Terrorism in Germany
Year | Incidents | Deaths | Injuries |
---|---|---|---|
2018 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
2017 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
2016 | 41 | 27 | 117 |
2015 | 50 | 6 | 51 |
2014 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
2013 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2012 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
2011 | 8 | 2 | 2 |
2010 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
2008 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
2007 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
2006 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
2005 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
2004 | 3 | 1 | 25 |
2003 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
2002 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
2001 | 8 | 3 | 6 |
2000 | 8 | 1 | 28 |
1999 | 13 | 3 | 47 |
1998 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
1997 | 12 | 0 | 27 |
1996 | 52 | 1 | 5 |
1995 | 147 | 10 | 26 |
1994 | 79 | 2 | 85 |
1993 | 37 | 7 | 58 |
1992 | 156 | 17 | 217 |
1991 | 65 | 10 | 35 |
1990 | 13 | 1 | 4 |
1989 | 22 | 5 | 8 |
1988 | 18 | 1 | 14 |
1987 | 20 | 2 | 33 |
1986 | 49 | 10 | 276 |
1985 | 57 | 9 | 114 |
1984 | 22 | 0 | 3 |
1983 | 6 | 2 | 25 |
1982 | 30 | 5 | 44 |
1981 | 31 | 2 | 31 |
1980 | 20 | 17 | 218 |
1979 | 17 | 0 | 10 |
1978 | 20 | 0 | 4 |
1977 | 41 | 6 | 2 |
1976 | 50 | 4 | 36 |
1975 | 35 | 1 | 12 |
1974 | 29 | 2 | 10 |
1973 | 27 | 1 | 1 |
1972 | 24 | 23 | 45 |
1971 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
1970 | 32 | 8 | 9 |
Total | 1,306 | 194 | 1,633 |
Germany has experienced significant terrorism in its history, particularly during the Weimar Republic and during the Cold War, carried out by far-left and far-right German groups as well as by foreign terrorist organisations.
In recent years, both far left, far right and Islamist groups have been suspected of terrorism or terrorism plans.
Weimar Republic
Germany's loss in the First World War resulted in a chaotic situation, with multiple far-left and far-right organisations attempting to seize power. Both the far left and the far right organised their own militias, and carried out assassinations. For example, the Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau was assassinated in 1922 by a far-right group. Members of the Communist Party of Germany assassinated police captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck in Berlin in 1931.
Islamic terrorism
Turkish and Kurdish Islamist groups are also active in Germany, and Turkish and Kurdish Islamists have co-operated in Germany as in the case of the Sauerland terror cell[3] . Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that the Turkish (Kurdish) Hizbullah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany."[3] Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like Ansar al Islam.[3] Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Turkey are dominant.[3]
Since 2010, 15 people have died in Islamic terrorist attacks in Germany and an additional 74 have been injured. There is also a number of violent incidents which are disputed to either have been conducted by Lone-wolf Islamic terrorists or if they were conducted by psychologically sick people.
In 2015, 11 verdicts concerning jihadist terrororism related offences were issued by German courts.[4] In 2016, 28 verdicts for jihadist terrorism related offences were delivered.[5] In 2017 there were 27 verdicts.[6]
Terrorism in (or involving) West Germany and reunified Germany
During the Cold War, especially in the 1970s, West Germany experienced severe terrorism, mostly perpetrated by far-left terrorist groups and culminating in the German Autumn of 1977, the country's most serious national crisis in postwar history. Terrorist incidents also took place in the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the terrorist groups had connections to international terrorism, notably Palestinian militant groups, and were aided and abetted by the communist regime of East Germany.
Known groups responsible for attacks in Germany | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red Army Faction
A left-wing extremist, communist group. Held responsible for numerous bomb attacks, arson, kidnapping and murder of 34 people between 1970 and 1998. |
Revolutionary Cells
A left-wing extremist, communist group. Held responsible for 1 murder, 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. |
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
A communist, pro-Palestinian group. |
Black September | National Socialist Underground
A right-wing national-socialist group .Held responsible for the murder of 10 people, 3 bomb attacks and 15 bank-robberies between 1999 and 2007. | |||
Tupamaros West-Berlin
A Berlin based left-wing extremist terror group responsible for numerous bombings and arson attacks active in the late 1960's. |
Movement 2 June
An Anarchist terrorist group active between 1972-1980 responsible for numerous bombings,kidnappings and 1 murder. |
Anti-Imperialist Cell
Held responsible for 9 terrorist attacks in the 1990s. |
Militante gruppe (mg)
Held responsible for 25 arson attacks between 2001 and 2007. |
Rote Zora | |||
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL is directly responsible for 3 terrorist attacks in Germany and additionally is partly responsible for the radicalization of other lone-wolf Islamist attacks. |
Al-Qaeda | Deutsche Aktionsgruppen | Tupamaros München
Responsible for 24 minor arson- and bombing attacks between 1970-1971 which targeted at the German judiciary and Police.[7] |
Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann | |||
Freikorps Havelland | Gruppe Freital | Rachekommando Barbara Kistler | Atomwaffendivision | Antimilitaristische Gruppe | Provisional Irish Republican Army
Targeted British interests in the country. |
List of significant terrorist incidents in Germany
- 0 people were killed/injured by the incident.
- 1–5 people were killed/injured by the incident.
- 6–10 people were killed/injured by the incident.
- 11–24 people were killed/injured by the incident.
- 25+ people were killed/injured by the incident.
Germany | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Sub | Location | Deaths | Injuries | Type | Perpetrator or motives | Description | |
2 April 1968 | Frankfurt | - | - | Arson Attack | Red Army Faction | -- Shopping Mall
| ||
10 February 1970 | Munich | 1 | 23 | Grenade & Small arms fire | PDFLP (Palestinian nationalists) | -- Airports & airlines
| ||
2 February 1972 | Berlin | 1 | - | Improvised Explosive Device | 2 June Movement | -- British Military Vehicles and a British yacht-club (British Armed Forces)
| ||
11 May 1972 | Frankfurt | 1 | 13 | Improvised Explosive Device | Red Army Faction | -- Government institutions (Foreign: United States Army)
| ||
24 May 1972 | Heidelberg | 3 | 5 | Car bomb | Red Army Faction | -- Government institutions (Foreign: United States Army)
| ||
5 September 1972 | Munich | 17 (5 perps.) |
- | Hostage taking
(2 days) |
Black September (Palestinian nationalists) | -- Olympic Games
| ||
7 April 1977 | Karlsruhe | 3 | - | Small arms fire | Red Army Faction | -- Government institutions
| ||
30 July 1977 | Oberursel | 1 | - | Small arms fire | Red Army Faction | -- Business
| ||
5 September 1977 | Cologne | 5 | - | Small arms fire | Red Army Faction | -- Business
| ||
22 August 1980 | Hamburg | 2 |
- | Arson attack | Deutsche Aktionsgruppen Right-wing terrorism | -- Private citizens (Refugees) & property
| ||
27 September 1980 | Munich | 12 (one perp.) |
213 | Suicide bombing | Right-Wing Terrorism (perpetrator: Gundolf Köhler) | -- Private citizens & property
| ||
11 May 1982 | Seckbach (Frankfurt am Main) | 1 | - | High Standard .22 Pistol | Revolutionary Cells (German group) | -- German Politician Heinz-Herbert Karry | ||
15 January 1982 | Berlin | 1 | 46 | Improvised Explosive Device | Palestinian Nationalists | -- Private citizens & property
| ||
25 August 1983 | Berlin | 2 | 23 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) and Carlos the Jackal | -- Diplomatic (French)
| ||
1 February 1985 | Munich | 1 | - | Small arms fire | Red Army Faction | -- Business
| ||
19 June 1985 | Frankfurt | 3 | 74 | Improvised Explosive Device | Abu Nidal Organization | -- Airports & airlines
| ||
8 August 1985 | Rhein-Main Air Base | 2 | 20 | Car bomb | Red Army Faction & Action Directe | -- Government institutions (Foreign: United States Army)
| ||
4 April 1986 | Berlin | 3 | 231 | Improvised Explosive Device | Libyan agents | -- Private Citizens & Property
| ||
9 July 1986 | Munich | 2 | - | Improvised Explosive Device | Red Army Faction | -- Business
| ||
23 March 1987 | Rheindahlen | - | 31 | Car bomb | Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) | -- British military base
| ||
19 June 1989 | Osnabrück | - | - | Improvised Explosive Device | Provisional Irish Republican Army | -- Government institutions (Foreign: British Army)
| ||
30 November 1989 | Bad Homburg vor der Höhe | 1 | 1 | Improvised Explosive Device | Red Army Faction | -- Business
| ||
13 February 1991 | Bonn | 0 | 0 | Sniper | Red Army Faction | -- Government institutions (Foreign: United States)
| ||
23 November 1992 | Mölln | 3 | - | Incendiary device | - | -- Private Citizens & Property
| ||
29 May 1993 | Solingen | 5 | 14 | Incendiary device | - | -- Private Citizens & Property
| ||
17 November 1993 | Cologne | - | - | Firearm attack | Anti-Imperialist Cell | -- Property
| ||
27 October 1994 | Bad Freienwalde | - | - | Arson attack | Das K.O.M.I.T.E.E. | -- Bundeswehr Building & Property
| ||
28 June 1996 | Osnabrück | - | - | Mortar attack | Provisional Irish Republican Army | -- Government institutions (Foreign: British Army) | ||
9 June 2004 | Cologne | - | 22 | Pipe bomb | National Socialist Underground | -- Private Citizens & Property
| ||
9 September 2000 to 25 April 2007 | Heilbronn | 10 | 1 | Serial Killing, Small arms fire | National Socialist Underground | -- Government institutions, Private Citizens & Property
| ||
2 March 2011 | Frankfurt | 2 | 2 | Small arms fire | Arid Uka | -- Government institutions (Foreign: United States Army)
| ||
17 October 2015 | Berlin | (one perp.) |
1 1 | Knife attack | Rafik Mohamad Yousef | -- Ayad Allawi (Politician)
Plotted to assassinate the Prime Minister of Iraq during his visit to Germany .[50] | ||
17 September 2015 | Cologne | - | 5 | Knife attack | Right-wing extremist Frank S. | -- Henriette Reker (Politician)
| ||
1 November 2015 | Freital | - | 1 | Explosive attack | Gruppe Freital (Right-wing extremists) | -- Refugee accommodation | ||
5 February 2016 | Hanover | - | - | Arson Attack | Saleh S. (Islamist) | -- Civilians
| ||
26 February 2016 | Hanover | - | 1 | Knife attack to neck | Safia S. (Islamist) | -- Government institutions (Police) | ||
16 April 2016 | Essen | - | 3 | Improvised Explosive Device | Yussuf T. and Mohammed B. Islamic Terrorism | -- Sikh temple
| ||
19 July 2016 | Würzburg | (one perp.) |
1 5 | Axe attack | Riaz Khan Ahmadzai (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) | -- Private Citizens & Property | ||
24 July 2016 | Ansbach | (one perp.) |
1 12 | Suicide bombing | Mohammad Daleel (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) | -- Private Citizens & Property | ||
26 September 2016 | Dresden | - | - | Pipe bomb | Nino K. Right-wing terrorism | -- Mosque & International Congress Center Dresden
| ||
19 December 2016 | Berlin | 12 | 48 | Truck attack | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | -- Private Citizens & Property | ||
28 July 2017 | Hamburg | 1 | 5 | Knife attack | Ahmad Alhaw (Lone wolf (terrorism)) | -- Private Citizens | ||
9 March 2018 | Lauffen am Neckar | - | - | Arson Attack | Kurdish extremists (youths) Spillover of the(Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)) | --Turkish Mosque
| ||
11 March 2018 | Itzehoe | - | - | Arson Attack | Kurdish extremists (youths) Spillover of the(Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)) | --Turkish Vegetable-market
| ||
11 March 2018 | Berlin | - | - | Arson Attack | Kurdish extremists (youths) Spillover of the(Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)) | --Turkish Mosque
| ||
12 March 2018 | Ahlen | - | - | Arson Attack | Kurdish extremists (youths) Spillover of the(Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)) | --Turkish culture-center
|
Significant foiled terrorism plots
List of international terrorist incidents with significant German casualties
- 6 German nationals died as a result of the bombing of several Balinese tourist clubs in Indonesia on 12 October 2002.[64]
- 14 German nationals died as a result of the bombing of a synagogue on the island of Djerba in Tunisia on 11 April 2002.[65]
- 12 out of 13 tourists killed in the January 2016 Istanbul bombing were German
Response to terrorism
The terrorism of the 1970s has formed Germany's political culture and its policy of not negotiating with terrorists. It also led to the formation of the GSG9 counter-terrorism unit. In 1972, a law was passed, the Extremist Act (Radikalenerlass), which banned radicals or those with a 'questionable' political persuasion from public sector jobs.
In popular culture
A number of books and films address this topic.
Films
- Die Hard
- Brandstifter (Arsonists) (1969)
- The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (1975)
- Germany in Autumn (1978)
- The Third Generation (1979)
- The German Sisters' (1981)
- Stammheim (1986)
- Todesspiel (1997)
- The State I Am In (2000)
- The Legend of Rita (2000)
- Black Box BRD (2001)[66]
- Baader (2002)
- Enemy of the State (2003)
- In Love With Terror (2003)
- Munich (2005)
- The Baader Meinhof Complex (2008)
- Children of the Revolution (2010)
Further reading
See also
References
- German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013
- ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
- ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
- 1 2 3 4
- German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013
- ↑ "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016". EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat). Europol: 47. 2016. ISBN 978-92-95200-68-5.
- ↑ "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2017". EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat). Europol: 52. 2017. ISBN 978-92-95200-79-1.
- ↑ European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE SAT 2018) (PDF). Europol. 2018. p. 58. ISBN 978-92-95200-91-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ↑ https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Tupamaros_M%C3%BCnchen#Weltbild_und_Feindbilder_der_Tupamaros
- ↑ Nettelbeck, Uwe (2006-02-23). "Die Frankfurter Brandstifter" (in German). Zeit Online. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
- ↑ "West German Government Condemns Arab Terrorist Attack on El Al Airline". JTA. 12 February 1970.
- ↑ "Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology". Office of the Historian: Bureau of Public Affairs. United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- 1 2 3 "2 Americans killed by car bomb at USAF base in West Germany". Schenectady Gazette. 9 August 1985. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- 1 2 Varon, Jeremy (2004). Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. University of California Press. p. 210. ISBN 9780520930957.
- ↑ Desmond Butler; Mark Landler (9 September 2002). "THREATS AND RESPONSES: HEIDELBERG; One Terror Plot May Have Been Foiled, but a U.S. Base in Germany Is Still Vulnerable". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Moncourt, André. The Red Army Faction: A Documentary History. Projectiles for the people. PM Press. p. 178. ISBN 9781604861792.
- ↑ Juan Sanchez (7 August 2007). Terrorism & Its Effects. Global Media. p. 144. ISBN 978-81-89940-93-5. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ The new dimension of international ... Google Books. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of terrorism . Google Books. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ↑ The terrorist trap: America's ... Google Books. 18 July 1976. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ↑ "Who Assassinated Siegfried Buback? Germany Revisits RAF Terrorism Verdict". Der Spiegel. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ↑ Heinrich August Winkler (2007). Germany: 1933-1990. Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ↑ Büchel, Helmar; Aust, Stefan (17 September 2007). "Dann gibt es Tote" (in German). Der Spiegel.
- ↑ https://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/Deutsche-Aktion-Neonazi-Terror-1980,anschlag185.html
- ↑ "Neo nazis Arrested in Octoberfest Bombing". Beaver County Times. Associated Press. 28 September 1980. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
- ↑ Gerber, Larry (29 September 1980). "Neo Nazi group suspected in Munich Oktoberfest bomb". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/27/world/germans-link-plo-to-domestic-terror.html
- ↑ https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Der-Mord-an-Heinz-Herbert-Karry-article143362.html
- ↑ "Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968-2003". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 20 December 2003.
- ↑ Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 9781317474654.
- ↑ "FRENCH CONSULATE BOMBED IN BERLIN". The New York Times. 26 August 1983. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "Guerrillas Kill Top West German Arms Executive". The Glasgow Herald. 2 February 1985. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- ↑ "BOMB AT FRANKFURT AIRPORT KILLS 3 AND WOUNDS 42". The New York Times. 20 June 1985. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "ARAB GROUP ASSERTS IT PLANTED BOMB IN FRANKFURT". The New York Times. 22 June 1985. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "Palestinian group blamed for airport bombing". United Press International. 28 July 1988.
- ↑ Tagliabue, John (9 August 1985). "CAR BOMB KILLS 2 ON A U.S. AIR BASE IN WEST GERMANY". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ Chalk, Peter (2012). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 401–402. ISBN 9780313308956.
- ↑ "Germans Get 3 Suspects In an Ice Cream Parlor". The New York Times. 4 August 1986. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Tagliabue, John (26 July 1986). "CAR BOMB HITS A WEST GERMAN COMPANY INVOLVED IN 'STAR WARS'". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons,. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 22 Jun 1989". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
- ↑ "German court frees IRA bomber Maguire". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
- ↑ "Man jailed over IRA base bombing". 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
- ↑ Protzman, Ferdinand (1 December 1989). "Head of Top West German Bank Is Killed in Bombing by Terrorists". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Charles Hawley; Daryl Lindsey (24 August 2012). "Twenty Years after Rostock: Racism and Xenophobia Still Prevalent in Germany". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑ "Mölln 1992: Neonazis ermorden drei Menschen" (in German). Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (4 June 1993). "Thousands of Germans Rally for the Slain Turks". New York Times. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑ "Neo-Nazi Asks Forgiveness for Death of Turks". New York Times. 14 April 1994. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑ http://www.mik.nrw.de/en/verfassungsschutz/linksextremismus/linksterrorismus/aiz.html
- ↑ https://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Undogmatische_Linke/komitee0411.html
- ↑ "US soldiers shot dead in Germany". Al Jazeera English. March 2, 2011.
- ↑ CNN, From Frederik Pleitgen,. "Killer of U.S. airmen is radical Muslim, German official says". Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Berlin police shoot dead convicted militant after knife attack". U.S. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ↑ http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/214657/der-anschlag-auf-henriette-reker-ein-fall-von-lone-wolf-terrorismus
- ↑ http://www.sz-online.de/sachsen/wie-die-buergerwehr-angst-verbreitet-3243759.html
- ↑ https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/urteil-gruppe-freital-dresden-100.html
- ↑ https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/Nachrichten/Bruder-von-Safia-S-erhaelt-wegen-Anschlags-acht-Jahre-Haft-16184.html
- ↑ http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/kriminalitaet/bruder-von-safia-s-erhaelt-wegen-anschlags-acht-jahre-jugendhaft-15052197.html
- ↑ http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/anschlag-in-hannover-jaehrige-soll-im-auftrag-des-is-polizisten-verletzt-haben-1.3011720
- ↑ http://www.thelocal.de/20160531/teen-who-stabbed-police-officer-linked-to-isis
- ↑ https://www.tz.de/politik/anschlag-sikh-gebetshaus-essen-zwei-festnahmen-zr-6331766.html
- ↑ http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2018-02/dresden-anschlag-moschee-icc-gestaendnis-angeklagter
- ↑ https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/bw/heilbronn/angriff-auf-moschee-in-lauffen-brandanschlag-mit-molotowcocktails/-/id=1562/did=21307792/nid=1562/1jztl8d/index.html
- ↑ https://www.shz.de/regionales/schleswig-holstein/schutt-und-asche-kurdischer-appell-an-jugendliche-bereitet-sorgen-id19315851.html
- ↑ https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/koca-sinan-moschee-in-berlin-reinickendorf-die-lage-nach-dem-brandanschlag/21058216.html
- ↑ https://www.wa.de/nordrhein-westfalen/ahlen-brandsaetze-tuerkisches-kulturzentrum-geworfen-9686308.html
- ↑ Park, Andrew (10 October 2012). "Bali bombings: Full list of victims' names". SBS Australia. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ↑ "Al-Qaeda claims Tunisia attack". BBC News. 23 June 2002. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Der Baader Meinhof Komplex vs RAF Film Chronicle by Ron Holloway, accessed 19 April 2009