Macadamia oil
Macadamia oil (or macadamia nut oil) is the non-volatile oil expressed from the nut meat of the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) tree, a native Australian nut. Macadamia oil is sometimes used in food as a frying or salad oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient or fragrance fixative.
Physical properties
Macadamia nuts contain over 75% of their weight as oil, the remainder is: 9.0% proteins, 9.3% carbohydrates, 1.5% moisture, 1.6% mineral matters and 2.0% fiber. The kernels of macadamia contain vitamin A1, B1, B2, niacin and essential elements such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. The oil is a triglyceride oil and contains primarily monounsaturated fats up to 80–84%. Macadamia oil contains the highest percentage of monounsaturates when compared to both olive and canola oils.[1]
Macadamia integrifolia is an Australian tree with holly-like leaves that grows well in a moist organic soil and will survive temperatures of 24 °F. Seedlings bear in 5–7 years. The fruit is borne in a case enclosing an extremely hard spherical nut. The kernel is whitish, sweet and eaten raw or roasted. The flowers are white to cream and the leaves are in whorls of three. Propagation is by seed, grafting or air layering. It is grown commercially.[2]
Common names of the trees are, Australian nut and Queensland nut. Species are “smooth shelled macadamia” called Macadamia integrifolia and “rough shelled macadamia” called Macadamia tetraphylla. Macadamia ternifolia is also the name used for M. integrifolia. Macadamia integrifolia is native to Australia where it grows in rain forests and close to streams. Macadamia tetraphylla is native to Southeastern Queensland and Northeastern New South Wales. The oil content ranges from 65% to 75% and sugar content ranges from 6% to 8%. These factors result in variable colors and texture when the nuts are roasted under the same conditions.[2]
Macadamia oil is liquid at room temperature. The refined oil is clear, lightly amber-colored with a slightly nutty smell. It has a specific gravity of 900–920 and a flash point of over 300°.[3]
Oil accumulation does not commence until the nuts are fully grown and the shell hardens. It accumulates rapidly in the kernel during late summer when the reducing sugar content decreases. The composition of mature, roasted and salted macadamia nuts is shown. As with many oil seeds, the protein is low in methionine. Fresh kernels contain up to 4.6% sugar, mostly non-reducing sugar. The oil consists of mainly unsaturated fatty acids and is similar in both species, although the proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids appears to be slightly higher in M. integrifolia (6.2:1 compared with 4.8:1). The fatty acid composition and the absence of cholesterol may lead to the promotion of macadamias as a high-energy health food. The major volatile components in roasted macadamia kernels are apparently similar to those found in other roasted nuts, although little detailed information is available.[4]
Nutritive value (g/100g) of macadamia nuts roasted in oil and salted.[4]
| Water (%) | 2 |
| Energy (KJ) | 3064 |
| Protein (g) | 7.1 |
| Fat (g) | 78.6 |
| Fatty acids Saturated (g) | 11.4 |
| Monounsaturated (g) | 61.1 |
| Polyunsaturated (g) | 0.014 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 14.3 |
| Calcium (mg) | 46.4 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 203.6 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.8 |
| Potassium (mg) | 332.1 |
| Sodium (mg) | 264.3 |
| Sodium – unsalted raw (mg) | 7.1 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.21 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.11 |
| Nicotinic acid (mg) | 2.14 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 0.12 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1.4 |
| Manganese (mg) | 0.38 |
| Copper (mg) | 0.33 |
Chemical makeup
| Parameter | Units | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|
| FFA (oleic acid) | % | 1.5 | |
| Peroxide value | meqO2/Kg | 5.0 | |
| Saponification value | mg/KOH/gr | ||
| C:16:0 Palmitic | % | 7.0 | 10.0 |
| C:16:1 Palmitoleic | % | 14.0 | 22.0 |
| C:18:0 Stearic | % | 2.0 | 5.5 |
| C:18:1 Oleic | % | 53.0 | 67.0 |
| C:18:2 Linoleic | % | 1.0 | 5.0 |
| C:20:0 Arachidic | % | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| C:20:1 Gadoleic | % | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| C:22:0 Behenic | % | 1.0 |
| Parameter | Units | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|
| FFA (oleic acid) | % | <0.8 | |
| Peroxide value | meqO2/Kg | <20.0 | |
| Saponification value | mg/KOH/gr | ||
| C:16:0 Palmitic | % | 7.5 | 20.0 |
| C:16:1 Palmitoleic | % | 0.3 | 3.5 |
| C:18:0 Stearic | % | 0.5 | 5.0 |
| C:18:1 Oleic | % | 55.0 | 83.0 |
| C:18:2 Linoleic | % | 3.5 | 21.0 |
| C:18:3 Linolenic | % | 0 | <1.0 |
| C:20:0 Arachidic | % | <0.6 | |
| C:20:1 Gadoleic | % | <0.4 |
Macadamia oil contains approximately 60% oleic acid, 19% palmitoleic acid, 1-3% linoleic acid and 1-2% α-linolenic acid. Some varieties contain roughly equal omega-6 and omega-3. Although macadamia is cultivated in many different parts of the world, the oil's fatty acid profile is not greatly influenced by environmental factors. The oil displays chemical properties typical of a vegetable triglyceride oil. It is also very stable due to its low polyunsaturated fat content.[8]
Uses in food
Macadamia oil can be used for frying due to its high heat capacity along with other properties useful as an edible oil:
- It contains up to 85% monounsaturated fats
- It has an unrefrigerated shelf life of one to two years
- It has a smoke point of 210 °C (410 °F)
- Has a flashpoint of over 300 °C (572 °F)
This is a comparison chart of some of the more common vegetable oils:
| Vegetable oils[9][10] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Processing treatment | Saturated fatty acids | Monounsaturated fatty acids | Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Smoke point | |||
| Total mono[9] | Oleic acid (ω-9) | Total poly[9] | linolenic acid (ω-3) | Linoleic acid (ω-6) | ||||
| Avocado[11] | 11.6 | 70.6 | 13.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 249 °C (480 °F)[12] | ||
| Canola[13] | 7.4 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 28.1 | 9.1 | 18.6 | 238 °C (460 °F)[14] | |
| Coconut[15] | 82.5 | 6.3 | 6 | 1.7 | 175 °C (347 °F)[14] | |||
| Corn[16] | 12.9 | 27.6 | 27.3 | 54.7 | 1 | 58 |
232 °C (450 °F)[17] | |
| Cottonseed[18] | 25.9 | 17.8 | 19 | 51.9 | 1 | 54 | 216 °C (420 °F)[17] | |
| Flaxseed/Linseed[19] | 9.0 | 18.4 | 18 | 67.8 | 53 | 13 |
107 °C (225 °F) | |
| Hempseed[20] | 7.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 82.0 | 22.0 | 54.0 |
166 °C (330 °F)[21] | |
| Olive[22] | 13.8 | 73.0 | 71.3 | 10.5 | 0.7 | 9.8 | 193 °C (380 °F)[14] | |
| Palm[23] | 49.3 | 37.0 | 40 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 9.1 | 235 °C (455 °F) | |
| Peanut[24] | 20.3 | 48.1 | 46.5 | 31.5 | 31.4 | 232 °C (450 °F)[17] | ||
| Safflower[25] | 7.5 | 75.2 | 75.2 | 12.8 | 0 | 12.8 | 212 °C (414 °F)[14] | |
| Soybean[26] | 15.6 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 57.7 | 7 | 51 | 238 °C (460 °F)[17] | |
| Sunflower (< 60% linoleic)[27] | 10.1 | 45.4 | 45.3 | 40.1 | 0.2 | 39.8 |
227 °C (440 °F)[17] | |
| Sunflower (> 70% oleic)[28] | 9.9 | 83.7 | 82.6 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
227 °C (440 °F)[17] | |
| Cottonseed[29] | Hydrogenated | 93.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | |||
| Palm[30] | Hydrogenated | 88.2 | 5.7 | 0 | ||||
| Soybean[31] | Partially hydrogenated | 14.9 | 43.0 | 42.5 | 37.6 | 2.6 | 34.9 | |
| Values as percent (%) by weight of total fat. | ||||||||
Uses in cosmetics
Palmitoleic acid at such a high concentration is rarely found in vegetable oils. This fatty acid is mostly found in fish oils. Palmitoleic acid is found in macadamia oil in concentrations as high as 21%.[32] Derivatives of macadamia oil in cosmetics include the light emollient ethyl macadamiate and water-soluble PEG-16 macadamia glycerides.
Polarity of the oil phase has a great influence on the formulation and properties of the cosmetic emulsions. Polarity of the oil phase is considered as an essential factor for the stability of water-in-oil emulsions.[33] Polarity of macadamia nut oil was found to be 525.50 nm±0.29 nm (SE). This is considered as highly polar. Polar oils may enhance solubility of oil soluble cosmetic ingredients. Heat stability of emulsions prepared with strongly polar and non-polar oils were found to give emulsions with poor stability which is generally experienced with natural oils.[33]
Macadamia oil is an excellent botanical replacement for mink oil in most applications. It is also used for hair.
Macadamia oil's INCI name is macadamia ternifolia seed oil. CAS Numbers: 128497-20-1
References
- ↑ Akhtar; et al. (2006). "Evaluation of basic properties of macadamia nut oil". Gomal University Journal of Research, 22: 21–27. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- 1 2 "Madamia Integrifolia". CRFG. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ↑ "MSDS Macadamia Nut Oil". AAKO. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- 1 2 "Macadamia Nuts". Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ↑ "Macadamia Nut Oil" (PDF). McKinley Resources, Inc. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ↑ "Chemistry and quality of olive oil" (PDF). primefacts. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ↑ "Chemical Characteristics". Olive Oil Source. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ↑ Kleemann, Michael (7 Mar 2010). "Organic & Natural Life – Business Opportunities". xing.com. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- 1 2 3 "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this column are from the USDA Nutrient database unless otherwise cited.
- ↑ "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details") example: avocado oil; user can search for other oils". Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Values from Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
- ↑ "Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?, The American Oil Chemists’ Society
- ↑ "Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Katragadda, H. R.; Fullana, A. S.; Sidhu, S.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
- ↑ "Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wolke, Robert L. (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis". Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ↑ https://www.veghealth.com/nutrition-tables/Smoke-Points-of-Oils-table.pdf
- ↑ "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 61.
- ↑ "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Sunflower oil, less than 60% of total fats as linoleic acid, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Sunflower oil, high oleic - 70% or more as oleic acid, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ↑ Ako H, Okoda D & Gray D (1995). "Healthful new oil from macadamia nuts". Nutrition. 11 (3): 286–8. PMID 8541698.
- 1 2 Dietz T. "Basic properties of cosmetic oils and their relevance to emulsion preparations". SÖFW-Journal. 125 (7): 2–7.
External links
Martha Stewart Living, page 148 article on oils in June 2013 magazine written by Rebecca Misner.