Wicked (musical)

Act I

In the Land of Oz, a lot of celebrating is going on; the Ozians are rejoicing over the demise of Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda the Good Witch talks about Elphaba’s past and you see Elphaba’s mother have an affair after Elphaba’s father goes out of town. As her mother has this affair she drinks green elixir. She then gets pregnant and when she gives birth her baby has green skin ("No One Mourns the Wicked"). Glinda arrives to congratulate Dorothy Gale (unseen though frequently mentioned) for restoring peace to the land until an Ozian asks her if Elphaba and she were friends. She reluctantly admits that they were, leading Glinda to tell them the story of how they became best friends. A flashback starts with a scene at school, Shiz University, when Elphaba arrives ("Dear Old Shiz"). Elphaba was believed to be the daughter of the governor of Munchkinland, although we know her real father is the man her mother had an affair with. Her father resented her and showered his affection on her younger sister, Nessarose, who is physically disabled and uses a wheelchair. The two sisters both go to Shiz University, where the beautiful and popular Glinda, formerly known as Galinda, is also in their class. As their father says goodbye, he gives Nessarose a pair of silver slippers. The headmistress, Madame Morrible, decides to take Nessarose under her protection, leaving Elphaba and Galinda as roommates to their chagrin. Elphaba attempts to take back her sister, and her anger manifests physically in an explosion. Madame Morrible recognizes that Elphaba has special powers and decides to teach her sorcery. She tells Elphaba her powers might allow her to one day work with the Wonderful Wizard of Oz, something Elphaba has dreamed of her whole life ("The Wizard and I"). All of this does little to endear Elphaba to Galinda, and the feeling is mutual ("What is this Feeling?"). They fight constantly, even in their classes, such as their history class with Dr. Dillamond, the only Animal (a sentient goat) professor at the university, who is beginning to suffer from discrimination. He tells Elphaba a conspiracy is afoot to stop Animals from speaking, and she wants to let the Wizard know, for he would surely stop it ("Something Bad").

Later, Fiyero Tigelaar, an Arjiki prince from the Vinkus, has arrived at Shiz and shares his life philosophy. They all decide to have an orientation party at the Ozdust Ball that evening. Boq, a Munchkin who has developed a crush on Galinda, tries to invite her to the party, but she convinces him to ask Nessarose out of pity, leaving Galinda free to go with Fiyero. Nessarose, who has a crush on Boq, is delighted and tells her sister how Galinda made it happen. When Galinda gives an ugly hat to Elphaba to wear at the party, Elphaba takes it as an act of kindness. At the party that evening, Boq tries to tell Nessarose the real reason he invited her, but is too nice to hurt her feelings ("Dancing Through Life"). She continues to fall for him. Madame Morrible arrives to tell Galinda she can join her sorcery class, at Elphaba's obliging request. Elphaba arrives wearing the witch's hat, only to find the other students laughing and staring while she awkwardly dances alone. Galinda feels regretful and goes to dance with Elphaba. Soon, everyone joins them, and the two girls look at each other in a new light.

Back in their room, they continue to bond. Galinda decides to give Elphaba a makeover ("Popular"). When Elphaba arrives at class the next day, Fiyero sees Galinda's influence and tells Elphaba that she does not need to change. Dr. Dillamond enters to tell the class that he has been excommunicated. Elphaba wants to help, but no one will stand up with her. Afterward, the students are introduced to the cage, which will keep animals controlled, so they never learn to speak. Elphaba's fury cannot be contained, and in the ensuing chaos, Fiyero and she steal the lion cub in the cage and escape.

Fiyero is disillusioned about what transpired, but is taken by Elphaba's passion. She begins to fall in love with him and they share a tender moment before he leaves to free the lion cub. Elphaba reminds herself that it is pointless to wish for something to happen between them ("I'm Not that Girl"). Madame Morrible comes to tell her that the Wizard has decided to meet her. Nessarose and Galinda come to see her off, and Fiyero meets her, too. Galinda tries to win Fiyero's respect by changing her name to "Glinda", in solidarity with Dr. Dillamond, who always mispronounced her name, but Fiyero is not impressed, saying goodbye to Elphaba, instead. Elphaba invites Glinda to the Emerald City with her ("One Short Day").

The girls meet the Wizard, who turns out to be not quite as intimidating as they thought ("A Sentimental Man"). He promises Elphaba that he will grant her request if she proves herself. Madame Morrible appears; she is the Wizard's new "press secretary". She gives Elphaba an ancient book of spells, called the Grimmerie, which only the magically gifted can read. Elphaba is asked to try a levitation spell on the Wizard's monkey servant, Chistery. However, the spell does not go the way Elphaba plans when Chistery sprouts wings, and she realizes that the Wizard is the one behind the suppression of the Animals. Elphaba realizes the Wizard has no powers; he is merely a fraud. He offers Glinda and her everything they have ever wanted if they will help him, but Elphaba is unwilling to comply. She runs away, and to prevent the truth from getting out, Madame Morrible spreads reports that Elphaba is a "wicked witch". This only reaffirms Elphaba's belief that she must not let anyone hold her down. She performs a spell on a broom and flies away from the Emerald City, never to return ("Defying Gravity").

Act II

Some time later, Elphaba's opposition of the Wizard's regime has earned her the title "the Wicked Witch of the West". Glinda has become the positive public front of the Wizard's regime, given the title "Glinda the Good" and positioned by Morrible as the nation's defender against the Witch ("No One Mourns The Wicked (Reprise)"). A press conference to celebrate Fiyero's appointment as captain of the guard (a position he has accepted to find Elphaba) is hijacked by the crowd's panicked rumors about the Witch, including a story that she will be melted by water. Fiyero is incredulous and not convinced by Glinda's insistence that Elphaba does not want to be found. He is further angered when Morrible announces his engagement to Glinda and runs off. Glinda attempts to keep a cheerful front for the press, but clearly, she realizes her dream life has come at a great price ("Thank Goodness").

Elphaba pays a visit to Nessarose, who is now the governor of Munchkinland following the death of their father, whom Nessarose says "died of shame" when he heard what Elphaba did. Nessarose has taken away the rights of the Munchkins in a desperate attempt to keep Boq at her side. Elphaba tries to convince her sister to side with her against the Wizard, but Nessarose is more concerned with her own problems. Elphaba tries to help by giving Nessarose the power to walk by turning the silver slippers into the "ruby slippers". Convinced that Boq must love her now, Nessarose calls for him, but he only sees this as proof that she does not need him anymore. Hurt, Nessarose takes Elphaba's spell book and tries to cast a spell to make Boq fall in love with her. However, the spell backfires, making her the "Wicked Witch of the East", shrinking Boq's heart ("The Wicked Witch Of The East"). Elphaba must work another spell to save his life, if in a slightly different condition than he was before. When Boq awakens, he is disgusted at his new state as a man made of tin, and Nessarose tells him that it was Elphaba who did this to him.

Elphaba returns to the Wizard's palace to free the monkey servants, and comes across the Wizard himself. He tries once again to convince her to work with him, telling her that he is not evil - just an average man who came into his position by chance, led to stay by the reverence of the Ozians, and he offers to redeem Elphaba's reputation ("Wonderful"). She is almost won over until she sees Dr. Dillamond, who has lost the power of speech. Angered by this, Elphaba accuses the Wizard, but he calls the guards to arrest Elphaba for fraud. In response, Fiyero and the guards enter, followed by Glinda. However, Fiyero instead helps Elphaba escape and decides to leave with her. Although broken hearted of Fiyero switching sides with Elphaba ("I'm Not that Girl (Reprise)"), Glinda suggests to the Wizard and Madame Morrible that the way to apprehend Elphaba is to use her sister as bait, allowing the officials to recapture Elphaba once and for all.

Elphaba and Fiyero are both taken by surprise by the strength of their feelings for each other, and promise to be together always ("As Long As You're Mine"). Their happiness is interrupted when Elphaba suddenly has a vision of a house flying through the sky and Nessarose being in danger. Before Elphaba leaves to investigate, Fiyero tells her about a castle that his family owns in which she can stay.

Glinda and Elphaba meet again at the site where Nessarose has been crushed by a house with a girl named Dorothy Gale inside. Fueled by the rivalry over Fiyero, the two have a heated argument. The guards arrive and tackle Elphaba, who guesses that Glinda arranged for all of this as a trap. Fiyero arrives, as well, and holds Glinda hostage until Elphaba is allowed to go free. Glinda pleads for the guards not to harm him, but they do not listen, as they escort Fiyero to the field where they can interrogate and torture him (by crucifixion) into revealing Elphaba's whereabouts. Elphaba tries to cast a spell to protect him, but is crestfallen by the limitations of her power. She decides that from this point on, she will live up to her reputation as the Wicked Witch of the West ("No Good Deed").

Later, back at Oz's capital, all of Oz's citizens unite, declaring war on Elphaba due to Madame Morrible and Boq's testimony against her. Meanwhile, Glinda has realized Morrible, who can control the weather, is responsible for Nessarose's death, but when she is about to accuse her, Morrible simply reminds her that blood is on her hands, as well. Feeling guilty for her association, Glinda flees in horror to warn Elphaba, as the angry mob sets out to take Kiamo Ko by force ("March of the Witch Hunters").

Back at Kiamo Ko, Elphaba has already captured Dorothy, refusing to release her until she relinquishes Nessarose's slippers – the only things left of her dead sister. Glinda travels to Elphaba's castle to warn her of the danger and persuade her to let Dorothy go. Elphaba refuses until she receives a letter saying that Fiyero has died. The two women forgive each other, acknowledging they have both made mistakes. To help her in her future, Elphaba gives the Grimmerie to Glinda. The two friends embrace for the last time before saying goodbye ("For Good"). As the mob arrives, Elphaba tells Glinda to hide, and she watches helplessly from the shadows as Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, who appears to disintegrate. Shaken, Glinda sees that all that remains of her friend is her black hat and the small bottle of green elixir.

In the Emerald City, Glinda confronts the Wizard with Elphaba's bottle, which he recognizes as identical to his own. He was Elphaba's biological father and the cause of her green skin. He breaks down in sorrow, and Madame Morrible surmises that Elphaba's powers were so strong because she was a child of two worlds. Glinda banishes the Wizard from Oz and sends Madame Morrible to prison for murder.

Meanwhile, back at the castle, Fiyero (now a scarecrow) comes to the spot where Elphaba was melted. Making sure that no one is watching, he knocks on the floor and out from a trap door steps Elphaba, very much alive; the entire thing was a ruse to convince her enemies of her death and to ensure her future with Fiyero, who was transformed into the scarecrow by her spell unintentionally. Before leaving, Elphaba regrets that she will never see Glinda again and tell her that they are alive. Simultaneously, returning to the musical's starting point, Glinda promises the people of Oz to properly earn her title as Glinda the Good. As the people celebrate and Glinda mourns, Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz together forever ("Finale").

Original cast members

Notes

• Kristy Cates began the 1st National Tour as Elphaba on March 8, 2005, while Block was out due to injury, and Block returned to the role on March 25, 2005.
• Victoria Matlock became the first standby for Elphaba on the first national tour on March 8, 2006.
• Laura Bell Bundy became the first standby for Glinda on Broadway in November 2003.
• Neither US or UK & Irish national tour has/had a Glinda standby.
• Stephanie J. Block read the part of Elphaba while the show was being developed, but was eventually replaced by Menzel, who already had a Tony nomination under her belt.^[22]
• Nikki Davis-Jones, Liam Doyle, Dale Rapley and George Ure left the UK tour production in September 2014 after it finished its run at the Birmingham Hippodrome and were replaced by Ashleigh Gray, Samuel Edwards, Steven Pinder and Richard Vincent respectively from the Liverpool Empire until the tour closed at The Lowry, Salford in July 2015.
• Due to the ill health of Jacqueline Hughes during the international tour, her standby Jodie Steele was credited in programmes as an alternate.

Notable replacements

• Elphaba: Shoshana Bean, Caroline Bowman, Eden Espinosa, Stephanie J. Block, Jackie Burns, Kerry Ellis, Ana Gasteyer, Mandy Gonzalez, Caissie Levy, Lindsay Mendez, Julia Murney, Rachel Tucker, Jessica Vosk, Donna Vivino, Teal Wicks, Natalie McQueen, Nicole Parker
• Glinda: Annaleigh Ashford, Laura Bell Bundy, Katie Rose Clarke, Amanda Jane Cooper, Megan Hilty, Kara Lindsay, Alli Mauzey, Carrie St. Louis, Jennifer Laura Thompson
• The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: George Hearn, Ben Vereen, David Garrison, Lenny Wolpe, PJ Benjamin, Tom McGowan, Fred Applegate, Peter Scolari, Kevin Chamberlin,
• Fiyero: Taye Diggs, Andy Karl, Derek Klena, Kyle Dean Massey, Aaron Tveit, Ashley Parker Angel, Ryan McCartan, Joey McIntyre, Sebastian Arcelus, Justin Guarini
• Madame Morrible: Rue McClanahan, Carol Kane, Jayne Houdyshell, Miriam Margoyles, Rondi Reed, Michele Lee, Judy Kaye, Sheryl Lee Ralph
• Nessarose: Kelli Barrett, Jenna Leigh Green
• Boq: Etai Benson, Alex Brightman, Robin de Jesús, Taylor Trensch

Notable cast members

• Louise Dearman is the first actress to date to have played both Glinda and Elphaba full time, having played Glinda from 2010–2011 and Elphaba from 2012-2013, both in the West End production.^[23]
• Marcie Dodd is the only actress to date to have played both Elphaba and Nessarose full time when she starred as Elphaba on Broadway after playing Nessarose in Los Angeles.^[24]
• Gina Beck was the first performer to play Glinda on both sides of the Atlantic (West End and 1st National Tour productions).^[25]
• Willemijn Verkaik, who had created the role of Elphaba for the German and Dutch productions previously, joined the Broadway production for a limited run in 2013, becoming the first actress to have appeared in three different language productions.^[26] Later that year, she transferred to the London company and made her West End debut.^[27]
• Jennifer DiNoia has played the role in four countries (seven productions), more than any other actress and became the fourth actress to have played the role on both Broadway and the West End.^[28]
• Miriam Margolyes is the only actress to date to have played Madame Morrible in the West End (original cast) and on Broadway, when she repeated her performance at the Gershwin in 2008.^[29]
• Tom McGowan is the only actor to date to have played The Wizard on both Broadway and the West End, when he joined the London company in 2015.^[30]
• Suzie Mathers is the only actor to date to have played Glinda in both the UK and Australia.^[31][32]
• Willemijn Verkaik is the longest running Elphaba, having played the role over 2,000 times.^[33]
• Danna Paola is the youngest actress to play the role of Elphaba at 18 years old at the time of opening, with Sabrina Weckerlin (Stand-By for the German production) being the second youngest at 21 years old.^[34]
• In July 2017, Sophie Evans became the youngest actress to play the role of Glinda on the West End, aged 24 at the start of her contract.^[35]
• Amy Goodwin, of the second UK tour, holds the rare distinction of covering both roles of Elphaba and Glinda on the same contract.
• Since 23 July 2018, identical twins, Luke and Tom Woollaston, star in the ensemble of two different productions of Wicked at the same time, with Luke appearing in the U.K. Tour and Tom appearing in the West End production.^[36]

Music analysis

	The Wicked overture The first 15 bars of the overture; note the identical chord progression to "As Long as You're Mine"
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The score of Wicked is heavily thematic, bearing in some senses more resemblance to a film score than a traditional musical score.^[38] While many musical scores employ new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap, Schwartz integrated a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production. Some of these motifs indicate irony – for example, when Galinda presents Elphaba with a "ghastly" hat in "Dancing through Life", the score reprises a theme from "What is this Feeling?" a few scenes earlier,^[38] in which Elphaba and Glinda had espoused their mutual loathing.

Two musical themes in Wicked run throughout the score. Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works,^[38] the first – Elphaba's theme – came from The Survival of St. Joan, on which he worked as musical director.^[38] "I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it," he remarked in an interview in 2004.^[38] The chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a major theme of the show's orchestration. By changing the instruments that carry the motif in each instance, Schwartz enables the same melody to convey different moods. In the overture, the tune is carried by the orchestra's brass section, with heavy percussion. The result is, in Schwartz' own words, "like a giant shadow terrorizing you".^[38] When played by the piano with some electric bass in "As Long As You're Mine", however, the same chord progression becomes the basis for a romantic duet. And with new lyrics and an altered bridge, the theme forms the core of the song "No One Mourns the Wicked" and its reprises.^[38]

Schwartz uses the "Unlimited" theme as the second major motif running through the score. Although not included as a titled song, the theme appears as an interlude in several of the musical numbers. In a tribute to Harold Arlen, who wrote the score for the 1939 film adaptation, the "Unlimited" melody incorporates the first seven notes of the song "Over the Rainbow." Schwartz included it as an inside joke as, "according to copyright law, when you get to the eighth note, then people can come and say, 'Oh you stole our tune.' And of course obviously it's also disguised in that it's completely different rhythmically. And it's also harmonized completely differently.... It's over a different chord and so on, but still it's the first seven notes of 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow'".^[38] Schwartz further obscured the motif's origin by setting it in a minor key in most instances. This also creates contrast in the songs in which it forms a part, for example in "Defying Gravity", which is written primarily in the key of D-flat major.^[39] In the song "The Wicked Witch of the East", however, when Elphaba finally uses her powers to let her sister walk, the "Unlimited" theme is played in a major key.^[38]

Recordings

A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on December 16, 2003, by Universal Music. All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of "The Wizard and I (Reprise)" and "The Wicked Witch of the East". The short reprise of "No One Mourns the Wicked" that opens Act II is attached to the beginning of "Thank Goodness".^[40] The music was arranged by Stephen Oremus, who was also the conductor and musical director and James Lynn Abbott, with orchestrations by William David Brohn.^[40] The recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005^[41] and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30, 2006.^[42] The album was certified double platinum on November 8, 2010.^[43] A fifth-anniversary special edition of the original Broadway cast recording was released on October 28, 2008, with a bonus CD including tracks from the Japanese and German cast recordings, "Making Good" – a song later replaced by "The Wizard and I" – sung by Stephanie J. Block with Schwartz at the piano, "I'm Not that Girl" by Kerry Ellis (featuring Brian May on guitar), Menzel's dance mix of "Defying Gravity" and "For Good" sung by LeAnn Rimes and Delta Goodrem.^[44]

A German recording of the Stuttgart production was released on December 7, 2007, featuring a track listing and arrangements identical to those of the Broadway recording.^[45] The Japanese cast recording was released on July 23, 2008, featuring the original Tokyo cast. It is notable for being the only Cast Album of the show that includes Glinda's Finale dialogue.^[46]

Orchestration

Original Broadway production

Wicked officially opened on June 10, 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28, in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN.^[54] The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Robert Morse as the Wizard, Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero, Michelle Federer as Nessarose, Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible, John Horton as Doctor Dillamond, and Kirk McDonald as Boq^[15][55] while Stephanie J. Block, who originally read the role of Elphaba in workshop development, served as an ensemble member and understudied the lead role.^[56] The tryout closed on June 29, 2003, and after extensive retooling,^[15] the musical began previews on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and made its official premiere on October 30. Most of the original production team and cast members remained with the show, with the exception of some minor ensemble changes and the replacement of Robert Morse with Joel Grey as the Wizard, John Horton with William Youmans as Doctor Dillamond and Kirk McDonald with Christopher Fitzgerald as Boq,^[57] while Eden Espinosa and Laura Bell Bundy were added as standbys for Elphaba and Glinda respectively.

North American productions

In 2005, the first national tour of Wicked (called the "Emerald City Tour" by the producers)^[58] started in Toronto, Ontario, and has since visited numerous cities throughout the United States and Canada.^[15] Stephanie J. Block was set to open the tour as Elphaba with previews beginning March 8, but after having sustained a minor injury in rehearsal, Kristy Cates temporarily took her place. Previews were therefore postponed until the following day. After some delay, Block made her debut on March 25, and the tour officially opened on March 31. The original touring cast also included Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Derrick Williams as Fiyero, Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Logan Lipton as Boq, and David Garrison as the Wizard. After a decade of shows, the tour concluded at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on March 15, 2015.^[58] The tour played 4,160 performances at 124 engagements, and grossed over $790 million (an average of $1.5 million a week). It was seen by 10.3 million people in 55 cities. The closing cast included Jennifer DiNoia as Elphaba, Chandra Lee Schwartz as Glinda, Nick Adams as Fiyero, Kim Zimmer as Madam Morrible, Tim Kazurinsky as The Wizard, Jenny Florkowski as Nessarose, Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond and Etai Benson as Boq.

While the original touring cast intended to play a limited engagement from April 29 to June 12, 2005 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, producers decided to extend it to an open-ended run, making it the first non-Broadway sit-down production of Wicked.^[59] Opening at the same Chicago theatre the day after the touring production had finished, the original Chicago cast included Ana Gasteyer as Elphaba, Kate Reinders as Glinda, Rondi Reed as Madame Morrible, Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero, Telly Leung as Boq, Heidi Kettenring as Nessarose and Gene Weygandt as the Wizard.^[60] The production closed on January 25, 2009, after over 1,500 performances.^[61] The touring production returned to Chicago for a special engagement at the Cadillac Palace Theatre from December 1, 2010 to January 23, 2011.^[62][63] In celebration of the musical's 10th anniversary, the tour played an eight-week return engagement, returning to the Oriental Theatre, from October 30 through December 21, 2013.^[64]

An open-ended production also appeared in Los Angeles, California at the Pantages Theatre. Performances began on February 10, 2007, with an official opening on February 21. Megan Hilty and original Broadway standby Eden Espinosa were Glinda and Elphaba respectively^[65] while Carol Kane was Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker was Doctor Dillamond, Jenna Leigh Green was Nessarose, Adam Wylie was Boq, Kristoffer Cusick was Fiyero, and John Rubinstein was the Wizard.^[66] The production closed on January 11, 2009, after 791 performances and 12 previews.^[67] The first national touring production returned to the Pantages Theatre for a limited engagement from November 30, 2011 until January 29, 2012.^[68] Another engagement played at the Pantages Theatre for an extended run lasting from December 10, 2014 until the tour's closing performance on March 15, 2015.^[69] This LA production was also featured in "Something Wicked This Way Comes", a 2007 episode of Ugly Betty, as the Broadway production of Wicked, which is a major setting and plot point of the episode.

A San Francisco production of Wicked officially opened February 6, 2009, at SHN's Orpheum Theatre, following previews from January 27.^[70] The cast included Teal Wicks as Elphaba, Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Nicolas Dromard as Fiyero, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, David Garrison as the Wizard, Deedee Magno Hall as Nessarose, Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond, and Eddy Rioseco as Boq.^[71][72] The production closed on September 5, 2010, after 672 performances and 12 previews with Marcie Dodd as Elphaba and Alli Mauzey as Glinda. The first national touring company ended their second San Francisco engagement at the Orpheum Theatre, which ran January 23–February 17, 2013.^[73]

The second national tour of Wicked (called the "Munchkinland Tour")^[58] began in 2009 with previews on March 7 and official opening night on March 12 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers, Florida.^[74] Like the first, this touring production has since visited numerous cities throughout North America. The original cast starred Marcie Dodd as Elphaba, Heléne Yorke as Glinda, Colin Donnell as Fiyero, Kristine Reese as Nessarose, Marilyn Caskey as Madame Morrible, David deVries as Doctor Dillamond, Ted Ely as Boq and Tom McGowan as the Wizard.^[75]

London

The West End production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7, and officially opened on September 27, 2006. The production celebrated its fifth anniversary in 2011 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members.^[76] The London production was tailored slightly for a British audience, including minor creative changes to dialogue, choreography and special effects. A majority of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked.^[77] The changes include Elphaba meeting Fiyero when he first arrives at Shiz University. In addition, the waltz between Elphaba and the Wizard during Wonderful was removed.

The West End production reunited the show's original creative team with Idina Menzel, who had originated the role of Elphaba in the Broadway production.^[78] Original London cast members included Helen Dallimore as Glinda, Miriam Margolyes as Madame Morrible, Adam Garcia as Fiyero, Martin Ball as Doctor Dillamond, James Gillan as Boq, Katie Rowley Jones as Nessarose and Nigel Planer as the Wizard. After her limited engagement, Menzel was succeeded by Kerry Ellis, who became the first British woman to play the role of Elphaba and the following year, the second actress to play Elphaba on both Broadway and in the West End productions.

An autism-friendly performance was given on 14 May 2016 in conjunction with the National Autistic Society.^[79] Wicked London celebrated its 10th anniversary on September 27, 2016, with Rachel Tucker reprising her role. The cast also included Suzie Mathers and Anita Dobson.

U.K. and Ireland Tours

The show began its first national tour of the UK and Ireland on September 12, 2013 at the Palace Theatre in Manchester, where it is played to November 16. It then played Dublin in 2013, and in 2014, Milton Keynes, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Birmingham, Liverpool, Southampton and Edinburgh. In 2015, the tour visited Plymouth, Bristol, Sunderland and Aberdeen, before concluding in Salford on July 25, 2015.^[80]

The original cast comprised former West End standby Nikki Davis-Jones as Elphaba, with former ensemble member of the West End production, Emily Tierney, as Glinda. Alongside them were Liam Doyle as Fiyero, Marilyn Cutts as Madame Morrible, Carina Gillespie as Nessarose and George Ure, who was reprising his role as Boq from the West End production. For the first time, the roles of The Wizard and Doctor Dillamond were played by a single actor, Dale Rapley. At the time, the only other actor to play both roles in a single performance was London's David Stoller in November 2008, but this was only due to the absence of several actors.^[81]

Another former West End standby, Ashleigh Gray, took over as Elphaba for the tour's second contract run, making her the second actress after Davis-Jones to have played the role in both the West End and the UK touring production. Originally, Davis-Jones was due to leave in order to return to the London company and lead its cast, however, it was later announced that, towards the end of her run in August 2014 she had withdrawn from the tour and subsequently would not be appearing in the West End.^[82]

A second UK and Ireland Tour is due to begin in December 2017 and continue to run until at least January 2019.^[83] Casting for the Tour was announced in September 2017, with Wicked newcomer Amy Ross starring as Elphaba, and Helen Woolf - a former Glinda understudy in the West End and UK National Tour productions - starring as Glinda. Former International Tour cast members Iddon Jones (Boq), Emily Shaw (Nessarose), Kim Ismay (Madame Morrible) and Steven Pinder (Doctor Dillamond & The Wizard) reprise their previous roles, while the cast is rounded out by Wicked newcomer Aaron Sidwell as Fiyero. Nikki Bentley also joins the production as the Standby for Elphaba.^[84]

International Tour

Wicked's first International Tour opened on July 13, 2016 at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England. Jacqueline Hughes stars as Elphaba with Jodie Steele as her alternate, with Carly Anderson as Glinda and Bradley Jaden as Fiyero. A large portion of the cast are alumni from the previous UK and Ireland tour.

After its stop in Bradford, the tour moved to Asia, first playing at the Grand Theater in Singapore. It then moved to the Lyric Theatre (HK Academy of Performing Arts) in Hong Kong, marking the first ever professional production of Wicked in Hong Kong. It is currently playing in Manila at The Theatre Solaire, marking Manila's first professional production of Wicked.

After its stop in Manila, the tour will head to Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Istanbul. Further dates are unconfirmed.

Australian productions

Australian productions have played at the Regent Theatre, Melbourne (left) and the Capitol Theatre, Sydney (right)

An Australian production officially opened on July 12, 2008, with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne.^[85]

Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba, with Lucy Durack as Glinda. The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero, Anthony Callea as Boq, Rob Guest as the Wizard, Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible, Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond.^[86] Guest unexpectedly died months into the Melbourne season, with the role being taken up by Bert Newton.^[87]

Closing in Melbourne August 9, 2009, the show transferred to Sydney's Capitol Theatre. Previews began on September 5, 2009, with the official opening on September 12. Shortly into the run, Harrison was forced to leave the role of Elphaba, so current standby Jemma Rix and Australian theatre veteran Pippa Grandison began to share the role, each appearing in four shows per week.^[88] Eventually, it was confirmed that she would not be returning to the cast.^[89]

Closing in Sydney September 26, 2010, the production embarked on a national Australian tour which began at the QPAC Lyric Theatre in Brisbane. After a two-week delay due to the Queensland floods, performances began January 25, 2011, and ran until April 2. Rix became the sole lead Elphaba^[90] with David Harris joining as the new Fiyero.^[91]

The touring production then moved to the Festival Centre in Adelaide, running from April 14 until June 4, 2011, with the final leg of the tour playing the Burswood Theatre in Perth, from June 19 to September 11, 2011, wrapping up more than three years of performances in Australia.^[92]

An Asian tour began at Singapore's Grand Theater in Marina Bay from December 6, 2011 with Suzie Mathers taking over as Glinda opposite Rix.^[93][94][95]

After the Singapore engagement of the tour closed April 22, 2012,^[96] performances began in Seoul, Korea from May 31 through October 6, 2012. The show then made its premiere in New Zealand, with previews taking place on September 17, 2013, and the official opening night on September 21. The Auckland run concluded on November 24, 2013, where it played the Civic Theatre.^[97] The cast then moved on to the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila on a limited run from January 22^[98] through March 9, 2014 after having been extended from its original closing date.^[99]

At the time of the Wicked’s 10th Anniversary on Broadway, the show announced it would return to Australia for a commemorative national tour, beginning in Melbourne on May 10, 2014.^[100] Lucy Durack returned as Glinda, with Jemma Rix continuing as Elphaba.

The final cast included Suzie Mathers (who had returned once Durack announced her pregnancy)^[101][102] as Glinda, Steve Danielsen as Fiyero, Simon Gallaher as the Wizard, Edward Grey as Boq, Emily Cascarino as Nessarose, Glen Hogstrom as Doctor Dillamond and original cast members Jemma Rix as Elphaba and Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible. After seven years and close to 2,000 performances across 8 different cities internationally,Wicked closed indefinitely at the Burswood Theatre in Perth on June 28, 2015.^[103]

The first licensed school production of the show was staged in Sydney by Kambala School (in partnership with Sydney Grammar School, St Mary's Cathedral College, Cranbrook School and Rose Bay Secondary College), directed by Mark Grandison. The production staged four shows from 8 to 12 August 2017.^[104]

Subsequent international productions

A condensed thirty-minute version of the musical played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. Australian Jemma Rix was part of the original cast, alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan. The show, which opened on July 12, 2006, featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but Fiyero, Madame Morrible, Boq, Nessarose and Doctor Dillamond were absent and there were considerable changes in sets and costumes.^[105] The final performance took place on January 11, 2011.^[106] The first replicated non-English and the first Asian production opened in Tokyo, Japan, on June 17, 2007 with Hamada Megumi as Elphaba and Numao Miyuki as Glinda. The production closed on September 6, 2009, in preparation for its transfer to Osaka.^[107] After opening on October 11, 2009, the Osaka production closed on February 13, 2011, featuring Ebata Masae as Elphaba with Tomada Asako as Glinda. The production then moved again to Fukuoka on April 2, 2011 where its original stars were Ebata Masae (Elphaba) and Numao Miyuki (Glinda). After its closure in Fukuoka on August 28, 2011, the production re-located to Nagoya with performances beginning September 23. It starred Masae Ebata and Asako Tomada as Elphaba and Glinda, respectively. Wicked re-opened in Tokyo at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre on August 3, 2013.^[108] The production closed on November 16, 2014. And the Production re-located to Sapporo in May 2016.

Renamed Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz (Wicked: The Witches of Oz), the German production of Wicked began previews on November 1, 2007 and opened on November 15, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart. Willemijn Verkaik played Elphaba, Lucy Scherer played Glinda, Mark Seibert played Fiyero, Angelika Wedekind was Madame Morrible, Nicole Radeschnig was Nessarose, Stefan Stara was Boq, Michael Gunther was Doctor Dillamond, and Carlo Lauber played the Wizard. The production was produced by Stage Entertainment and closed on January 29, 2010, and transferred to Oberhausen^[109] where previews began at the Metronom Theater am CentrO on March 5, 2010, with an opening night of March 8.^[110] The cast featured Willemijn Verkaik as Elphaba, Joana Fee Würz as Glinda, Barbara Raunegger as Madame Morrible, Mathias Edenborn as Fiyero, Janine Tippl as Nessarose, Ben Darmanin as Boq, Thomas Wissmann as Doctor Dillamond, and Carlo Lauber as the Wizard. Willemijn Verkaik left the role of Elphaba in February 2011, after being consistently billed as lead for almost three and a half years between the Stuttgart and Oberhausen productions. The Oberhausen production closed on September 2, 2011.

A brand new production, notable for not being a replica of the original Broadway staging, opened at the City Theatre in Helsinki, Finland on August 26, 2010 after a preview performance took place on August 24. Directed by Hans Berndtsson,^[111] the production stars Maria Ylipää as Elphaba, Anna-Maija Tuokko as Glinda, Tuukka Leppänen as Fiyero, Ursula Salo as Madame Morrible, Vuokko Hovatta as Nessarose, Antti Lang as Boq, Heikki Sankari as Doctor Dillamond, and Eero Saarinen as the Wizard. The second non-replicated production ran in Copenhagen, Denmark from January 12 until May 29, 2011, and was presented by Det Ny Teater.^[112] The cast included Annette Heick as Glinda, Maria Lucia Heiberg Rosenberg as Elphaba, John Martin Bengtsson as Fiyero, Marianne Mortensen as Madame Morrible, Anais Lueken as Nessarose, Kim Hammelsvang Henriksen as Boq, Kristian Boland as Doctor Dillamond and Steen Springborg as the Wizard.^[113]

A Dutch-language production began previews at the Circustheater in Scheveningen, The Netherlands on October 26, 2011 and was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties/Stage Entertainment. The official opening took place on November 6. Willemijn Verkaik reprises her role of Elphaba from the German productions, becoming the first actress to play the role in two different languages.^[114] She is joined by Chantal Janzen as Glinda, Jim Bakkum as Fiyero, Pamela Teves as Madame Morrible, Christanne de Bruijn as Nessarose, Niels Jacobs as Boq, Jochem Feste Roozemond as Doctor Dillamond and Bill van Dijk in the role of the Wizard. As musicals do not usually run for a long open-ended run in the Netherlands, closing night took place as announced on January 11, 2013, following a 14-month run.

The first Spanish-language production opened in Mexico City, Mexico on October 17, 2013, following previews from October 10. Produced by OCESA Teatro, the replica production plays at the Teatro Telcel.^[115] Former child star, Danna Paola, shares the role of Elphaba with Ana Cecilia Anzaldúa, making the 18-year-old Paola the youngest actress in history to take on the role. They are both joined by Cecilia de la Cueva and Majo Pérez as Glinda, Jorge Lau as Fiyero, Anahi Allué as Madame Morrible, Marisol Meneses as Nessarose, Adam Sadwing as Boq and Beto Torres as Doctor Dillamond. Eugenio Montessoro was originally cast as the Wizard, but was replaced during previews by Paco Morales, for unknown reasons. Sebastian Treviño and Estibalitz Ruiz are recurrent Boq and Nessa Understudies and play the roles once a week.

The first Korean-language production began performances in Seoul on November 22, 2013 and is an all-new replica production. This production, located at the Charlotte Theater in Songpa, ran from November 22, 2013, to October 5, 2014.^[116]

In November 2015, the company "Time For Fun", a leading company in the entertainment market in Latin America, announced the adaptation of the musical in Brazil, that debuted in March 2016 at the Renault Theatre in São Paulo. It is the largest stage that the musical has been mounted on yet.^[117]

Awards and nominations

The original Broadway production of Wicked was nominated for 10 Tony Awards in 2004, including Best Musical; Book; Orchestrations; Original Score; Choreography; Costume Design; Lighting Design; Scenic Design while receiving two nominations for Best Actress – for Menzel and Chenoweth.^[125] Menzel won the Best Actress award, and the show also won the Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume Design, notably losing Best Book, Original Score and ultimately Best Musical to Avenue Q.^[126] The same year, the show won 6 Drama Desk Awards out of 11 nominations, including Outstanding Musical, Book, Director and Costume Design^[127][128] in addition to winning 4 Outer Critics Circle Awards out of 10 nominations. The original Broadway cast recording also received the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album.

Subsequent productions have received awards and nominations. The West End production received 5 Laurence Olivier Award nominations^[129] and later won the Audience Award for Most Popular Show at the 2010 award ceremony.^[130] The original Australian production received 6 Helpmann Awards out of 12 nominations, including Best Musical. Wicked was named the Best Musical of the Decade by Entertainment Weekly magazine and hailed "a cultural phenomenon" by Variety magazine.^[131] While not technically an "award", the character of Elphaba was named 79th on Entertainment Weekly's list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Past 20 Years.^[132]

Critical reception

The Broadway production opened on October 30, 2003, to mixed to positive reviews from theatre critics.^[133][134] Chenoweth received nearly unanimous praise for her performances as Glinda while Menzel received mixed-to-positive reviews for her performance as Elphaba. Both USA Today and Time Magazine gave the Broadway production of Wicked very positive reviews, with Richard Zoglin of Time saying, "If every musical had a brain, a heart and the courage of Wicked, Broadway really would be a magical place."^[135] Elysa Gardner of USA Today described it as "the most complete, and completely satisfying, new musical I've come across in a long time."^[136] Conversely, Ben Brantley in the New York Times loved the production but panned the show itself, calling it a "sermon" that "so overplays its hand that it seriously dilutes its power," with a "generic" score. He noted that Glinda is such a showy role that the audience ends up rooting for her rather than the "surprisingly colorless" Elphaba, who is "nominally" the hero.^[137] Despite these mixed reviews, interest in Wicked spread quickly by word-of-mouth, leading to record-breaking success at the box office, as described below. Speaking to The Arizona Republic in 2006, Schwartz commented, "What can I say? Reviews are reviews.... I know we divided the critics. We didn't divide the audience, and that's what counts."^[136][138]

International productions have opened to similarly ambivalent critical reception. The West End production opened to a slightly more upbeat response. The majority of critics have appreciated the spectacle of the lavish production, and the "powerhouse" performances of actors in the roles of the two witches. However, contemporaries have characterized the production as overblown, occasionally preachy, and suffering from more hype than heart. Although Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph described it as "at times ... a bit of a mess," he praised Holzman's script, described Kenneth Posner's lighting design as "magical" and lauded Menzel's Elphaba and Helen Dallimore's Glinda.^[139] Michael Billington of The Guardian gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors; however, he complained that Wicked was "all too typical of the modern Broadway musical: efficient, knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind".^[140] Paul Taylor of The Independent gave extremely negative remarks to his viewing of the London production, calling the attempt at topical political allegory "well-meaning but also melodramatic, incoherent and dreadfully superficial" while deploring the acting, songs and book, concluding that "the production manages to feel at once overblown and empty."^[141]

Commercial reception

Since its opening in 2003, the original Broadway production of Wicked has broken the house record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times. It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week, making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway.^[142][143] With a $14 million capitalization, the Broadway production took 15 months to break even, earning back its initial investment by December 21, 2004.^[15] In its first year, it grossed more than $56 million.^[144] In the week ending January 1, 2006, Wicked broke the record, previously held by the musical The Producers, for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934.^[145] It has gone on to break its own record numerous times, reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006,^[146] $1,839,950, during the 2007 Christmas week, $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29, 2009,^[147] $2,125,740 just a few weeks later for the eight performances ending January 3, 2010,^[148] and over $2.2 million in the week ending January 2, 2011.^[149] In the first week of 2012, the Broadway production broke a record again, earning $2.7 million. Wicked once again broke this record in the final week of 2012 when it grossed $2.9 million.^[150] In the final weekend of 2013, Wicked became the first musical to gross $3 million in one week.^[6]

Wicked's productions across North America and abroad have been equally financially successful. The Los Angeles production took the local weekly gross record, again from a performance of The Producers, bringing in $1,786,110 in the week ending March 4, 2007.^[151] The production joined its Broadway counterpart in setting a new record over Christmas 2007 with $1,949,968, with records also set in Chicago ($1,418,363),^[152] and St Louis ($2,291,608),^[153] to bring the collective gross of the seven worldwide productions to a world record-breaking $11.2 million.^[154] A new suite of records were set over Christmas 2010, with house records broken in San Francisco ($1,485,692), Providence ($1,793,764) and Schenectady ($1,657,139) as well as Broadway, bringing the musical's one-week gross in North America alone to $7,062,335.^[155]

Wicked played to more than 2 million visitors in Chicago with a gross of over $200 million, making it the highest-grossing show in Chicago history by June 2007.^[156][157] With an opening-week gross of $1,400,000, it continually set records and became the longest-running Broadway musical in Chicago history.^[158][159] Producer David Stone told Variety, "we thought it [the Chicago production] would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago."^[160] In addition, over 2.2 million saw the touring production in its first two years, which grossed over $155 million^[161] The Los Angeles production grossed over $145 million and was seen by more than 1.8 million patrons.^[162] Over the 672 performances of the San Francisco production, Wicked sold over 1 million tickets with a cumulative gross of over $75 million.^[163] While the Broadway production of Wicked welcomed its 5 millionth audience member on September 29, 2010,^[164]

International productions of Wicked have matched the extremely positive reception at the box-office. Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses,^[165] the West End production of Wicked claimed to take the record for highest one-week gross in December 2006, taking £761,000 in the week ending December 30.^[166][167] On June 23, 2008, the producers reported that over 1.4 million people had seen the London production since its opening, and grosses had topped £50 million;^[168] The same reports stated that the show has consistently been one of the two highest-grossing shows in the West End.^[167] For the week commencing December 27, 2010, the London production grossed £1,002,885, the highest single-week gross in West End theatre history,^[169] with over 20,000 theatregoers attending the nine performances of Wicked that week.^[170] The Melbourne production broke Australian box-office records, selling 24,750 tickets in three hours during pre-sales and grossing over $1.3 million on the first business day after its official opening.^[171] On April 27, 2009, the production passed the milestone of 500,000 patrons.^[172] When it transferred to Sydney, the production broke "all previous weekly box office records for a musical at the Capitol Theatre, grossing $1,473,775.70" in one week during October 2009.^[173]

In the week ending October 17, 2010, Wicked became only the third musical in Broadway history to exceed $500 million in total gross. By seats sold on Broadway, it ranks tenth of all time.^[174] As of September 2011, Wicked's North American and international companies have cumulatively grossed nearly $2.5 billion and have been seen by nearly 30 million people worldwide.^[175] The original production still runs today and currently stands as the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history.^[1][176] Wicked celebrated its 1,000th performance on Broadway on March 23, 2006.^[177] Several other productions have also reached the 1,000th performance milestone, including the first North American touring company on August 15, 2007,^[178] the Chicago company on November 14, 2007,^[158] the West End company on February 14, 2009,^[179] the Australian company on May 7, 2011^[180] and the second North American touring company on August 4, 2011.^[181]

Behind the Emerald Curtain

The success of the Broadway production has led to the development of an auxiliary show, Behind the Emerald Curtain, created by Sean McCourt – an original Broadway production cast member who played the Witch's Father, among other roles, in addition to understudying the Wizard and Doctor Dillamond, before taking over the latter principal role – and Anthony Galde who was a long-running swing in the Broadway company from 2004 to 2012. The tour features a ninety-minute behind-the-scenes look at the props, masks, costumes and sets used in the show, and includes a question-and-answer session with the cast members. The Broadway tour is currently led by McCourt and long-running ensemble member and Glinda understudy Lindsay K. Northen.^[182] The tour also featured in the Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago sit-down productions, and were each run by different long-serving cast members of the show. The tour provides a behind the scenes look at what goes into putting on the show every day. Participants get a first hand account of what it is like to be a part of the massive production that Wicked is.^[183] To create Elphaba's Green skin look, 40 pots a year of the commercially available MAC Chromacake landscape green make-up is used. It is water based for easy removal. ^[184]