Whale oil

A bottle of whale oil
Whale oil lamp in brown-glazed earthenware with candle bowl for the wick and base drip pan. Lyse parish, Bohuslän - now in Nordiska museet, Stockholm, Sweden

Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Whale oil was sometimes known as train oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan ("tear" or "drop").

Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and is sold at a higher price when marketed.

Source and use

Early industrial societies used whale oil widely in oil lamps and to make soap and margarine. With the commercial development of the petroleum industry and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably from its peak in the 19th century into the 20th century. In the 21st century, with most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil has practically ceased.

Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales.[1] The removal is known as "flensing" and the boiling process was called "trying out". The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was done on the ship, so that the waste carcass could be thrown away to make room for the next catch.

Baleen whales were generally the main source of whale oil. The oil of baleen whales is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters.[2] The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and whalebone,[3] and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction.

Chemistry

Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil),[4] is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change.[5][6]

The composition of whale oil varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. Whale oil is mainly composed of triglycerides[7] (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales contains a substantial amount of wax esters (especially the oil of sperm whales).[2] Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains).[8]

Whale oil is exceptionally stable.[9]

Physical properties of whale oils
Specific gravity0.920 to 0.931 at 15.6 °C (60.1 °F)[10]
Flash point230 °C (446 °F)[11]
Saponification value185–202[7]
Unsaponifiable matter0–2%[7]
Refractive index 1.4760 at 15 °C (59 °F)[12]
Iodine number (Wijs) 110–135[7]
Viscosity 35–39.6 cSt at 37.8 °C (100.0 °F)[4]

Applications

American whale oil and sperm oil imports in the 19th century

The use of whale oil had a steady decline starting in the late 19th century due to the development of superior alternatives, and later, the passing of environmental laws. In 1986, the International Whaling Commission declared a moratorium on commercial whaling, which has all but eliminated the use of whale oil today. The Inuit of North America are granted special whaling rights (justified as being integral to their culture), and they still use whale oil as a food and as lamp oil.[13] See Aboriginal whaling.

Whale oil was used as a cheap illuminant, though it gave off a strong odor when burnt and was not very popular.[14] It was replaced in the late 19th century by cheaper, more efficient, and longer-lasting kerosene.[15] Burning fluid known as camphine was the dominant replacement for whale oil until the arrival of kerosene.[16]

In the US, whale oil was used in cars as a constituent of automatic transmission fluid until it was banned by the 1973 Endangered Species Act.[17]

In the UK, whale oil was used in toolmaking machinery as a high-quality lubricant [18]

After the invention of hydrogenation in the early 20th century, whale oil was used to make margarine,[5] a practice that has since been discontinued. Whale oil in margarine has been replaced by vegetable oil.[19]

Whale oil was used to make soap. Until the invention of hydrogenation, it was used only in industrial-grade cleansers, because its foul smell and tendency to discolor made it unsuitable for cosmetic soap.[6]

Whale oil was widely used in the First World War as a preventive measure against trench foot. A British infantry battalion on the Western Front could be expected to use 10 gallons of whale oil a day. The oil was rubbed directly onto bare feet in order to protect them from the effects of immersion.[20]

In literature, fiction, and memoirs

The pursuit and use of whale oil, along with many other aspects of whaling, are discussed in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. In the novel, the preciousness of the substance to contemporary American society is emphasized when the fictional narrator notes that whale oil is "as rare as the milk of queens." John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802–1805, describes how whale oil was used as a condiment with every dish, even strawberries.

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind (1896), when discussing food materials in Oceania, quoted Captain James Cook's comment in relation to "the Maoris" saying "No Greenlander was ever so sharp set upon train-oil as our friends here, they greedily swallowed the stinking droppings when we were boiling down the fat of dog-fish."[21]

Dunwall, a port city in the video game Dishonored (2012) and Dishonored 2 (2016), uses supernaturally-enhanced whale oil as a basis for its industrial revolution.

In the Heart of the Sea (2015) is a film based on the book of the same name by Nathaniel Philbrick.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barfield, Rodney (1995). Seasoned by Salt. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-8078-2231-0.
  2. 1 2 Rice, Dale W. (2009). "Spermaceti". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Second ed.). pp. 1098–1099. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00250-9.
  3. ↑ Clapham, Phil (2004). Right Whales: Natural History & Conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-89658-657-X.
  4. 1 2 "Liquids - Kinematic Viscosities". www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
  5. 1 2 Joh. N. Tønnessen, Arne Odd Johnsen (1982). The History of Modern Whaling. pg 231
  6. 1 2 Robert Lloyd Webb (1988). On the Northwest: Commercial Whaling in the Pacific Northwest, 1790-1967. pg 144
  7. 1 2 3 4 Moninder Mohan Chakrabarty (2009). Chemistry And Technology Of Oils And Fats. pg 183
  8. ↑ Bottino, Nestor R. (1971). "The composition of marine-oil triglycerides as determined by silver ion-thin-layer chromatography". Journal of Lipid Research. 12: 24–30.
  9. ↑ "Reinventing the Whale" (PDF). WDCS: Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  10. ↑ Emil F Dieterichs (1916). A Practical Treatise on Friction, Lubrication, Fats and Oils. pg 23
  11. ↑ Frank Sims (1999). Engineering Formulas Interactive: Conversions, Definitions, and Tables. pg 132
  12. ↑ J. N. Goldsmith (1921). Table of Refractive Indices. pg 259
  13. ↑ Video on YouTube
  14. ↑ Wilson Heflin (2004). Herman Melville's Whaling Years. pg 232
  15. ↑ "Thefreemanonline.org". www.thefreemanonline.org.
  16. ↑ "The "Whale Oil Myth"". PBS NewsHour.
  17. ↑ Information, Reed Business (1 May 1975). "New Scientist". Reed Business Information – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ Norman Atkinson, Sir Joseph Whitworth (Sutton Publishing 1996), p161.
  19. ↑ "Whale oil and margarine". www.scran.ac.uk.
  20. ↑ "Trench Foot". spartacus-educational.com.
  21. ↑ Friedrich, Ratzel. "The Races of OceaniaLabour, Dwellings and Food in OceaniaSimilarities and coincidences in labour and implements of labour, Food". inquirewithin.biz. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

Further reading

  • Whale oil and its uses, an overview with illustrations
  • Knapp, Friedrich Ludwig; Dibdin, William Joseph (1895), "Whale oil - Train oil", Chemical technology: or, Chemistry in its applications to arts and manufactures, II, Lighting, London: J & A Churchill, pp. 43–44, OCLC 3592958
  • Stevenson, C H; United States Fish Commission (1903), "Conversion of blubber into whale oil, Refining sperm oil and whale oil", Aquatic products in arts and industries: Fish oils, fats, and waxes, fertilizers from aquatic products. U.S. Fish Commission Report, 1902, Washington, DC: GPO, pp. 193–204, OCLC 21059426 , Includes descriptions, photographs and statistics.
  • Tower, Walter Sheldon (1907), A history of the American whale fishery, Series in political economy and public law, no. 20, Philadelphia: Published for the University, pp. 94–95, ISBN 1-116-72422-7, OCLC 145429333
  • How Capitalism Saved the Whales, by James S. Robbins
  • Coleman, Jr, James L (1995), "The American Whale Oil Industry: A Look Back at the Future of the American Petroleum Industry", Natural Resources Research, 4 (no. 3)
  • Media related to Whale oil at Wikimedia Commons
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