Zanthoxylum

Zanthoxylum
Z. kauaense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Sapindales
Family:Rutaceae
Subfamily:Rutoideae
Genus:Zanthoxylum
L.[1]
Type species
Zanthoxylum americanum
Species

About 250, see text.

Synonyms

Fagara L.
Ochroxylum Schreb.
Xanthoxylum Mill.[1]

Zanthoxylum (including genus Fagara) is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs in the citrus or rue family, Rutaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae. Several of the species have yellow heartwood, to which their generic name alludes.[3]

The fruit of several species is used to make the spice Sichuan pepper. They are also used as bonsai trees. Historically, the bark was widely used for toothache, colic, and rheumatism.[4] Common names include "prickly ash" and "Hercules club".

Selected species

Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Fruits and foliage
Z. piperitum Fruits and seeds
  • Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) Waterm. (Tanzania)
  • Zanthoxylum huberi P.G.Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum humile Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum insularis Rose
  • Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum (Merr.) Merr. (The Philippines, Taiwan)
  • Zanthoxylum juniperinum Poepp. (Central America)
  • Zanthoxylum kauaense A.Gray – Kauai prickly ash (Hawaii)
  • Zanthoxylum khasianum Hook. f.
  • Zanthoxylum kleinii (R.S. Cowan) P.G. Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum kwangsiense (Hand.-Mazz.) Chun ex C.C. Huang
  • Zanthoxylum laetum Drake
  • Zanthoxylum laurentii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum lemairei (De Wild.) P.G.Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum lenticellosum (Urb. & Ekman) J. Jiménez Alm.
  • Zanthoxylum lenticulare Reynel
  • Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum Reynel
  • Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr.
  • Zanthoxylum liboense C.C. Huang
  • Zanthoxylum liebmannianum (Engl.) P. Wilson
  • Zanthoxylum limoncello Planch. & Oerst. ex Triana & Planch.
  • Zanthoxylum limonella Alston – makhwaen[6]
  • Zanthoxylum lindense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Tanzania)
  • Zanthoxylum lomincola (Urb.) A. H. Liogier
  • Zanthoxylum macranthum (Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang
  • Zanthoxylum madagascariense Baker
  • Zanthoxylum mananarense H. Perrier
  • Zanthoxylum mantaro (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr.
  • Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. – White prickly ash
  • Zanthoxylum maviense H. Mann
  • Zanthoxylum mayanum Standl.
  • Zanthoxylum megistophyllum (Burtt) T.G. Hartley
  • Zanthoxylum melanostictum Schltdl. & Cham.
  • Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum (Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth.
  • Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsl.
  • Zanthoxylum microcarpum Griseb.
  • Zanthoxylum mildbraedii (Engl.) P.G.Waterm.
  • Zanthoxylum molle Rehder
  • Zanthoxylum mollissimum (Engl.) P.Wilson (Central America)
  • Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) P.Wilson – Yellow Prickle
  • Zanthoxylum motuoense C.C. Huang
  • Zanthoxylum multijugum Franch.
  • Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f.
Z. rhetsa bark in Pakke Tiger Reserve
Leafless Z. simulans showing its knobbed bark

Formerly placed here

  • Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S.Y.Hu (as Z. trifoliatum L.)
  • Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G.Hartley (as Z. roxburghianum Cham.)
  • Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G.Hartley (as Z. pteleifolium Champ. ex Benth.)[13]

Taxonomy

The generic name is derived from Ancient Greek words ξανθός (xanthos), meaning "yellow," and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood." It is technically misspelled, as the z should be x, but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species.[14] The Takhtajan system places the genus in the subfamily Rutoideae, tribe Zanthoxyleae,[15] while Germplasm Resources Information Network places it in the subfamily Toddalioideae and does not assign it to a tribe.[1] The once separate genus Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum.[16]

Uses

Many Zanthoxylum species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum and Zanthoxylum piperitum are two species commonly grown as bonsai.

Culinary use

Spices are made from a number of species in this genus, especially Zanthoxylum piperitum, Z. simulans, Z. bungeanum, Z. schinifolium Z. nitidum, Z. rhetsa, Z. alatum, and Z. acanthopodium. Sichuan pepper is most often made by grinding the husks that surround Z. piperitum berries.[17] In the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Goa in Western India, the berries of Z. rhetsa are sun-dried and added to foods such as legumes and fish. Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season, the berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival.[18]

It is called timur or timbur in Nepal, Darjeeling, and Sikkim and is used widely to make a tingling dip, especially for boiled food like potatoes and yams.

Chemistry

Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum contain the lignan sesamin.

Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines (nitidine, dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine, dihydroavicine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine), furoquinolines (dictamine, 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine, 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline), aporphines (berberine, tembetarine,[19] magnoflorine, M-methyl-corydine), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin), and aromatic and aliphatic amides.[20] Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus Zanthoxylum, including the Sichuan pepper.

Ecology

Zanthoxylum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Engrailed (moth).

Sources

  1. 1 2 3 "Genus: Zanthoxylum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. US Department of Agriculture. 2008-03-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  2. ↑ "!Zanthoxylum L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  3. ↑ Thomas, Val; Grant, Rina (2001). Sappi tree spotting: Highlands: Highveld, Drakensberg, Eastern Cape mountains. illustrations: Joan van Gogh; photographs: Jaco Adendorff (3rd ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-77009-561-8.
  4. ↑ Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. pp. 683–684. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  7. ↑ Bone. A proposal for rare plant rescue: Zanthoxylum paniculatum, endemic to Rodrigues
  8. ↑ Allen, Gary (2007). The Herbalist in the Kitchen. University of Illinois Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-252-03162-5.
  9. ↑ "Taxon: Zanthoxylum americanum Mill". Germplasm Resources Information Network. National Plant Germplasm System. 21 June 1999. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Hu 2005, vol.1, pp.503-5
  11. ↑ "Subordinate taxa of !Zanthoxylum L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  12. ↑ "Zanthoxylum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  13. 1 2 "GRIN Species records of Zanthoxylum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
  14. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2868. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
  15. ↑ Takhtajan, Armen (2009). Flowering Plants (2 ed.). Springer. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
  16. ↑ Beurton, C. (1994). "Gynoecium and perianth in Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189: 165–191. doi:10.1007/bf00939724.
  17. ↑ Peter, K. V. (2004). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. 2. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-85573-721-1.
  18. ↑ Bharadwaj, Monisha (2006). Indian Spice Kitchen. Hippocrene Books. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-7818-1143-9.
  19. ↑ http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?word=C00025347
  20. ↑ The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301 (article)

References

  • Hu, Shiu-ying (2005), Food plants of China (preview), 1, Chinese University Press
  • Zhou, Jiaju; Xie, Guirong; Yan, Xinjian (2011), Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures (preview), 1, Springer
  • Zhang, Dianxiang; Hartley, Thomas G. (2008), "1. Zanthoxylum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 270. 1753.", Flora of China, 11: 53–66 PDF
  • Stuart, George Arthur; Smith, Frederick Porter (1985), Chinese materia medica (snippet), vegetable kingdom, Southern Materials Center, 1985
  • Blaschek, Wolfgang; Hänsel, Rudolf; Keller, Konstantin (1998), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis (preview), 3 (L-Z), Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage, pp. 809-, ISBN 978-3-540-61619-1
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