Timeline of Chilean history

This is a timeline of Chilean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Pre-Columbian Chile

YearDateEvent
16500 BCSettlement of Monte Verde, the "earliest known human settlement in the Americas".[1]
5050 BCChinchorro culture practices funerary mummification, the first known example of this practice in the world.[2]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1502The Inca Emperor Túpac Yupanqui reached Itata River
151325 SeptemberVasco Núñez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World; he calls it Mar del Sur.[3]
1520October - NovemberExplorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition finds the passage now known as the Strait of Magellan. In the process, they become the first Europeans to describe Chilean Patagonia and its inhabitants.[4]
1532Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru from Panamá. He begins the Conquest of the Inca Empire and captures Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca.[5][6]
1535July - DecemberSpanish Conquistador Diego de Almagro begins his expedition to the lands south of Peru through the eastern side of the Andes Mountains.[6]
1536March - MayAlmagro's expedition crosses the Andes into the Copiapó River valley and explores the central region of Chile as far south as the Aconcagua River valley.[6]
Almagro sends an expedition under :es:Gómez de Alvarado southwards toward the Bio-Bio region. The expedition ends in the Battle of Reynogüelén, considered to be the first battle of the Arauco War, with native Mapuches near the Itata River.[6]
154112 FebruaryPedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now known as Santiago.[7]
25 Apriles:Lucas Martínez Vegaso founds Villa San Marcos de Arica, now known as Arica.[8]
11 SeptemberAn uprising led by toqui Michimalonco attacks fledgling Santiago in an attempt to drive out the Spanish. Key actions undertaken by Inés de Suárez, the first Spanish woman to set foot in Chile, are attributed with avoiding the complete destruction of the outnumbered settlement.[9]
1544es:Juan Bohón founds Villanueva de la Serena, now known as La Serena.[10]
1545Foudation of the port of Arica. The port becomes a key staging point between the mines of Potosí in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) and Lima.[11]
1546Mapuche child Lautaro is captured by the Spanish and made a yanacona. Eventually, Lautaro becomes personal page of Pedro de Valdivia.[12]
15505 OctoberPedro de Valdivia founds Concepción del Nuevo Extremo, now known as Concepción.[13]
1552Founding of Valdivia. Lautaro, after six years' imprisonment by the Spanish, escapes and teaches his people military strategy, including riding horses.
1553Mapuche uprising under Lautaro. Pedro de Valdivia is killed in the Disaster of Tucapel.
1557Death of Lautaro, Caupolicán assumes the role of Mapuche toqui (wartime chief).
1558Caupolicán is captured and executed by impalement.
27 MarchGovernor García Hurtado de Mendoza founds San Mateo de Osorno, now known as Osorno.[14]
1564Concepción is unsuccessfully besieged by native Mapuches.
1565A Real Audiencia is established in Concepción. The Audiencia is abolished in 1575.
156712 FebruaryChiloé Archipelago is claimed by Spain. Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Castro on the main island; the southernmost European settlement at that time.[15]
15708 FebruaryConcepción is struck by an earthquake.[13]
1574Spanish captain Juan Fernández discovers the Juan Fernández Islands.
157516 DecemberEarthquake in Valdivia causes extensive damage in Valdivia and surrounding cities of Villarrica, Osorno, and Castro. As in the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Riñihue Lake dams.[16]
1578Francis Drake attacks the coast of Chile during his circumnavigation of the earth; La Serena and Valparaíso are plundered.
158026 JuneMartín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Chillán.[17]
15845 FebruaryPedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds the settlement Nombre de Jesús on the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan.[18]
25 MarchGamboa founds the settlement Rey Don Felipe in the Strait of Magellan. By 1587 both settlements lay in ruins, leading English pirate Thomas Cavendish to dub Rey Don Felipe as Port Famine.[18]
1598"Disaster of Curalaba". Governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola killed in a Mapuche ambush.
1599The Real Situado, an annual payment from Potosí to Chile, is established.

17th century

YearDateEvent
1602General uprising of the Mapuches under Pelantaro. All cities south of the Bío-Bío River are demolished, in what is now called Destruction of the Seven Cities.
1604A fort established in 1602 at the ruins of Valdivia is abandoned.
1608Jesuits arrive to Chiloé.
1612Beginning of the Defensive War phase (promoted by Luis de Valdivia) in the Arauco War.
1639The alcabala is reestablished after it had been suspended since the Disaster of Curalaba in 1598.
1641The first large shipment of Fitzroya wood leaves Chiloé Archipelago.[19]
1643A Dutch expedition plunders Carelmapu (May 20) and Castro and occupies the ruins of Valdivia from August 24 to October 28.
1645Repopulation of Valdivia and construction of the Valdivian Fort System, Valdivia becomes part of Viceroyalty of Peru.
164713 MaySantiago is struck by a devastating earthquake.[20]
1655A general insurrection moves for some years the frontier between the Spaniards and the mapuches from the Bío-Bío River north to the Maule River.
1664The Viceroalty of Peru estimates 30,000 to 42,000 Spaniards to have died in Chile of which half would have died by the direct consequences of the Arauco War.
1667Governor Francisco de Meneses is destitute after accusations of immorality against him.
1672The jesuits established in Chiloé Island founds a mission in the Nahuel Huapi Lake that lasts until 1717.
1680Bartholomew Sharp destroys and pillages La Serena.
1681By royal decree, the Atacama desert is declared to be the border between the Captain-Generalship of Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1687Chilean wheat exports to Peru increase since Peru is affected by a major earthquake and plague.

18th century

YearDateEvent
1709Alexander Selkirk, the inspiration for Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, is rescued from the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago.
171210 FebruaryA Huilliche rebellion occurs in the Chiloé Archipelago.
1717The Jesuit mission at Nahuel Huapi Lake is destroyed.
17225 AprilRapa Nui (Easter Island) is discovered by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen.
1723After 30 years of peace, the War of Arauco resumes with a Mapuche uprising.
1726A Mapuche-Spanish peace treaty is signed at a parliament in Negrete.
1740Valdivia is reincorporated as part of the Captaincy General of Chile.
1741HMS Wager is wrecked off the coast of Western Patagonia.
1749A fort and prison is established on Robinson Crusoe Island of Juan Fernández Archipelago.[21]
175125 MayA violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami completely destroy the city of Concepción.[13] The earthquake causes severe destruction to cities as far away as Talca.
1767The Spanish empire exiles all Jesuits. Ancud is founded. Chiloé becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1771The Franciscan order assumes the religious functions of the Jesuits in Chiloé.
1776The territories of Cuyo, previously governed as part of Chile, become part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. (See History of Argentina.)
1778Direct commerce between Chile and Spain is allowed.
1788MayAmbrosio O'Higgins, father of future Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins, is named governor of Chile.[22]
1789Start of the French Revolution, which affected Europe and the Americas with its ideas.
1792A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the surroundings of Río Bueno.
1793The parliaments of Negrete and Las Canoas between Spanish and native Mapuche and Huilliche are celebrated. The native chiefs accept the Spanish king as their de jure sovereign, but their own independence is also confirmed.
179613 JanuaryGovernor Ambrosio O'Higgins officially begins the repopulation of Osorno atop the city ruins discovered in 1792. The city had previously been destroyed by the indigenous mapuche in 1602.[14]

19th century

YearDateEvent
1805Rafael de Sobremonte, the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, sends the first smallpox vaccines to Santiago and Lima. Friar es:Pedro Manuel Chaparro administers the vaccine throughout Santiago.[23][24]
1807DecemberThe South American branch, under Manuel Julián Grajales, of the Real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition) reaches Santiago. Grajales proceeds to organize the Junta Central de Vacuna (Central Vaccine Board) to reinforce the smallpox immunization efforts of 1805.[23][24]
1808Francisco Antonio García Carrasco is the unpopular Governor of Chile. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII is imprisoned by Napoleon during his invasion of Spain.
1810Imitating the juntista movement of the rest of Latin America, the criollos (people of Spanish ancestry, but not born in Spain) of Santiago de Chile proclaim a governing Junta.
1811Tired of being circumvented by political intrigues, José Miguel Carrera takes power by military means and initiates a dictatorship.
1812Hostilities begin between the moderados, led by Bernardo O'Higgins, and the exaltados, led by Carrera. Carrera institutes the first Chilean national symbols (flag, coat of arms, and national anthem), and Fray Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the Aurora de Chile, the first Chilean newspaper. The Chilean Constitution of 1812 comes into effect. Founding of the Logia Lautaro.
1813The Spanish send military expeditions (under Antonio Pareja and Gabino Gaínza) from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In the ensuing battles O'Higgins rises to be seen as a figure of great stature, overshadowing the continually less popular Carrera, who ultimately resigns. Francisco de la Lastra becomes Supreme Director.
1814The "Disaster of Rancagua". Mariano Osorio, in command of a third Spanish expedition, defeats O'Higgins (October 1 – 2). Osorio reconquers Santiago for Spain. Exodus of Chilean patriots to Mendoza, Argentina, where they receive the support of José de San Martín. Those patriots who remain in Chile are captured by the Spaniards are deported to the Juan Fernández Islands. Osorio is confirmed Governor of Chile by the Viceroy Fernando de Abascal of Peru. The talaveras, under the command of San Bruno, install a regime of terror extending to those merely suspected of sympathy for the Chilean cause.
1815Guerrilla resistance against the Spanish begins, led by Manuel Rodríguez Erdoiza, and other spies such as Justo Estay. Increasing enmity between Osorio and Abascal leads Abascal to replace Osorio with Casimiro Marcó del Pont.
1817Battle of Chacabuco. José de San Martín and O'Higgins defeat Rafael Maroto, reconquering Santiago. Captain San Bruno, hated chief of the talaveras, is captured and — less than 24 hours later — executed by firing squad. O'Higgins becomes dictator.
1818O'Higgins signs the Chilean Declaration of Independence (February 12). Shortly afterwards, in the Battle of Maipú, O'Higgins defeats a new military expedition led by Mariano Osorio, and Chile definitively obtains independence from Spain (April 5). The rivalry between O'Higgins and Manuel Rodríguez ends with the ambush and assassination of the latter in Tiltil. The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Argentina.
1820Valdivia is captured by Lord Cochrane who commands the Chilean navy. The Freedom Expedition of Perú is organised by the government of Chile, and manages to free some parts of Peru from Spanish rule.
1821José Miguel Carrera arrested as a montonero (mounted rebel/bandit) in Argentina, and executed in Mendoza.
1822The Chilean Constitution of 1822 comes into effect.
1823Ramón Freire leads a military expedition from Concepción to Santiago and forces O'Higgins to resign. He goes into exile in Peru, where he dies in 1842. Freire assumes power.
1825Taking advantage of the un-surveyed border, and ignoring the royal decree of 1681 and the principal uti possidetis, Simón Bolívar grants the port of Cobija to Bolivia. This gives Bolivia an outlet to the sea between Chile and Peru, which it will retain until the War of the Pacific.
1826Freire incorporates Chiloé, the last area under Spanish control, into Chile. He later resigns, initiating an interregnum known as The Anarchy. First attempt in Chile of federal (as against centralized) government, led by the first president of Chile Manuel Blanco Encalada, and the federalist José Miguel Infante.
1828Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes power after the resignation of Encalada and his predecessors. Chilean Constitution of 1828.
1829Chilean Civil War of 1829. After several battles, Joaquín Prieto defeats Ramón Freire in the Battle of Lircay.
1830Diego Portales begins to remodel Chilean institutions, converting the country into an authoritarian republic.
1831José Joaquín Prieto becomes president of Chile. He will serve two consecutive five-year terms. With him, the so-called decenios (decade-long reigns) begin, which continue until 1871. This 30-year Conservative Party hegemony is sometimes referred to as the Authoritarian Republic.
1832Discovery of mineral deposits in Chañarcillo, and the beginning of the rise of silver in what was then el Norte Chico and now constitutes the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The mining fortunes constitute an important source of power in the following decades.
1833Chilean Constitution of 1833. "Portalian" — that is, inspired by Diego Portales — definitively fixed Chilean institutions.
1834Charles Darwin lands at Valparaíso, during the second voyage of HMS Beagle. He also visits Santiago.
1835Southern Chile is affected by the worst earthquake for several decades on 20 February, an event witnessed by Charles Darwin.[25] Darwin visits Valdivia, Concepción and Mendoza.
1836Diego Portales declares the war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation.
1837Diego Portales is assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Quillota. A Chilean military expedition debarks in Perú, beginning the War of the Confederation.
1839Battle of Yungay and defeat of the Confederation.
1840The Vatican acknowledges the Independence of Chile
1841Manuel Bulnes, victorious marshal of the Battle of Yungay, elected president of Chile.
1843University of Chile founded. Fort Bulnes established, the first Chilean presence on the Strait of Magellan.
1844Spain recognizes the Independence of Chile
1848Founding of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan
1851José María de la Cruz revolts in the southern provinces of Chile. Bulnes crushes the revolutionary attempt and signs the treaty of Purapel with the revolutionaries. Manuel Montt becomes the third of the decenal presidents.
1856The Dispute of Sacristán ("Cuestión del Sacristán"). An apparently trivial question of ecclesiastical discipline divides the Conservative Party into secular and ultra-Catholic factions, which lays the ground for their political defeat in the elections of 1861.
1857The Civil Code of Chile comes into effect; it will become a model for Latin American legal codes down to the present day.
1859Chilean Revolution of 1859. Pedro León Gallo, radical revolutionary of Copiapó, and others are defeated by the government forces. However, as a consequence, Antonio Varas renounces to his candidature.
1861José Joaquín Pérez of the Liberal Party elected president. His party will retain power until the Chilean Revolution of 1891.
1863A French adventurer proclaims himself Orélie Antoine I, King of Araucanía. After a short time he is arrested by the Chileans and deported in the pacification of Araucanía.
1866Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia at war with Spain. The port of Valparaíso is bombed by the Spanish. A treaty of limits (borders) of 1866 is signed with Bolivia.
1871A constitutional reform prohibits re-election, resulting in the end of the decenios. Governments of five years duration persist until 1925, except for the premature death of Pedro Montt in 1910.
1874Another treaty of limits is signed with Bolivia due to political tensions.
1879The War of the Pacific begins with Chilean troops occupying the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Bolivia's ally Peru attempts to mediate, but Chile refuses to negotiate and Peru enters the war on the side of Bolivia. Chile captures the provinces of Antofagasta from Bolivia and Tarapacá from Peru.
1880The United States attempts to mediate in the Lackawanna Conference, but both sides refuse to negotiate.
1881Chilean troops occupy Lima, the capital of Perú. Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina.
1883The Treaty of Ancón is signed with Perú to end the war, but hostilities with Bolivia continue. Law of Civil Matrimony adopted. This secularization was fiercely resisted by the Roman Catholic Church. The "Pacification of Araucanía" ends, and according to some historians this concludes the long-running War of Arauco.
1884The War of the Pacific ends with the signing of a truce with Bolivia. Chile's territorial gains allow the mining of saltpeter in the conquered regions, leading to great national prosperity for Chile. Treaty called "Pacto de Tregua".
1888Policarpo Toro leads a naval expedition to annex Easter Island. The Catholic University of Chile is privately founded.
1890The Malleco Viaduct is opened and railway traffic expands further south during the following decades.
18911891 Chilean Civil War. The constitutional president José Manuel Balmaceda is overthrown by troops favorable to the National Congress. The beginning of "Parliamentarism".
1895Easter Island is rented to Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua.

20th century

YearDateEvent
1904"Meat" Massacre in Santiago. The workers revolt against the central government due to an increase in the cost of living, including the price of meat. The government responds sending in the army. Two days of riots follow, during which hundreds of civilians are killed in street fighting.
1907Massacre of the Escuela Santa María de Iquique; soldiers fire on saltpeter workers and their unarmed associates. It will be years before the workers, terrorized by the brutal repression, resume the struggle for their rights.
1910Centenary of Chilean independence. Celebrations are darkened by the death of President Pedro Montt, the only president between 1831 and 1925 did not serve for a full five-year term.
191415 AugustThe Panama Canal opens; with Atlantic–Pacific shipping redirected to the new canal, the formerly crucial port of Valparaíso enters an economic decline.
1 NovemberFirst World War: A German naval squadron decisively defeats a British squadron at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Chile.
1920Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected president, indicating a rise to power by the Chilean middle classes.
1924Chile's first income tax is levied.
1925After intense political agitation the Chilean Constitution of 1925 is adopted, only slightly less authoritarian than that of 1833. The Impuesto Global Complementario, a graduated income tax, is introduced.
1927In a bloodless coup, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo takes the presidency by force during great political instability. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931.

The corps of Carabineros — paramilitary police — is founded.

19281 DecemberA magnitude 7.7 Mw earthquake strikes Talca.[26]
1929The crash of 1929 begins to affect the Chilean economy. The World Economic Survey of the League of Nations estimated that Chile was the worst affected nation by the Great Depression.[27]
193021 MarchFuerza Aérea de Chile (Chilean Air Force) founded.[28]
1931The deep economic crisis obliges Ibáñez del Campo to step down. A series of civilian governments and military juntas follows, some of which last no more than a few days.
1932The period of political anarchy ends with the return to power of Arturo Alessandri Palma.
1934Women obtain the legal right to vote in municipal elections.[29]
1938Massacre of Seguro Obrero: the Carabineros execute members of the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile (Nacistas), after the fascists attempted to oust the government in a coup d'état.
1939The Radical Party gains power, which they will retain until 1952.
1940President Pedro Aguirre Cerda registers the first Chilean claims in Antarctica.
1945Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize for Literature.[30]
1946Gabriel González Videla becomes president, backed by a broad alliance of parties, including the Radicals and Communists. Once in power, he accedes to pressure from the United States and promulgates the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy, also known as the Ley Maldita ("accursed law"). The law outlawed his former allies the Communists, some of whom were placed in concentration camps in Pisagua. Poet Pablo Neruda is hounded into exile.
1949Women obtain the legal right to vote in both presidential and parliamentary elections.[29]
6 AugustFirst publication of Condorito comic in :es:Okey magazine.[31]
1952Carlos Ibáñez del Campo returns to the presidency, this time via the ballot box, ending the era of the Radical Party.
1958Argentine forces destroy a Chilean lighthouse during the Snipe incident.
1960FebruaryFirst instance of the yearly Viña del Mar International Song Festival is organized.[32]
22 MayThe magnitude 9.5 Mw Great Chilean earthquake, the most intense earthquake ever recorded,[33] hits offshore near Valdivia.[34] The earthquake generated a tsunami which spread across the Pacific Ocean, affecting Chile,[35] Hawaii,[36] Japan,[36] the Philippines,[36] and New Zealand,[37] among many.
196230 May - 17 JuneChile hosts the FIFA World Cup football competition.[38] The Chilean national football team comes in 3rd; its highest ever placement in the competition.[39]
1964Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva becomes president, proclaiming the so-called "Revolution in Liberty". His election campaign was largely (and secretly) funded by the CIA, an intelligence agency of the United States.
19704 SeptemberSalvador Allende is elected president; the first democratic election of a Marxist politician.[40] The election campaign was highly polarised and subject to covert interference by foreign intelligence agencies (the CIA[41] and KGB[42]). Allende's socialist and Marxist orientation[40] greatly displeased the government of the United States which directed resources to "prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him".[43]
25 OctoberCommander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army René Schneider is assassinated in Santiago in an alleged kidnapping attempt. The group responsible received material support prior to and after the crime from the CIA.[44]
1971Poet Pablo Neruda receives Nobel Prize for Literature.[45]
1973The armed forces, carabineros, and others stage a violent coup by overthrowing Allende, who dies in the course of the coup. Some historians believe that the coup was supported or encouraged by the CIA. In the aftermath, Augusto Pinochet establishes himself as the head of a military junta. The subsequent repression of leftists and other opponents of the military regime results in approximately 130,000 arrests and at least 2,000 dead or "disappeared" over the next 17 years.
1977Beagle conflict: The binding Beagle Channel Arbitration awards the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands to Chile.
1978Beagle conflict: Argentina refuses to abide by the judgement and invades Chile in Operation Soberania. Argentine forces withdraw before any combat occurs.
1980The military government promulgates the Chilean Constitution of 1980, which is adopted by plebiscite. Economic policy begins to be significantly influenced by the ideas of the Chicago School and of Neoliberalism. The United States oblige President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos to cancel a scheduled visit by President Pinochet to the Philippines.
1982Chile provides non-combat support for British armed forces during the Falkland War.
1984Beagle conflict: Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina is signed.
1988Pinochet loses a plebiscite mandated by the constitution, which triggers elections the following year.
1990Patricio Aylwin wins the election and takes office as President. Transition to democracy begins.
1991The volcano Mount Hudson erupts, in one of the world's largest volcanic eruptions of the twentieth century.
1994Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected President.
1998During a visit to London for medical reasons, Augusto Pinochet is arrested in accord with the orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, beginning an international struggle between his supporters and detractors. He returns to Chile the following year, and the charges against him are later thrown out on the basis of his mental state. Chile suffers greatly from a world economic crisis, resulting in years of inflation and unemployment.
2000In the second round of voting, in a tight contest with right wing candidate Joaquín Lavín, Ricardo Lagos Escobar is elected President.

21st century

YearDateEvent
2001Chile signs the Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty act.
2002A general [[]] is performed all over the country.
2004The Chilean Supreme Court declares that Pinochet is mentally competent to stand trial.
2005The Pinochet trial continues. The presidential election of December 11 puts Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera into a second round.
2006In the second round of the presidential election the socialist leader Michelle Bachelet emerges the winner. 790,000 students adhere to the 2006 student protests in Chile. Death of Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (10 December 2006)
2007Los Ríos Region and Arica-Parinacota Region are created.
201027 February2010 Chile earthquake.
11 MarchSebastián Piñera assumed office as President of Chile.
5 August – 13 OctoberCopiapó mining accident
20112011 student protests, and later massive protest claiming for better education and economic equality.
2014Michelle Bachelet assumed office as President of Chile as the first woman to be reelected.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "New Evidence About Earliest Americans Supports Coastal Migration Theory". Newswise. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  2. ↑ Karoff, Paul (9 March 2015). "Case of the rotting mummies". The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  3. ↑ "Vasco Núñez de Balboa - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  4. ↑ "Todos los Santos - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  5. ↑ "Cronistas peruanos del siglo XVI - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Diego de Almagro (ca. 1479-1538) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  7. ↑ "Fundación de Santiago - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "Arica Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera" (in Spanish). Municipalidad de Arica. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  9. ↑ "Inés de Suárez (1507-1580) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "La Serena colonial - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "Arica (1540-1929) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  12. ↑ "El toqui Lautaro (ca.1534-1557) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 "Concepción colonial - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  14. 1 2 "Osorno (1558-1950) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  15. ↑ "Castro (1567-1834) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  16. ↑ "Valdivia colonial (1552-1820) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  17. ↑ "Chillán (1580-1939) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  18. 1 2 "Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  19. ↑ Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Alvial, Ingrid and Torres, Laura. 2011. Consecuencias de la tala maderera colonial en los bosques de alece de Chiloé, sur de Chile (Siglos XVI-XIX)*. Magallania. Vol. 39(2):75-95.
  20. ↑ "Santiago colonial - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  21. ↑ Prisión de los patriotas chilenos en Juan Fernández 1814-1817
  22. ↑ "Ambrosio O'Higgins - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  23. 1 2 "Ley de vacuna obligatoria - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  24. 1 2 Martínez Sanz, Pedro (2005). La Viruela y Fray Chaparro (in Spanish). 34. Ars Medica Revista de Ciencias Médicas. ISSN 0719-1855. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  25. ↑ The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin at Project Gutenberg
  26. ↑ "M 7.7 - Maule, Chile". USGS. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  27. ↑ "El impacto de la Gran Depresión en Chile (1929-1932) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Los heroicos inicios de la aviación chilena - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  29. 1 2 "Voto femenino - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  30. ↑ "Gabriela Mistral - Facts". Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  31. ↑ "Condorito (1949- ) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  32. ↑ "Festival de Viña del Mar - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  33. ↑ "20 Largest Earthquakes in the World". USGS. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  34. ↑ "Valdivia - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  35. ↑ "Southern Chile Earthquake and Tsunami, 22 May 1960". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  36. 1 2 3 "Hawaii's 1960 Tsunami". CBS News. 27 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  37. ↑ McSaveney, Eileen (12 June 2006). "Tsunamis - Living with tsunami hazards". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  38. ↑ "1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM". FIFA.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  39. ↑ "Chile - Association Information". FIFA.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  40. 1 2 "Salvador Allende Gossens (1908-1973) - Memoria Chilena" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  41. ↑ "CIA Activities in Chile: The "Assassination" of President Salvador Allende". Central Intelligence Agency. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  42. ↑ "The KGB in the Third World". National Public Radio, Inc. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  43. ↑ Kornbluh, Peter. "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973". National Security Archive. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  44. ↑ "CIA Activities in Chile: The Schneider Assassination". Central Intelligence Agency. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  45. ↑ "Pablo Neruda - Facts". Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
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