] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
    74. Sales for DDU-DU DDU-DU:
    75. Zellner, Xander (June 25, 2018). "BLACKPINK Makes K-Pop History on Hot 100, Billboard 200 & More With 'DDU-DU DDU-DU'". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
    76. "가온 인증: 누적사용량 인증" [Gaon Certification: Streaming] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
    77. "American song certification – BLACKPINK". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
    78. Kill This Love Sales:
    79. Zellner, Xander (April 15, 2019). "Blackpink's 'Kill This Love' Makes K-Pop History on Hot 100 & Billboard 200 Charts". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
    80. Cumulative sales of "How You Like That" from China's three major music platforms:
    81. Gaon Weekly Chart:
    82. Aria Weekly Chart:
    83. Billboard Canadian Hot 100:
    84. The Official Finnish Charts (Suomen virallinen lista):
    85. "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
    86. NZ Top 40 Singles:
    87. "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
    88. RIAS Weekly Chart:
    89. "Blackpink Chart UK History". Official Charts. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
    90. Billboard Hot 100:
    91. Murray, Gordan (June 4, 2020). "Lady Gaga's Collabs With Ariana Grande & BLACKPINK Shine on Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
    92. "2018년 43주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 43 of 2018] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
    93. ARIA Singles Chart:
    94. Billboard Canadian Hot 100:
    95. Official Finnish Chart:
    96. Official German Chart:
    97. "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
    98. NZ Top 40 Singles:
    99. "Veckolista Singlar – Vecka 44, 2 november 2018". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
    100. "Official Singles Chart Top 100 26 October – 1 November 2018". Official Charts Company. October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
    101. Benjamin, Jeff (October 29, 2018). "BLACKPINK Score Second Hot 100 Entry Thanks to 'Kiss and Make Up' With Dua Lipa". Billboard. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
    102. "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2019 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
    103. "Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana Certifications". Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
    104. "British certifications – Blackpink". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 21, 2019. Type Blackpink in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
    105. Charted songs on Gaon Weekly Chart:
      • "Whistle (Acoustic Ver.)": "2016년 45주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 45 of 2016] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. October 30 – November 5, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
      • Songs from Square Up: "2018년 25주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 25 of 2018] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. June 17–23, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
      • Songs from Kill This Love: "2019년 15주차 Digital Chart" [Digital Chart – Week 15 of 2019] (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. April 7–13, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
    106. Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart:
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.