Karitiâna language

Karitiâna
Region Brazil
Ethnicity Karitiâna
Native speakers
 210 (2006)[1]
Tupian
Language codes
ISO 639-3 ktn
Glottolog kari1311[2]

Karitiâna or Caritiana is a Tupian language of the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of Brazil. Their reservation, demarcated by the Fundação Nacional do Indio (FUNAI) in 1977, consists of roughly 90,000 hectares of jungle. The majority of the Karitiana people live in one village at the northern edge of this reservation, located 90 km (by road) south of the state capital, Porto Velho.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃
Mid e ẽ o õ
Low a ã

Consonants

Bilabial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative s h
Rhotic r
Approximant j w

The nasals /m n ɲ/ are prestopped [ᵇm ᵈn ᶡɲ] if they are preceded by an oral vowel, and poststopped [mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ] if they are followed by one. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is denasalized to [ɡ] before oral vowels in unstressed syllables, poststopped to [ŋᶢ] before oral vowels in stressed syllables, and prestopped [ᶢŋ] after oral vowels.

/h r j w/ are nasalized [h̃ r̃ w̃ ȷ̃] when surrounded by nasal vowels.

Grammar

Pronouns

Only epicene pronouns exist in Karitiana. This means that no distinction is made between male vs. female (as "he" or "she" in English).[3]

References

  1. ↑ Karitiâna at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Karitiâna". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Everett, Careb (2011). "Gender, pronouns and thought: The ligature between epicene pronouns and a more neutral gender perception". Gender and Language. 5 (1): 133–152.
  • Landin, David J. (1988). "As orações karitiâna" (PDF). Série Lingüística (in Portuguese). 9 (2): 30–50.
  • Landin, David J. (2005) [1983]. Dicionário e léxico karitiâna/português (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Landin, Rachel M. (1987). "Conjunções karitiâna de nivel superior" (PDF). Série Lingüística (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 199–206.
  • Everett, Caleb (2011). "Gender, pronouns and thought: The ligature between epicene pronouns and a more neutral gender perception". Gender and Language. 5 (1): 133–152.


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