Munchkin

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by L. Frank Baum

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in mere speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word "Munchkin".[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that "Munchkin" came from the German word "Männchen", which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen, whose name is now similar to the word "fabulous". This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.[1][4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Appearances

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

- L. Frank Baum

The munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road, and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "munchkin maiden" whom the Tin Woodman once loved.[5]

Baum also included the munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book entitled Ozma of Oz, and is later brought back in Baum's twelfth book The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character whom is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Another munchkin that appears in that book is Tommy Kwikstep, whom is granted a wish for running an errand for a witch which gave him 20 legs. The mystery "munchkin maiden" from the first book is also given the name Nimmie Amee in The Tin Woodman of Oz, which overall tells about the tin woodman's origin.[5] Lastly, the munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book The Patchwork Girl of Oz where he is accidentally turned to stone. His nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on May 6, 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name, and include among other characters the Munchkins. There is at least one known munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection, he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing." The munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and Musicals

Early works (1902-1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902 which was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The munchkins make their appearance in act one called "The Storm" in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. None of the these films though included the munchkin characters. It wasn't until 1914 that munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky, and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo, and was produced by Baum.

1939 film

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren and Harry Doll

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland, and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical the Munchkins are mostly portrayed by adult actors with dwarfism, but a few average-sized children were also included as background extras.[9]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, the Mayor of Munchkinland and his assistant have to make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The coroner confirms this to the mayor by saying that the witch is "not merely dead", but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing the Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the Lullaby League, and the Lollipop Guild. Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the Yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

On November 20, 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[10] A Daily Variety news story from August 17, 1938, stated that 124 munchkins had been signed on to play the munchkins, however modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actresses of average size were hired to make up for the shortage of little people that the studio found to appear in the film.[9] At least one munchkin actor named Dale Paullin (stage name: "Paul Dale") did not make the final cut for the movie.[11] Only two munchkin actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices such as the "munchkin chorus" were created by studio voices recorded at a slow speed.[12]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton) which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Jerry Maren, who played the green "lollipop guild" member, was the last living Munchkin actor.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as social security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Gladys W. AllisonUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[13]
John Ballas1903UnknownPlayed a villager[14][15]
Franz Balluck ("Mike")UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[13]
Josefine BalluckUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[16][17]
John T. BamburyUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[14][18]
Charlie Becker18871968Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland"[18][19]
Freda Betsky1916AUnknownPlayed a villager[13][20]
Henry Boers1896UnknownPlayed a villager[21]
Theodore Boers18941945Played a villager[21][22]
Christie Buresh19071979Played a villager[23]
Eddie Buresh19091982Played a villager[23]
Lida Buresh19061970Played a villager[14][23]
Mickey Carroll19192009Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier[24]
Casper "Colonel" BalsamUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Nona A. Cooper18751953Played a villager[13][25]
Thomas J. Cottonaro19142001Played a villager[13][26]
Elizabeth CoulterUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Lewis Croft19192008Played a soldier[27]
Frank Cucksey19191984Played the villager that gives Dorothy some flowers[28][29]
Billy Curtis19091988Played the BraggartB[30]
Eugene S. David, Jr.UnknownUnknownPlayed a fiddler[31]
Eulie H. DavidUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[31]
Ethel W. Denis18941968Played a villager[14][32][33]
Prince Denis18921984Played the Sergeant-at-ArmsC[32][34]
Hazel I. Derthick19061989Played a villager[35]
Daisy Earles19071980Played a "munchkin maiden"[36]
Gracie Doll Earles18991970Played a "munchkin maiden"[36]
Harry Doll Earles19021985Blue member of The Lollipop Guild[36][37]
Tiny Doll Earles19142004Played a "munchkin maiden"[36]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")18691940Played a villager[14][34]
Ruth Robinson Duccini19182014Played a villager[38]
Carl M. Erickson19171958Played the 2nd Trumpeter[14][39]
Fern Formica19251995Played a villager and a "sleepyhead"[40]
Addie Eva FrankUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Thaisa L. Gardner19091968Played a villager[14]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich19171960Red member of The Lollipop Guild[41]
William A. Giblin19161985Played a soldier[42]
Jack S. Glicken19001950Played a city father[43]
Carolyn E. Granger19151973Played a villager[14][44]
Donna Jean J. Stewart Hardaway19332008Played a villagerD[45]
Joseph HerbstUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[14][46]
Jakob Hofbauer1898EUnknownPlayed a soldier[34]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite")19131975Played the 3rd Trumpeter[47][48]
Helen M. Hoy18981945Played a villager[14][49]
Marguerite A. HoyUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
James R. Hulse, IV19151964Played a villager[14][34][50]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")1886UnknownPlayed a soldier[13][51]
Charles E. KelleyUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[13]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Frank KikelUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Bernard Klima ("Harry")18971957Played a villager[28][52]
Mitzi KoestnerUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Emma KoestnerUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[9][14]
Willi KoestnerUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[14][53]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")UnknownUnknownPlayed a fiddler[14][54]
Joseph J. KozielUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14][55]
Dolly F. Kramer19041995Played a villager[14][21]
Emil Kranzler19101993Played a villager[14][56]
Nita Krebs19051991Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[28][57]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean")19091993Played a villager[58]
Hilda LangeUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
John Leal ("Johnny")19051996Played a villager[14][59]
Ann Rice Leslie19001973Played a villager[14][60]
Charles Ludwig18891941Played a villager[14][61][62]
Dominick Magro19091959Played a villager[63][64]
Carlos Manzo19141955Played a villager[14][65]
Howard Marco1884FUnknownPlayed a villager[14][66]
Jerry Maren19202018Green member of The Lollipop Guild[67][68]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")19011954Played a villager[13][69][70]
Lajos Matina ("Leo")1901UnknownPlayed a villager[13][71]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")1901UnknownPlayed a villager[13][71][69]
Walter M. B. Miller19061987Played a soldier and a flying monkey[14][34]
George Ministeri19131986Played the coachman and a villager[14][34]
Harry Monty19041999Played a villager and a flying monkey[72]
Yvonne Bistany Moray1917GUnknownMember of The Lullaby League and a villager[13][34]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters")19051985Played the Commander of the Navy[34]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters")19011979Played a villager[34]
Olga C. Nardone19212010Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager[73]
Nels P. NelsonUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite")19021961Played a villager[9][74]
Franklin H. O'Baugh19221963Played a soldier[75][76]
William H. O'Docharty19201988Played the coach footman and a villager[14][34]
Hildred C. OlsonUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Frank PackardUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky")19041978Played a soldier and a city father[9][34]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess")1897UnknownPlayed a villager[21]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini19232013Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin"[40][77]
Johnny PizoUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")UnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14][78]
Meinhardt Raabe19152010Played the coroner[79]
Margaret Raia19282003Played a villager[80]
Matthew RaiaUnknownUnknownPlayed a city father[80]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")1899UnknownPlayed a fiddler and villager[14][81]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy")18951967Played the barrister[82][83]
Gertrude H. RiceUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Hazel RiceUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Sandor Roka1899UnknownPlayed a villager[14][84]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal19001947Played a soldier[14][85]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal18971958Played a villager[14][85]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal19031959Played a villager[85]
Albert RuddingerUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Elsie R. Schultz18921987Played a villager[14][34]
Charles Silvern19021976Played a villager[14][86]
Garland Slatton ("Earl")19171995Played a soldier[21]
Karl Slover19182011Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager[87][88]
Ruth E. SmithUnknown1985Played a villager[11][14]
Elmer Spangler1910UnknownPlayed a villager[14][89]
Pernell St. Aubin19221987Played a soldier[28][90]
Carl StephanUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Alta M. Stevens19131989Played a villager[14][34]
George SuchsieUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Charlotte V. SullivanUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Clarence Swensen19172009Played a soldier[91]
Betty Tanner19161994Played a villager[34][92]
Arnold Vierling19191949Played a villager[34]
Gus Wayne19201998Played a soldier[93]
Victor Wetter19021990Played the Captain of the Army[9][34]
Grace G. WilliamsUnknownUnknownPlayed a villager[14]
Harvey B. WilliamsUnknownUnknownPlayed a soldier[14]
Gladys V. Wolff19111984Played a villager[34][14]
Murray Wood19081999Played a city father[14][94]
From left: Jerry Maren (Lollipop Guild), Karl Slover, Clarence Swensen and Margaret Pellegrini (1998)
Child actresses

A dozen or so children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Of these child actresses, five are known to still be living.[95][96]

Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Betty Ann Cain Bruno1931LivingChild actress[95][97][98]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark1929LivingChild actress[97][98][99]
Joan Kenmore1931LivingChild actress[95][97][98][96]
Eva Lee Kuney19342015Child actress[13][100]
Rae-Nell Laskey19301991Child actress[101]
Elaine MirkUnknownLivingChild actress[96]
Valerie Lee ShepardUnknownUnknownChild actress[9][96]
Ardith Dondanville Todd1930LivingChild actress[95][97][98]
Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors19322005Child actress[102]
Viola White Banks19312000Child actress[9][34]

Later works (1940-1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[103] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz, was made that has Jinjur as a major character.

Other works

  • The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
  • The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
  • In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the Mayor of Munchkinland) and his fellow rats. (2005)
  • The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
  • The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
  • The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
  • The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.

Notes

A.^ This year is based on the date on the paper, Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was either born in 1915 or 1916.
B.^ The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
C.^ It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.[34]
D.^ It is unclear if Donna Jean Johnson Stewart-Hardaway was billed as a Munchkin.
E.^ According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer, he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.[34]
F.^ Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on May 9, 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
G.^ Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox).[104]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lyman Frank Baum & Martin Gardner (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 39. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  2. ↑ Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
  3. ↑ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
  4. ↑ Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49. p. 251. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024. PMID 16702708.
  5. 1 2 Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
  6. ↑ Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
  7. ↑ "Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". July 27, 1902. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  8. ↑ Mark Evan Swartz. Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Wizard of Oz Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  10. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 1613748329.
  11. 1 2 "IOWA'S MUNCHKIN: Paullin Sets The Record Straight". whotv.com. April 10, 2013. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  12. ↑ Roger Catlin (July 4, 2002). "We're Off To Sing The Wizard". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jay Scarfone, William Stillman. The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Rob White, Edward Buscombe. British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  15. ↑ Greg Gillette (March 3, 2015). "Four Feet Tall and Searching". cnhillsborough.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  16. ↑ Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 240. ISBN 1557836248.
  17. ↑ Rushdie, Salman (1992). The Wizard of Oz. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 0851703003.
  18. 1 2 "Munchkins of 'Oz' get a star on Walk of Fame". USA Today. 11/21/2007. Retrieved 08/08/2013.
  19. ↑ "Munchkin Mayor's famed 'Oz' vest displayed at Chicagoland casino". www.nwitimes.com. 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  20. ↑ "Little People". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 25, 1949. p. 140.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "1938 Midget Jamboree". www.phreeque.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  22. ↑ "Billboard Mar 17, 1945". Billboard Magazine. Mar 17, 1945. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  23. 1 2 3 Jessica Pope (September 22, 2009). "At 70, 'The Wizard of Oz' still not old". www.valdostadailytimes.com. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  24. ↑ "Mickey Carroll Obituary". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Billboard Sep 19, 1953". Billboard Magazine. September 19, 1953. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  26. ↑ "EX-ACTOR THOMAS J. COTTONARO, A 'WIZARD OF OZ' MUNCHKIN, DIES". Highbeam. February 9, 2001. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  27. ↑ Philip Potempa (May 11, 2008). "'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin soldier Lewis Croft dead at age 88". www.nwitimes.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Nate Eagle's Hollywood Midgets". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  29. ↑ "Frank H. Cucksey Obituary". Sarasota Herald. September 18, 1984. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  30. ↑ Burt A. Folkart (12 November 1988). "Actor, Double : Billy Curtis; Midget Had Film Career". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  31. 1 2 Ron Baxley Jr. (July 26, 2015). "Two 'Munchkins' actors in 'Wizard of Oz' worked at SRP". thetandd.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  32. 1 2 "Prince Denis, 84, Performer Who Played Munchkin Mayor". The New York Times. June 24, 1984. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Obituaries (12/25/68). The Arizona Republic. December 25, 1968. p. 54.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cox, Stephen (2002). The Munchkins of Oz. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 11, 37, 39, 41, 77, 141, 145, 146, 151, 155–156, 158, 160, 163, 166–167, 172, 173–174. ISBN 1581822693.
  35. ↑ Kathee Yamamoto (June 9, 1985). "Remembering Life Over the Rainbow : Former Munchkin Returns to Oz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Tiny Doll". The Daily Telegraph. September 15, 2004. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  37. ↑ Edwin L. Carpenter (November 27, 2007). "The Munchkins of Oz: Exclusive Dove Interviews (Part 2)". www.dove.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Munchkin actress Ruth Duccini dies at 95". BBC. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  39. ↑ "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. April 21, 1958. p. 61. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  40. 1 2 Howard Reich (March 18, 1991). "50 Years After Entering Oz, 2 Munchkins Still Step Along The Yellow Brick Road". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  41. ↑ David J. Hogan. The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz. Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  42. ↑ "A Munchkin soldier's jacket from The Wizard of Oz". www.bonhams.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Capt. Jack Glicken, Exposition, 1935". ibase.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  44. ↑ Jamie Ward (May 8, 2014). "Return to Oz with Plenty of Munchkins for Company". www.geaugamapleleaf.com. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Memories & Candles". www.tributes.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  46. ↑ Philip Potempa (September 12, 2008). "Reader proud of family roots to famed 'Oz' Munchkin". www.nwitimes.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  47. ↑ Marc Hartzman (21 September 2006). American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin Group USA. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-1-58542-530-3.
  48. ↑ "Major Mite". Ripley's Believe It or Not!. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  49. ↑ "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. March 10, 1945. p. 33. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  50. ↑ Per records at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, OH James R. Hulse IV died in 1964 and is buried in section 106
  51. ↑ "Little Lord Robert cabinet card, signed in 1908 midget in Wizard of Oz". www.pbagalleries.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
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