Tupi–Guarani languages

Tupi–Guarani
Geographic; distribution	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification	Tupian Tupi–Guarani;
Subdivisions	Guarani; Guarayu; Tupi; Teneteharan; Kawahib; Kamayurá; Xingu; Northern;
Glottolog	tupi1276[1]
	Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

Tupi–Guarani ( pronunciation ) is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guarani and Old Tupi.

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

Guaraní (Group I)
Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna,** Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá**)
Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
Kamayurá (Group VII)
Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní

Kamaiurá
Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
- (branch)
- Central
  - (branch)
    - Anambé, Araweté
    - Xingú Asurini
  - (branch)
    - Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã
    - Tapirapé
- Peripheral
  - Wayampi, Emerillon
  - Kayabí, Parintintin
  - Diasporic
    - Tembé
    - (Diasporic core branch)
      - (branch)
        Omagua, Kokama
        
        Tupinambá
      - Southern
        Sirionó, Yuki
        
        Guarayu, Pauserna
        
        Guaranian
        Aché
        
        Mbyá
        
        Paraguay Guaraní
        
        (branch)
        Xetá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva
        
        Tapiete, Chiriguano

O'Hagan (2014)^[2] proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin.

References

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tupi–Guarani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.

Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193-221.

External links

Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tupi–Guarani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.

Tupi–Guarani
Geographic distribution	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification	Tupian Tupi–Guarani
Subdivisions	Guarani Guarayu Tupi Teneteharan Kawahib Kamayurá Xingu Northern
Glottolog	`tupi1276`^[1]
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)