Toki Pona

Toki Pona
Pronunciation [ˈto̞ki ˈpo̞na]
Created by Sonja Lang
Date 2001
Setting and usage testing principles of minimalism, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis and pidgins
Users over 3,500 online (2018)
Purpose
constructed language, combining elements of the subgenres personal language and philosophical language
Three writing systems are used in the book—Latin, sitelen sitelen and sitelen pona. Because of the structure of the language it can theoretically be written in any script
Sources a posteriori language, with elements of English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, Croatian, Chinese
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
Glottolog None

Toki Pona is an oligoisolating constructed language, first published as draft on the web in 2001 and then as a complete book and e-book Toki Pona: The Language of Good in 2014. It was designed by translator and linguist Sonja Lang (formerly Sonja Elen Kisa) of Toronto.[1][2]

Toki Pona is a minimal language. Like a pidgin, it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are universal among cultures. Lang designed Toki Pona to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity. The language has 14 phonemes and 120 root words and is not designed as an international auxiliary language. Its minimalistic nature was inspired by Taoist philosophy, among other things.[3]

The language is designed to shape the thought processes of its users, in the style of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis in Zen-like fashion.[4]

Etymology

The name of the language is compounded with toki (language), derived from Tok Pisin tok, which comes from English talk; and pona (good/simple), from Esperanto bona (good), ultimately from Latin bonus.

Authorship

Sonja Lang is a translator (English, French and Esperanto) and linguist living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[5] In addition to designing Toki Pona, Lang has translated parts of the Tao Te Ching into English and Esperanto.[1]

Writing system

Alphabet chart

Toki Pona officially uses letters of the Latin alphabet to represent the language, with the values they represent in the International Phonetic Alphabet: p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w, a, e, i, o, and u.[6] Therefore j sounds like English y, and the vowels are like those of Spanish or Italian. Other writing systems were later introduced, such as hieroglyphs[7] and a sign language.[8]

Capital letters are only used for personal and place names (see below), not for the first word of a sentence. That is, they mark foreign words, never the 120 Toki Pona roots.

Phonology and phonotactics

Inventory

Toki Pona has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). The first syllable of a word is stressed.[9] There are no diphthongs, long vowels, consonant clusters, or tones.

ConsonantsLabialCoronalDorsal
Nasal mn
Plosive ptk
Fricative s
Approximant wlj
VowelsFrontBack
Close iu
Mid eo
Open a

Distribution

The statistic vowel spread is fairly typical cross-linguistically. Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are /a/, 25% are /i/, with /e/ and /o/ a bit over 15% each, and 10% are /u/. 20% of roots are vowel initial. The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% /a/, 30% /i/, 15% each /e/ and /o/, and 6% /u/.[10]

Of the syllable-initial consonants, /l/ is the most common, at 20% total; /k, s, p/ are over 10%, then the nasals /m, n/ (not counting final N), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being /t, w, j/.

The high frequency of /l/ and low frequency of /t/ are somewhat unusual among the world's languages. The fact that /l/ occurs in the grammatical particles la, li, ala suggests that its percentage would be even higher in texts; the text-based stats cited above did not specifically consider initial consonants, but indicate that /l/ was about 25%, while /t/ doubled its frequency to just over 10% (/k/, /t/, /m/, /s/, /p/, respectively, ranged over 12% to 9% each, with /n/ unknown, and the semivowels /j/ and /w/ again coming in last at 7% each).

Syllable structure

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN. As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once). V and CVN syllables are each around 10%, while only 5 words have VN syllables (for 2% of syllables). In both the dictionary and in texts, the ratio of consonants to vowels is almost exactly one-to-one.

Most roots (70%) are disyllabic; about 20% are monosyllables and 10% trisyllables. This is a common distribution, and similar to Polynesian.

Phonotactics

The following sequences are not allowed: */ji, wu, wo, ti/, nor may a syllable-final nasal occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root. Syllables that aren't word-initial must have an initial consonant, though in roots like ijo (from Esperanto io) and suwi (ultimately from English sweet), that might be considered an orthographic convention, with the effect that glottal stop only marks word boundaries. (The sequences /ij/ and /uw/ are no more easily distinguished from simple /i/ and /u/ than the banned */ji/ and */wu/ are.)

Allophony

The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible. For example, */ji, wu, wo/ are also impossible in Korean, which is convenient when writing Toki Pona in hangul, which would have no way of writing such syllables (see below).

Syntax

Some basic features of Toki Pona's subject–verb–object syntax are: The word li separates the subject from the predicate; e precedes the direct object; direct object phrases precede prepositional phrases in the predicate; la separates complex adverbs or subclauses from the main sentence.

The language is simple enough that its syntax can be expressed in ten rules: [brackets] enclose optional elements, and *asterisks mark elements which may be repeated.

Syntactic rules
1. A sentence may be
(a) an interjection
(b) of the form [sub-clause] [vocative] subject predicate
(c) of the form [sub-clause] vocative predicate
(The interjection will generally be a, ala, ike, jaki, mu, o, pakala, pona, or toki.)
2. A sub-clause may be
(a) [taso] sentence la
(b) [taso] noun phrase la
("If/during sub-clause, then main-clause")
3. A [vocative] is of the form
[noun phrase] o
4. A subject is of the form
(a) mi or sina
(b) other noun phrase li

(mi mute and sina mute or any other version of mi/sina followed by adjectives require li to form a subject)

5. A predicate may be
(a) simple noun phrase [prepositional phrase(s)]*, or
(b) verb phrase [prepositional phrase], or
(c) predicate conjunction predicate (that is, a compound predicate)
(The conjunction may be anu (or) or li (and). The latter is merely subject li predicate 1 li predicate 2 etc., with the first li dropping out if the subject is mi or sina)
6. A noun phrase may be
(a) noun [modifier]*, or
(b) simple noun phrase pi (of) noun plus modifier* (if there is a modifier which only applies to the 2nd noun), or
(c) noun phrase conjunction noun phrase (that is, a compound noun phrase)
(The conjunction may be anu (or) or en (and). A 'simple' noun phrase is one which does not have a conjunction.)
7. A prepositional phrase is of the form
preposition noun phrase
8. A verb phrase may be
(a) verbal
(b) modal verbal
(c) verbalx ala verbalx (both verbals are the same)
(d) modalx ala modalx plus verbal (both modals are the same)
(The modal may be kama (coming/future tense), ken (can), or wile (wants to).)
9 A verbal may be
(a) verb [modifier]* (this is an intransitive verb)
(b) verb [modifier]* plus a direct object* (this is a transitive verb)
(c) lon or tawa plus a simple noun phrase
(Some roots may only function as transitive or intransitive verbs.)
10. A direct object is of the form
e simple noun phrase

Some roots are used for grammatical functions (such as those that take part in the rules above), while others have lexical meanings. The lexical roots do not fall into well defined parts of speech; rather, they may generally be used as nouns, verbs, modifiers, or interjections depending on context or their position in a phrase. For example, ona li moku may mean "they ate" or "it is food".

Pronouns

Toki Pona has the basic pronouns mi (first person), sina (second person), and ona (third person).[11]

The above words do not specify number or gender. Thus, ona can mean "he", "she", "it", or "they". In practice, Toki Pona speakers use the phrase mi mute to mean "we", though the number is often discernible from context and thus only mi is necessary. Although less common, ona mute means "they" and sina mute means "you" (plural).

Whenever the subject of a sentence is either of the unmodified pronouns mi or sina, then li is not used to separate the subject and predicate.

Nouns

With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on noun phrases (compound nouns), where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings.[12] A typical example is combining jan (person) with utala (fight) to make jan utala (soldier, warrior). [See 'modifiers' next.]

Nouns do not decline according to number. jan can mean "person", "people", or "the human race" depending on context.

Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify a preceding noun. (For this reason they are called "proper adjectives"; they are functionally the same as compound nouns.)[13] For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. ma Kanata (lit. "Canada country") or jan Lisa (lit. "Lisa person").

Modifiers

Phrases in Toki Pona are head-initial; modifiers always come after the word that they modify. This trait resembles the typical arrangement of adjectives in Spanish and Arabic and contrasts with the typical English structure. Thus a kasi kule, literally "plant of color", always means a kind of plant, the colorful kind (most likely a flower). A kasi kule poki, literally "plant of color of container" can only be the kind of "plant of color" that comes in a container, i.e. a potted flower.

In the other direction, the English expression "plant pot" refers to a kind of container, so it must be rendered into toki pona with the word meaning "container" at the beginning, i.e. poki kasi (literally "pot of plant"). A "flower pot" would be poki pi kasi kule (literally "pot of flower").

In Toki Pona, "N A1 A2" (where N represents a noun and A1 and A2 represent modifiers) is always understood as ((N A1) A2), that is, an A1 N that is A2: E.g., jan pona lukin = ((jan pona) lukin), a friend watching, rather than (jan (pona lukin)), a good-looking person.

This can be changed with the particle pi, "of", which groups the following adjectives into a kind of compound adjective that applies to the head noun, which leads to jan pi pona lukin = (jan (pona lukin)), "good-looking person." Demonstratives, numerals, and possessive pronouns follow other modifiers.

Verbs

Toki Pona does not inflect verbs according to person, tense, mood, or voice, as the language features no inflection whatsoever. Person is inferred from the subject of the verb; time is inferred from context or a temporal adverb in the sentence as a subclause. The closest thing to passivity in Toki Pona is a structure such as "(result) of (subject) is because of (agent)." Alternatively, one could phrase a passive sentence as an active one with the agent subject being unknown.

Usually the predicate is marked by the particle li, but there is a zero copula when using the pronouns mi or sina unmodified.

Prepositions can be used as a class of verbs. For example, tawa means "to" as a preposition and "to go", "to move" or "to go to" as a verb; lon means "in" or "at" as a preposition and "to be in/at" or "to exist" or "to be true" as a verb; kepeken means "using" or "with" (in the sense of the instrumental case) as a preposition and "to use" as a verb. Verbs from prepositional roots have their objects right after them without the direct object marker e, similar to when they are used as a prepostion. Compare mi moku lon tomo mi for "I am eating at my house" and mi lon tomo mi for "I am at my house." Using the direct object marker e with a prepositional verb makes it causative, e.g. mi tawa e sijelo mi means "I make my body move". An exception is often made for kepeken, which some speakers use with e without a causative sense. E.g. both mi kepeken ilo and mi kepeken e ilo are used to say "I am using a tool."

Vocabulary

The alphabet of glyphs called "sitelen pona".

The 120-root vocabulary is designed around the principles of living a simple life without the complications of modern civilization.[14] Because of the small number of roots in Toki Pona, words from other languages are often translated using a collocation of two or more roots, e.g. "to teach" by pana e sona, which literally means "to give knowledge".[5] Although Toki Pona is generally said to have only 115,[15] 118[16] or 120 "words". However, there are several compound words and set phrases which, as idiomatic expressions, constitute independent lexical entries or lexemes and therefore must be memorized independently. For example most of the time jan pona means friend, although it literally just means 'good person', and telo nasa, which literally means "strange water" or "liquid of craziness", is widely understood to mean "alcohol" or "alcoholic beverage".

Colours

Toki Pona has five root words for colours: pimeja (black), walo (white), loje (red), jelo (yellow), and laso (blue). Each word represents multiple shades: laso refers to colours as light as cornflower blue or as dark as navy blue, even extending into shades of blue-green such as cyan.

Many colours can be expressed by using subtractive colours.

Although the simplified conceptualization of colours tends to exclude a number of colours that are commonly expressed in Western languages, speakers sometimes may combine these five words to make more specific descriptions of certain colours. For instance, "purple" may be represented by combining laso and loje. The phrase laso loje means "a reddish shade of blue" and loje laso means "a bluish shade of red".

Numbers

Toki Pona has root words for one (wan), two (tu), and many (mute). In addition, ala can mean zero, although its more literal meaning is "no" or "none".[11]

Toki Ponans express larger numbers additively by using phrases such as tu wan for three, tu tu for four, and so on. This feature makes it impractical to communicate large numbers.[13]

An alternate system proposed by Lang's official 2014 description of Toki Pona for larger numbers uses luka (literally "hand") to signify "five", mute (literally "many") to signify "twenty" and ale (literally "all") to signify "100". For example, using this structure ale tu would mean "102" and mute mute mute luka luka luka tu wan would signify "78".[17]

Roots

Body parts in Toki Pona

Two words have archaic synonyms: nena replaced kapa (protuberance) early in the language's development for unknown reasons. Later, the pronoun ona replaced iki (he, she, it, they), which was sometimes confused with ike (bad).[13] Similarly, ali was added as an alternative to ale (all) to avoid confusion with ala (no, not) among people who reduce unstressed vowels, though both forms are still used.

Words that have been simply removed from the lexicon, without being replaced, include leko (block, stairs), kan (to be with), and pata (sibling, cousin).

Besides ali, nena, and ona, which replaced existing roots, two roots were added to the original 118: pan for cereals (grain, bread, pasta, rice, etc.) and esun for places of commerce (market, shop, etc.).

Provenance

Origin of the Toki Pona roots by language. Obsolete roots are not included.

Toki Pona roots generally come from English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, Croatian, and Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese).

Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, oko (eye) is identical to Slavic oko and similar to other cognates such as Spanish ojo, Italian occhio and English ocular; likewise, toki (speech, language) is similar to Tok Pisin tok and its English source talk, while pona (good, positive), from Esperanto bona, reflects generic Romance bon, buona, etc. However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word lape (to sleep, to rest), for example, comes from Dutch slapen and is cognate with English sleep; kepeken (to use) is somewhat distorted from Dutch gebruiken, and akesi from hagedis (lizard) is scarcely recognizable. [Because *ti is not possible in Toki Pona, Dutch di comes through as si.]

Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Croatian, 10% Acadian, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from Welsh, Tongan (an English borrowing), Akan, and an uncertain language (apparently Swahili); four phonesthetic roots (two which are found in English, one from Japanese, and one which was made up); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle e).

Sign Language

Each word and letter has its own sign. To form a sentence, perform each sign, one after an other, using the same grammar and word order you already know.

Each sign can be described using four elements:

   1. hand shape

   2. location on the body

   3. palm orientation

   4. whether one hand or both hands

There are nine basic hand shapes used in Signed Toki Pona. These describe the right hand.

  flat hand      thumb-fist         bent hand
 wiggling hand   1 hand  2 hand
        O hand   L hand     F hand

For each sign, the right hand goes to a particular location.

   1. in front of chest

   2. at side of forehead

   3. at side of chin

   4. at left shoulder

   5. at left elbow

   6. on top of left fist

   7. on stomach

   8. under left slanted forearm

Most signs are described by the direction that the palm of the right hand faces. A few signs are described by the orientation that a particular finger points.

   1. left

   2. up

   3. down

   4. forward

   5. back

Most signs are performed with the right hand at the required location. A few signs are performed with both hands in a symmetrical way. In the description below, the hand shape, location and palm orientation of the right hand is given. Then, if the sign requires both hands, you must mirror the same gesture with the left hand.[18][19]

Literature

Lang has published proverbs, some poetry, and a basic phrase book in Toki Pona.

Research

Toki Pona was chosen for the first version of the vocabulary for the ROILA project. The purpose of this project was to study the use of an artificial language on the accuracy of machine speech recognition.[20]

It has also been used in studies on language learning.[21]

Community

During International Congress of Esperanto Youth held in Sarajevo, August 2006, there was a special session of Toki Pona speakers with 12 participants.

In 2007, Lang was reported to have said that at least 100 people speak Toki Pona fluently[22] and estimated that a few hundred have a basic knowledge of the language. Traffic on the Toki Pona mailing list and other online communities suggests that several hundred people have dabbled in it.

John Clifford, PhD, gave the following presentation on Toki Pona at the Second Language Creation Conference in 2007 at the University of California, Berkeley: "The Problems with Success: What Happens When an Opinionated Conlang Meets Its Speakers".[23][24]

Toki lili is a microblogging site similar to Twitter specifically aimed at Toki Pona speakers.[25]

There is an official Facebook group called toki pona created by Sonja Lang,[26] and there is an unofficial Facebook group called toki pona taso[27] which means "only toki pona." In the toki pona group, users communicate primarily in English about their interest in toki pona. In the toki pona taso group, users communicate solely in toki pona about various topics. As of April 2018, the toki pona group has over 3400 members, and the toki pona taso group has over 550 members.

Starting in March 2017, several members of the toki pona Facebook group began collaborating on a "toki pona central hub document" where much of the literature, lessons, resources, social media, and other material in or about toki pona could be found. From this document, a website called "tomo pona" opened up, which is written entirely in toki pona and shares links to various other sites pertaining to toki pona. tomo pona now serves as a central hub for the toki pona community.[28]

In addition to the Facebook groups, groups also exist on Telegram and Discord, where users discuss or practice toki pona.[29] In 2018, there were over 3,000 members in the Facebook group.

Sample texts

A text containing guidelines for using a washing machine written in Toki Pona.

mama pi mi mute (The Lord's Prayer)
Translation by Pije/Jopi

mama pi mi mute o, sina lon sewi kon.
nimi sina li sewi.
ma sina o kama.
jan o pali e wile sina lon sewi kon en lon ma.
o pana e moku pi tenpo suno ni tawa mi mute.
o weka e pali ike mi. sama la mi weka e pali ike pi jan ante.
o lawa ala e mi tawa ike.
o lawa e mi tan ike.
tenpo ali la sina jo e ma e wawa e pona.
Amen.

ma tomo Pape (The Tower of Babel story)
Translation by jan Siwen (Stephen Pope)

jan ali li kepeken e toki sama.

jan li kama tawa nasin pi kama suno li kama tawa ma Sinale li awen lon ni.

jan li toki e ni: "o kama! mi mute o pali e kiwen. o seli e ona."

jan mute li toki e ni: "o kama! mi mute o pali e tomo mute e tomo palisa suli. sewi pi tomo palisa li lon sewi kon. nimi pi mi mute o kama suli! mi wile ala e ni: mi mute li lon ma ante mute."

jan sewi Jawe li kama anpa li lukin e ma tomo e tomo palisa.

jan sewi Jawe li toki e ni: "jan li lon ma wan li kepeken e toki sama li pali e tomo palisa. tenpo ni la ona li ken pali e ijo ike mute. mi wile tawa anpa li wile pakala e toki pi jan mute ni. mi wile e ni: jan li sona ala e toki pi jan ante."

jan sewi Jawe li kama e ni: jan li lon ma mute li ken ala pali e tomo.

nimi pi ma tomo ni li Pape tan ni: jan sewi Jawe li pakala e toki pi jan ali. jan sewi Jawe li tawa e jan tawa ma mute tan ma tomo Pape.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Canadian has people talking about lingo she created". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  2. ↑ "Step aside, Tolkien fans and grunting Klingonists: Newly invented tongues are creeping into the public domain, thanks to the Web" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  3. ↑ Lang, Sonja. ""Why Toki Pona?"". lipu pi jan Pije. jan Pije. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Toki Pona follows the principles of Taoism, which advocates a simple, honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events.
  4. ↑ A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World, Paul J. J. Payack, (C) 2007, p. 194.
  5. 1 2 Станислав Козловский (Stanislav Kozlovsky) (20 July 2004). "Скорость мысли (The Speed of Thought)" (in Russian). Компьютерра Online (Computerra Online). Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  6. ↑ "Updated jan Pije's lessons/Lesson 2 Pronunciation - Wikibooks, open books for an open world". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  7. ↑ Lang (2014), Part 3: Dictionaries, Hieroglyphs.
  8. ↑ Lang (2014), Part 3: Dictionaries, Sign Language.
  9. ↑ "Toki Pona: kalama / sounds". Archive.is. 2006-05-27. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  10. ↑ "Phoneme frequency table" Archived 2007-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. in lipu pi toki pona pi jan Jakopo
  11. 1 2 Toki Pona: nimi ale / word list
  12. ↑ Dance, Amber (August 24, 2007). "In their own words – literally". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved 2007-08-29. – paid version and PDF versionlink=
  13. 1 2 3 Yerrick, Damian (October 23, 2002). "Toki Pona li pona ala pona? A review of the Toki Pona planned language". Pin Eight. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  14. ↑ Originally 118 roots, with two roots added later.
  15. ↑ Hrafn Loftsson, Eirikur Rögnvaldsson, Sigrun Helgadottir Advances in Natural Language Processing: 7th International 2010 - Page 251 "As a starting point for the first version of the vocabulary of ROILA we choose the artificial language Toki Pona [6] which caters for the expression of very simple concepts by just 115 words. Therefore this number formed the size of the ROILA"
  16. ↑ Tom Gross, Jan Gulliksen, Paula Kotzé Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2009: 12th IFIP TC 13 2009 Page 850 "As a first step in the design process we aim to inherit the vocabulary set or word concepts of the simple artificial language Toki Pona [12]. It has 118 word concepts and sufficiently caters for the needs of a simple language. We aim to adapt the ..."
  17. ↑ Lang, Sonja (2014). Toki Pona: The Language of Good. Tawhid. p. 46. ISBN 978-0978292300.
  18. ↑ "Toki Pona Sign Language". tokipona.net. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  19. ↑ Sonja,, Lang,. Toki Pona : the language of good (First English ed.). [United States]. ISBN 9780978292300. OCLC 921253340.
  20. ↑ Omar Mubin; Christoph Bartneck; Loe Feijs (2010-08-19). "Towards the Design and Evaluation of ROILA". Bartneck.de. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14770-8_28. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  21. ↑ "Expressive Robots in Education - Varying the Degree of Social Supportive Behavior of a Robotic Tutor". doi:10.1145/1753326.1753567.
  22. ↑ Roberts, Siobhan (9 July 2007). "Canadian has people talking about lingo she created". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  23. ↑ "Second Language Creation Conference 2007". Dedalvs.conlang.org. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  24. ↑ "Second Language Creation Conference Handouts" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  25. ↑ toki lili. "tokilili.shoutem.com". tokilili.shoutem.com. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  26. ↑ "toki pona". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  27. ↑ "toki pona taso". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  28. ↑ "tomo pona". Weebly. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  29. ↑ "toki". tomo pona. Retrieved 2018-04-07.

References

  • Lang, Sonja (2014). Toki Pona: The Language of Good. ISBN 978-0978292300.
  • Тијана Јовановић (Tijana Jovanović); Политикин Забавник (Politikin Zabavnik) (15 December 2006). "Вештачки језици-Токи пона (Constructed language-Toki Pona)" (in Serbian) (2862). Забавник.

  • Marek Blahuš (2011). "Toki pona – eine minimalistische Plansprache (Toki Pona – a minimalist constructed language)". Spracherfindung und ihre Ziele. Beiträge der 20. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik e.V., 26.-28. November 2010 in Berlin. (in German). Sabine Fiedler (18).
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