United States Senate elections, 1792 and 1793
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10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections) 16 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2.
Formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
Results summary
Senate Party Division, 3rd Congress (1793–1795)
- Majority Party: Pro-Administration Party (16)
- Minority Party: Anti-Administration Party (13)
- Other Parties: 0
- Total Seats: 30
- Vacant: 1 (later filled by Pro-Administration)
Change in Senate composition
Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[1]
Before the elections
After the June 1792 admission of Kentucky.
A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
A6 | A7 Ran |
A8 Ran |
A9 Ran |
A10 Ran |
A11 Ran |
A12 Unknown |
V1 | P17 Retired |
P16 Unknown |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majority → | |||||||||
P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 | P14 Ran |
P15 Ran |
P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 |
Results of the election
A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
A6 | A7 Re-elected |
A8 Re-elected |
A9 Re-elected |
A10 Hold |
A11 Gain |
V1 | P18 Gain |
P17 Gain |
P16 Hold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majority → | |||||||||
P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 | P14 Re-elected |
P15 Hold |
P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 |
Beginning of the next Congress
Two Pro-Administration senators became Anti-Administration.
The vacant seat was filled February 28, 1793 by an Anti-Administration senator; he was sworn in December 1793, but his service began upon election.
A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
A6 | A7 | A8 | A9 | A10 | A11 | A12 Gain |
A13 Changed |
A14 Changed |
P16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majority → | |||||||||
P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 | P14 | P15 |
P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 |
Key: |
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Race summaries
Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.
Elections during the 2nd Congress
In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1793; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Kentucky (Class 2) |
New seat | Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winner elected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain. |
√ John Brown (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] | ||
Kentucky (Class 3) |
New seat | Kentucky was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. Winner elected June 18, 1792. Anti-Administration gain. |
√ John Edwards (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] | ||
Virginia (Class 2) |
Richard Henry Lee | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned October 8, 1792. Winner elected October 18, 1792. Anti-Administration hold. |
√ John Taylor (Anti-Administration) 90 Arthur Lee 39 Francis Corbin 33[2] |
Maryland (Class 1) |
Charles Carroll | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned November 30, 1792. Winner elected January 10, 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
√ Richard Potts (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect in 1791-1792, leaving the seat vacant. Winner elected February 28, 1793. Anti-Administration gain. |
√ Albert Gallatin (Anti-Administration) 45 Henry Miller (Pro-Administration) 35 Arthur St. Clair (Anti-Administration) 1 William Irvine (Anti-Administration) 1[3] |
Races leading to the 3rd Congress
In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1793; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Delaware | Richard Bassett | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
√ John Vining (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Georgia | William Few | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Anti-Administration hold. |
√ James Jackson (Anti-Administration) 35 William Few 5 George Mathews 1[4] |
Kentucky | John Brown | Anti-Administration | 1792 (New state) | Incumbent re-elected December 11, 1792. | √ John Brown (Anti-Administration) Unanimous[5] |
Massachusetts | Caleb Strong | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected in 1793. | √ Caleb Strong (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
New Hampshire | Paine Wingate | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1792. Pro-Administration gain. |
√ Samuel Livermore (Pro-Administration) Paine Wingate (Federalist) 28 Nathaniel Peabody 8 Abiel Foster (Federalist) 1[6] |
New Jersey | Philemon Dickinson | Pro-Administration | 1790 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Winner's election date unknown. Pro-Administration hold. |
√ Frederick Frelinghuysen (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
North Carolina | Samuel Johnston | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1792.[7] Anti-Administration gain. |
√ Alexander Martin (Anti-Administration) 42 John Leigh 34 Thomas Blount 31 John Steele 31 Gaiter 28 Samuel Johnston (Pro-Administration) 1 William Lenoir 1 Alfred Moore 1 Richard Dobbs Spaight 1 Willie Jones 0 |
Rhode Island | Joseph Stanton, Jr. | Anti-Administration | 1790 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1793. Pro-Administration gain. |
√ William Bradford (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
South Carolina | Pierce Butler | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected December 5, 1792. | √ Pierce Butler (Anti-Administration) 118 Charles Pinckney 8 Zachariah Horskins 2 John Little Ward 2 John Baxter 1 John E. Colhoun 1 Adam C. Jones 1 Jacob Read (Federalist) 1[8] |
Virginia | John Taylor | Anti-Administration | 1792 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1793. | √ John Taylor (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Election in 1793 during the 3rd Congress
In this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1793, the beginning of the next Congress.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Connecticut (Class 3) |
Roger Sherman | Pro-Administration | 1791 (Special) | Incumbent died July 23, 1793. Winner elected December 2, 1793. Pro-Administration hold. |
√ Stephen Mitchell (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Pennsylvania
There was a late election on February 28, 1793 for the Class 1 seat from Pennsylvania. Incumbent William Maclay's term had ended on March 3, 1791, but the legislature failed to elect a successor due to a disagreement on the procedure to be followed in the election.
The seat remained vacant until Albert Gallatin was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the seat during this election.[9]
Upon agreement between the two houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the House of Representatives and the Senate, regarding the procedure to elect a new Senator, an election was finally held on February 28, 1793. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-Administration | Albert Gallatin | 45 | 51.72 | |
Pro-Administration | Henry Miller | 35 | 40.23 | |
Pro-Administration | Arthur St. Clair | 1 | 1.15 | |
Pro-Administration | William Irvine | 1 | 1.15 | |
N/A | Not voting | 5 | 5.75 | |
Totals | 87 | 100.00% |
On February 28, 1794, the Senate determined that Gallatin did not satisfy the citizenship requirement for service and he was removed from office. He later went on to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Gallatin was replaced in the Senate by a special election in 1794.[10]
See also
References
- ↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
- ↑ "Virginia 1792 U.S. Senate, Special". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Mattern, David B., J. C. A. Stagg, Jeanne K. Cross and Susan Holbrook Perdue, ed. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. Vol. 14. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1983. 392.)
- ↑ "Pennsylvania 1793 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). March 6, 1793)
- ↑ "Georgia 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State (Augusta, GA). December 1, 1792.)
- ↑ "Kentucky 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing The Mirrour (Concord, NH). January 28, 1793.; Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.)
- ↑ "New Hampshire 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Osborne's Newhampshire Spy (Portsmouth, NH). June 23, 1792.)
- ↑ "North Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.; Legislative Papers 1792 Box 119. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.)
- ↑ "South Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2018. (referencing "Rough House Journals.")
- 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 28 February 1793" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ↑ "GALLATIN, Albert, (1761 - 1849)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
External links
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789–present via Senate.gov