United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795

Delaware special election
	February 7, 1795
	February 7, 1795
U.S. Senator before election; George Read; Federalist	Elected U.S. Senator ; Henry Latimer; Federalist

United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795
	Dates vary by state
	Dates vary by state
10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate; (plus special elections); 16 seats needed for a majority
Majority faction before election; Pro-Administration;	Elected Majority party ; Federalist;

The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 4th Congress (1795–1797)

Majority Party: Federalist (20)
Minority Party: Democratic-Republican (10)
Other Parties: 0
Total Seats: 30

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

After the April 24, 1794 special election in Pennsylvania.

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	A₉ Ran	A₁₀ Ran	A₁₁ Ran	A₁₂ Unknown	A₁₃ Unknown	V₁	P₁₆ Retired
Majority →									P₁₆ Retired
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂ Ran	P₁₃ Ran	P₁₄ Unknown	P₁₅ Retired
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Results of the elections

A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁
A₆	A₇	A₈	DR₁ Gain from A	DR₂ Gain from A	V₁	F₈ Gain from A	F₇ Gain from A	F₆ Gain from A	F₅ Gain from P
									F₄ Gain from P
P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	F₁ Gain from P	F₂ Gain from P	F₃ Gain from P	F₄ Gain from P
P₅	P₄	P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

DR₅ Changed	DR₄ Changed	DR₃ Changed	DR₂ Changed	DR₁ Changed
DR₆ Changed	DR₇ Changed	DR₈ Changed	DR₉	DR₁₀	F₂₀ Gain	F₁₉	F₁₈	F₁₇	F₁₆
Majority →									F₁₆
F₆ Changed	F₇ Changed	F₈ Changed	F₉ Changed	F₁₀ Changed	F₁₀ Changed	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅
F₅ Changed	F₄ Changed	F₃ Changed	F₂ Changed	F₁ Changed

Key:

A_#	Anti-Administration
DR_#	Democratic-Republican
F_#	Federalist
P_#	Pro-Administration
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Albert Gallatin	Anti-Administration	[[United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, 1794\|1793 (Special)]]	Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794. New senator elected March 31, 1794. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress.	√ James Ross (Federalist) 51.72% Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23% Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15% Not voting 6.7%
Virginia (Class 1)	James Monroe	Anti-Administration	[[United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1790\|1790 (Special)]]	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.	√ Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Virginia (Class 2)	John Taylor	Anti-Administration	[[United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1792\|1792 (Special)]]	Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.	√ Henry Tazewell (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			George Read (P) had resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware. New senator elected February 7, 1795. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress.	√ Henry Latimer (Pro-Administration) 15 John Dickinson (Anti-Administration) 14^[2]

Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Stephen Mitchell	Pro-Administration	1793 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee retired. New senator's election date unknown. Federalist gain.	√ Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	James Gunn	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected November 13, 1794 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ James Gunn (Federalist) 36 Edward Telfair 12 William Few 3^[3]
Kentucky	John Edwards	Anti-Administration	[[United States Senate elections in Kentucky, 1792\|1792 (New state)]]	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain.	√ Humphrey Marshall (Federalist) 28 John Breckinridge 22^[4]
Maryland	John Henry	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected in 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ John Henry (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	John Langdon	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-election date to a new party unknown. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
New York	Rufus King	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain.	√ Rufus King (Federalist) 47 Thomas Tillotson 30 John Lawrence (Federalist) 1^[5]
North Carolina	Benjamin Hawkins	Anti-Administration	1789	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1795 on the fifth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain.	√ Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican) John Leigh Alfred Moore Nathaniel Macon Withdrew John Skinner Withdrew Charles Johnson Withdrew William Lenoir^[6]
Pennsylvania	Robert Morris	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 26, 1795. Federalist gain.	√ William Bingham (Federalist) 58 Peter Muhlenberg 35^[7]
South Carolina	Ralph Izard	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain.	√ Jacob Read (Federalist) John Hunter^[8]
Vermont	Stephen R. Bradley	Anti-Administration	[[United States Senate elections in Vermont, 1791\|1791 (New state)]]	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794. Federalist gain.	√ Elijah Paine (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.]

Elections during the 4th Congress

There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.

Delaware (Special)

The Delaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.

United States Senate election in Delaware, 1795^[9]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Federalist	Henry Latimer	15	51.72%
	Democratic-Republican	John Dickinson	14	48.28%
Total votes			29	100%

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
↑ "Delaware 1795 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing South-Carolina State Gazette, and Timothy and Mason's Daily Advertiser (Charleston, SC). March 16, 1795.
↑ "Georgia 1794 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing Aurora. General Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). December 13, 1794.
↑ "Kentucky 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.
↑ "New York 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Journal of the New York Assembly, 1795. 32-33. Journal of the New York State Senate, 1795. 15.
↑ "North Carolina 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
↑ "Pennsylvania 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia, PA). February 26, 1795.
↑ "South Carolina 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 30, 2018. , citing Rogers, George C. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758-1812). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1962. 268.
↑ "United States Senate election in Delaware, 1795".

External links

"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present" – via Senate.gov.

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[No_parties-1] Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

[2] "Delaware 1795 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing South-Carolina State Gazette, and Timothy and Mason's Daily Advertiser (Charleston, SC). March 16, 1795.

[3] "Georgia 1794 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing Aurora. General Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). December 13, 1794.

[4] "Kentucky 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018. , citing Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.

[5] "New York 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Journal of the New York Assembly, 1795. 32-33. Journal of the New York State Senate, 1795. 15.

[6] "North Carolina 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.

[7] "Pennsylvania 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018. , citing Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia, PA). February 26, 1795.

[8] "South Carolina 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 30, 2018. , citing Rogers, George C. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758-1812). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1962. 268.

[Delaware-9] "United States Senate election in Delaware, 1795".

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