Vira Nirvana Samvat

The Vira Nirvana Samvat (era) is a calendar era beginning on 15 October 527 BCE. It commemorates the nirvana of Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara. This is one of the oldest system of chronological reckoning which is still used in India.[1]

History

The earliest text to mention 527 BCE as the year of Mahavira's nirvana is Yati-Vrishabha's Tiloya-Pannatti (5th century CE).[2] Subsequent works such as Jinasena's Harivamśa (783 CE) mention the Vira Nirvana era, and give the difference between it and the Shaka era (beginning in 78 CE) as 605 years and 5 months.[3]

On 21 October 1974 the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava was celebrated by the Jains throughout India.[4] and overseas [5]

Usage

The Jain year Vira Nirvana Samvat is obtained by adding 470 years to the Kartikadi Vikram samvat. For example, The Vira Nirvana Samvat 2544 started right after Diwali of October 20, 2017 on Vikram 2074, Kartika Krishna Amavasya (Chaitradi and Purnimanta).[6][7] The new Chaitradiadi Vikram samvat (common in North India) starts seven months earier in Chaitra, thus during Chaitra-Kartika Krishna, the difference between Vikram and Vir Nivana samvat is 469 years.

The Jain business people traditionally started their accounting year from Diwali. The relationship between the Vir and Shaka era is given in Titthogali Painnaya and Dhavalaa by Acharya Virasena:[8]

पंच य मासा पंच य वास छच्चेव होन्ति वाससया |

परिणिव्वुअस्स अरिहितो तो उप्पन्नो सगो राया ||

Thus the Nirvana occurred 605 years and 5 months before the Saka era.

Jain Calendar

The Jain calendar (Panchāng) is a lunisolar calendar, just like the traditional Vikarm or Saka calendars . The months based on the position of the Moon with respect to the Earth and it is adjusted by adding an extra month (adhika masa) once every three years, to coincide with the Sun to bring month in phase with the season. Its day or date which is known as Tithi, indicates the moon phase and the month indicates the approximate season of the solar year.

The lunisolar calendar has the following arrangement: A regular or normal year has 12 months; a leap year has 13 months. A regular or normal year has 353, 354, or 355 days; a leap year has 383, 384, or 385 days.

The average number of days in a month is 30 but the average number of days in a Lunisolar year is 354 and not 360 (12 months in a year) because it takes the Moon about 29.5 days (not 30 days) to complete the circle around the Earth. Hence one Tithi is eliminated in about duration of two months. The Hebrew, Hindu lunar, Buddhist, and Tibetan calendars are all lunisolar, and so were the Japanese calendars until 1873 and the Chinese calendars until 1912.

The Islamic calendar is a pure Lunar Calendar because its date (Tithi) indicates the moon phase but its months are not in phase with the time of the solar year or the season. It does not adjust its calendar to coincide with the sun or the season. Hence no extra month is added every three years.

The Gregorian calendar (English CE) is a pure Solar Calendar and its date indicates the time of the solar season but not the moon phase.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Dundas 2002, p. 24.
  2. ↑ Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 84.
  3. ↑ D. C. Sircar (1965). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 321–322. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9.
  4. ↑ Upadhye, A. N.; Upadhye, A. N. (Jan–Mar 1982). Cohen, Richard J., ed. "Mahavira and His Teachings". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 102 (1): 231–232. doi:10.2307/601199. JSTOR 601199.
  5. ↑ [Iconoclastic Jain Leader Is Likened to Pope John: Support Claimed Long Practice of Silence Short Meditations Offered, GEORGE DUGAN. New York Times, 18 Dec 1973]
  6. ↑ Jain Tithi Darpan, Vir Nirvan Samvat 2044
  7. ↑ Shri Guru Pushkar Jain Devendra Calendar, 2017
  8. ↑ Jain Sahitya aur Itihas par Vrihad Prakash, Jugalkishor Mukhtar, July 1956 p. 28

Sources

  • Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
  • Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8


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