Arverni

The Arverni are known to have had the most powerful tribal hegemony in Gaul during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC under their kings, Luernius, and his son Bituitus. Their power was based on strong metallurgic technologies and weapons, elaborated and rich agriculture and catering, mining, trade and military dominance over their neighbours with tributes paid to them.

But when Arverni king Bituitus was defeated by the Romans of Quintus and Gnaeus Ahenobarbus in 121 BC, their ascendancy passed to the Aedui and Sequani. Unlike the Allobroges, who were brought under direct Roman rule as a result of the Celtic wars of the 120s, the Arverni negotiated a treaty that preserved their independence, though their territory was diminished.

No further Arvernian kings are mentioned in the historical record between 121 BC and 52 BC, and they may have adopted a constitutional oligarchy at this time. However, there were at least two later attempts to re-establish rulership by Celtillus and Vercingetorix. The defeat of the Arverni under Bituitus led directly to the establishment of Gallia Narbonensis as a Roman province, referred to simply as the Provincia so often that a part of the ancient region is today known as Provence.

The King Luernios was mentioned in writing by the Greek ethnographer Posidonius. Luernios was known to have scattered gold and silver coins to his followers while riding in his chariot. Under Luernios, the Arverni were at the head of a formidable Gallic military hegemony which stretched from the Rhine to the Atlantic coast.

They joined Bellovesus' migrations towards Italy, together with the Aedui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnutes and Senones.[10]

Gold stater of Vercingetorix, Cabinet des Médailles.

The Arverni later played an important role in the Gallic Wars of Julius Caesar from 58 BC to 51 BC. At first the Arvenian nobles tried to avoid confronting Caesar during his early incursions. They executed the leader Celtillus, evidently for trying to gain sovereignty over all the Gauls.[11] In 52 BC, Celtillus' son Vercingetorix rallied his supporters to fight the Romans, but was expelled from Gergovia by the nobles, including his uncle Gobanitio. He then raised a great army in the country, and returned to the city where he ejected his opponents and was declared king.[11] This accomplished, Vercingetorix forged an alliance with at least 15 Gallic tribes, requesting the presence of sons of chiefs to prove their alliance. He then led the majority of the Gauls and won the Gergovia battle against Julius Caesar and his cavalry did marvels in pursuing the Roman troops. Having earlier split his forces, Caesar awaited their return while receiving supplies from allied Gauls. Vercingetorix was then defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Alesia, after several months where the legions built 14 ranges of military equipment around the city to lay siege upon the Gallic soldiers. After several weeks of support from the western Gallic people with large numbers of troops coming to support Vercingetorix from outside the city, the Gauls were close to merging the inner and outer forces on 2 occasions. When the outer forces decided to depart, Vercingetorix took the decision to surrender himself to the Romans in order to save the people of Alesia.[12]

In the aftermath of the Gallic Wars the Arverni soldiers were pardoned and its senate was restored to power. The Arverni and the majority of other Gaulish states were pulled into the Roman political hemisphere but retained full rights and home rule. According to Gregory of Tours and his book Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks") the Arverni senators were still active in the sixth century and were deeply involved in the politics of the nascent Frankish state.

• Baret, Florian (2016). "Le réseau des agglomérations antiques dans les cités du Massif central (Ier s. av. J.-C.-Ve s. apr. J.-C.). Arvernes, Vellaves, Gabales, Rutènes, Cadurques et Lémovices". Gallia. Archéologie des Gaules (in French). 73 (73–2): 169–212. doi:10.4000/gallia.2732. ISSN 0016-4119.
• Drinkwater, John F. (2015), "Arverni", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.842, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
• Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
• Trément, Frédéric; Chambon, Jean-Pierre; Guichard, Vincent; Lallemand, David (2003). "Le territoire des Arvernes : limites de cité, tropismes et centralité". In Mennessier-Jouannet, C.; Deberge, Y. (eds.). L’archéologie de l’Age du Fer en Auvergne. Actes du XXVIIe colloque international de l’AFEAF (Clermont-Ferrand, 29 mai-1er juin 2003) (2007 ed.). Monographies d’archéologie méditerranéenne. pp. 99–110.
• Trément, Frédéric (2008). Corsi, Cristina; Vermeulen, Frank (eds.). "Romanisation et dynamiques territoriales en Gaule centrale. Le cas de la cité des Arvernes (IIe s. av. J.-C. – IIe s. ap. J.-C.)". Changing Landscapes. The impact of Roman towns in the Western Mediterranean. Ante Quem: 85–104.
• Trément, Frédéric; Baret, Florian; Dacko, Marion; Trescarte, Jérôme; Calbris, Maxime; Augustin, Lise; Massounie, Guy (2019). "Towns, Roads and Development Dynamics in the Territory of the Arverni in Roman Times (Auvergne, France)". In de Ligt, Luuk; Bintliff, John (eds.). Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World, 150 BCE - 250 CE. Brill. pp. 128–157. doi:10.1163/9789004414365_006. ISBN 978-9004414365.