Terrorism in Australia

Terrorism in Australia deals with terrorist acts in Australia as well as steps taken by Australian governments to counter the threat of terrorism. In 2004 the Australian government has identified transnational terrorism as also a threat to Australia and to Australian citizens overseas.[3] Australia has experienced acts of modern terrorism since the 1960s, while the federal parliament, since the 1970s, has enacted legislation seeking to specifically target terrorism.

Terrorism is defined as "an action or threat of action where the action causes certain defined forms of harm or interference and the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause".[4]

Terrorist attacks in Australia

A number of terrorists attacks have occurred in Australia.[5]

Battle of Broken Hill (1915)

Two men shot dead four people and wounded seven more, before being killed by police and military officers. At the time of their attack, they raised the flag of the Ottoman Caliphate, later the Turkish flag to identify their cause. Neither of the men were members of any official armed force. In today's parlance, their attack would be described as an act of a lone wolf. The two men were later identified as being Muslims from the British colony of India, modern-day Pakistan (some sources incorrectly identify them as Turkish).

Soviet Embassy bombing (1971)

The Embassy of the USSR was attacked by a crude bomb on 17 January 1971 in Canberra.[6]

Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing (1972)

The Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing occurred in Haymarket, Sydney on 16 September 1972; the attack injured sixteen people. The perpetrators of the attack were believed to be Croatian separatists.

Sydney Hilton bombing (1978)

The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing occurred on 13 February 1978; a bomb exploded outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, which was hosting the first Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting. Two garbage collectors and a police officer were killed and eleven others were injured.

Family Court of Australia attacks (1980–1985)

On 23 June 1980, David Opas, a judge of the Family Court, was shot dead outside his home. In March 1984, a bomb destroyed the home of fellow judge Richard Gee, who survived. In April, a bomb exploded in the Family Court building in Parramatta. In July, the wife of judge Ray Watson was killed when a bomb exploded on their doorstep. In July 1985 a bombing at a Jehovah's Witness hall killed the minister, Graham Wykes.[7]

Iwasaki resort bombing (1980)

At 2am on 29 November 1980, the day of the Queensland State election, a nitropril and fuel oil bomb was detonated with gelignite at the Iwasaki resort construction site north of Yeppoon.[8][9] The blast created a seven metre wide crater in a block of holiday units under construction.[8] Premier Joh Bjelke-Peterson and MP Ben Humphreys labelled the incident a terrorist attack,[10][8][11] and a caller to Rockhampton's The Morning Bulletin newspaper claimed responsibility on behalf of the "Queensland Republican Army".[12] The media saw the motivation behind the attack as increasing resentment over Japanese land ownership in Queensland, while Petersen claimed that it was a racist attack.[11] Two men, Eric John Geissman and Kerry Geissman, were committed to trial on 15 May 1981.[12] Both were found not guilty after questions were raised regarding police misconduct in the investigation, a common problem in Queensland at the time.[11]

Sydney Turkish Consul General assassination (1980)

On 17 December 1980, Sydney Turkish Consul General Şarık Arıyak and his security attaché Engin Sever were assassinated by two people on motorcycles wielding firearms in Sydney. The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide claimed responsibility but the culprits were never identified and no charges were laid. The Consul General was gunned down despite having taken precautions in the form of not travelling in the official consulate Mercedes Benz vehicle and instead being chauffeured in the trailing security attaché's car.[13]

Jack van Tongeren and the ANM (1980s, 2004)

Throughout the 1980s, West Australian neo-Nazi group "The Australian Nationalist Movement", led by Jack van Tongeren, engaged in a series of bombings of Asian restaurants and businesses, political violence, murder of a suspected informant and other acts to intimidate the Asian population. Van Tongeren was eventually imprisoned for a long period of time until his release in the early to mid-2000s. He resumed his activities until he was re-arrested in 2004 as part of Operation Atlantic, prompting a judge to order him to leave the state.[14]

Israeli consulate and Hakoah Club bombing (1982)

The bombing of the Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club in Sydney occurred on 23 December 1982. The two bombings occurred on the same day within five hours of each other. The initial case led to a single arrest though charges were later dropped. In 2011, the NSW police and Australian federal police reopened the case citing new leads.[15][16][17][18]

Turkish consulate bombing (1986)

The Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing occurred on 23 November 1986; a car bomb exploded in a carpark beneath the Turkish Consulate in South Yarra, Victoria, killing the bomber who failed to correctly set up the explosive device. Levon Demirian, a Sydney resident with links to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, was charged over the attack and served 10 years.[19]

Perth French Consulate bombing (1995)

In 1995, terrorists firebombed the French Consulate in Perth.[20]

Abortion clinic attack (2001)

− On 16 July 2001, Peter James Knight, described as an "obsessive anti-abortionist" who lived alone in a makeshift camp in rural New South Wales, attacked the East Melbourne Family Planning clinic, a privately run clinic providing abortions, carrying a rifle, and large quantities of kerosene and lighters. He shot and killed a security guard at the clinic before his capture and arrest. He was charged and convicted of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 23 years.[21] Australian terrorism academic Clive Williams listed the attack amongst incidents of politically motivated violence in Australia.[22]

Endeavour Hills stabbings (2014)

On 23 September 2014 an 18-year-old man, Numan Haider, was shot and killed by police outside Endeavour Hills police station. Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Luke Cornelius said Haider had been asked to come to the police station to discuss behaviour "which had been causing some concern". When the man arrived outside the station, he stabbed the two officers as they went to meet him. The two stabbed officers, one from Victoria Police and one from the Australian Federal Police, were working together as part of a joint operation on counter-terrorism between the AFP and Victoria Police.[23] Haider was found to be carrying two knives and an Islamic State flag.[24]

Sydney hostage crisis (2014)

On 15 December 2014, Muslim sheikh, Man Haron Monis, took 17 people hostage inside a Lindt chocolate café in Sydney. He forced hostages to hold up a jihadist black flag against a window of the café. On the early hours of 16 December, police breached the café and fatally shot Monis following the escape of several hostages. Two hostages also died, while another four people, including a police officer, were injured in the incident.[25][26]

The designation of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, also known as the Sydney Martin Place siege, has been subject to debate among terrorism experts and news commentators. Initially, during the early stages of the incident, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack;[27][28] however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counterterrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism.[29] Commentators have debated whether the perpetrator of the attack, Man Haron Monis, was in fact a terrorist and whether his actions can be classified as an act of terrorism. One terrorism expert described Monis's actions as those of a "lone-wolf terrorist … driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight."[30][31] Another wrote in an opinion column that the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort."[32] Scott Stewart supervisor of the analysis of terrorism and security issues for Statfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism.[33] By contrast, criminologist Mark Lauchs stated that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack."[30] Media outlets have also provided conflicting designations for Monis; John Lehmann, editor of The Daily Telegraph, wrote how Monis filled the criteria of an Islamic State terrorist,[34] while a columnist for The Guardian wrote how the designation of a terrorist is misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL.[35] On 15 January 2015, Australia's Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege in Sydney's Martin Place as a terrorist incident for insurance purposes.[36]

The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability."[37] One argument was that the gunman's lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club".[38]

Nick O'Brien, Associate Professor Counter Terrorism at Charles Sturt University has said Islamic State's magazine claim that the Sydney siege gunman is a righteous jihadist should not be lightly dismissed.[39] Dr David Martin Jones, Senior Lecturer at the School of Government, University of Tasmania has said not to underestimate the politically destabilising intent of Monis's lone-actor violence, as it is a considered tactic and a strategic goal of ISIL.[40]

2015 Parramatta shooting

On 2 October 2015, Iranian-born Iraqi-Kurdish youth shot dead a 58-year-old accountant, who worked for the New South Wales Police Force, outside the Parramatta Police headquarters.[41][42][43] The terrorist then shot at special constables guarding the building, and was shot dead by them. NSW Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said "We believe that his actions were politically motivated and therefore linked to terrorism." Four other 'alleged Islamic State members' were arrested and charged in relation to the shooting.[44]

Minto stabbing (September 2016)

On September 10, Islamist Ihsas Khan attacked a man in a park in Minto, New South Wales. The victim was chased and repeatedly stabbed or slashed with a knife. Khan was charged with attempted murder and with committing a terrorist act.[45] Crown prosecutor Peter Neil SC said there was evidence to suggest Mr Khan had been planning to attack a civilian at random on September 11 to coincide with the anniversary of the Al Qaeda attacks on the United States. [46]

Queanbeyan stabbing (April 2017)

On 7 April 2017, a pair of 15- and 16-year-old boys entered a service station in the small town of Queanbeyan in NSW and stabbed 29-year-old Zeeshan Akbar of Pakistani descent, who died at the scene soon after. Three other men were also attacked and injured at the scene. The 16-year-old's mother had told police that she believed that her son had been radicalised in recent weeks and that he sympathised with Islamic State and had also posted concerning posts on Facebook. The police are treating this as an act of terrorism and an investigation is under way.

Brighton siege (June 2017)

On 5 June 2017, 29-year-old Somali-born Islamist Yacqub Khayre shot dead receptionist Kai Hao in the foyer at a serviced apartment complex in the suburb of Brighton in Melbourne. He then took a female escort hostage in an apartment. He contacted both the police and the media. Police responded and Khayre died in a shoot-out with three police officers wounded. Khayre had referred to ISIS and al-Qaeda in a phone call to the media. In 2010 he had been acquitted of the earlier Holsworthy Barracks terror plot.

Mill Park stabbing (February 2018)

Momena Shoma, a Bangladeshi Islamist, stabbed a 56-year-old man in the neck while he was asleep at his Callistemon Rise home in Mill Park.[47] She has been charged with engaging in a terrorist act and it’s alleged she was inspired by terror group Islamic State.[48]

Notable terror plots

Australian police have disrupted a significant number of terrorism plots since 2014.[49]

Bob Hawke assassination plot

In 1975, the Palestinian Black September terrorist group and the Australian branch of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) terrorist group plotted to assassinate future Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, then Australian Labor Party president, along with a number of notable journalists seen as being pro-Israel. A Black September member visited Australia under the guise of a journalist and was provided with materials from Australian PFLP members and returned to Israel; the Black September member who intended to carry out the attack was killed by Israeli forces before he could return to Australia.[50]

Faheem Khalid Lodhi

Faheem Khalid Lodhi is an Australian architect accused of an October 2003 plot to bomb the national electricity grid or Sydney defence sites in the cause of violent jihad. He was convicted by a New South Wales Supreme Court jury in June 2006 on terrorism-related offences,[51] namely:

  • Preparation for terrorist attack, by seeking information for the purpose of constructing explosive devices
  • Seeking information and collecting maps of the Sydney electricity supply system and possessing 38 aerial photos of military installations in preparation for terrorist attacks
  • Possessing terrorist manuals detailing how to manufacture poisons, detonators, explosives and incendiary devices

In his judgement, Justice Anthony Whealy illustrated that Lodhi's behaviour breached the rules under the Anti Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth),[52] Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the Criminal Code and the Crimes (Internationally Protected Persons) Act 1976 (Cth) [53]

His intended targets were the national electricity supply system, the Victoria Barracks, HMAS Penguin naval base, and Holsworthy Barracks. Justice Anthony Whealy commented at sentencing that Lodhi had "the intent of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause, namely violent jihad" to "instill terror into members of the public so that they could never again feel free from the threat of bombing in Australia."[54]

Accordingly, Whealy said the sentence to be imposed "must be a substantial one to reflect the important principles of deterrence and denunciation. In relation to count 2 the appropriate sentence, in my view, is one of imprisonment for a term of 20 years. The sentence is to commence on 22 April 2004 and to expire on 21 April 2024."[53]

Neil Prakash

Neil Prakash is a former Buddhist from Melbourne who became a jihadist and changed his name to name Abu Khaled al-Cambodi.[55]

He was linked to a number of domestic terror threats, including an alleged Anzac Day terror plot in Melbourne and the shooting death of NSW police worker Curtis Cheng in western Sydney in 2015. Later, he fled to Syria and became a senior recruiter for the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, appearing in propaganda videos and magazines with the intention of recruiting people to commit acts of terrorism.

Prakash was reportedly killed by a targeted US air strike in northern Iraq in May 2016.[56] Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull commented: "Neil Prakash's death is a very, very positive development in the war against Daesh and the war against terror".[57] The Herald Sun later reported that Australian security officials were "almost certain" that Prakash had not been killed in the airstrike and had continued to act as a recruiter for the group.[58] In November 2016, Australian counter-terrorism officials confirmed that Prakash was still alive, and had been arrested after attempting to enter Turkey from Syria.[59]

Sydney Five

Khaled Cheikho, Moustafa Cheikho, Mohamed Ali Elomar, Abdul Rakib Hasan and Mohammed Omar Jamal were found guilty of conspiring to commit a terrorist act or acts.[60] They were jailed on 15 February 2010 for terms ranging from 23 to 28 years.[61]

Benbrika Group in Melbourne

In September 2008, of an original nine defendants, five men including the Muslim cleric, Abdul Nacer Benbrika were convicted of planning a terrorist attack. During the trial, the jury heard evidence of plans to bomb the 2005 AFL Grand Final, 2006 Australian Grand Prix and the Crown Casino, as well as a plot to assassinate then Prime Minister John Howard.[62][63]

Holsworthy Barracks terror plot

On 4 August 2009, four men in Melbourne were charged over the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot, an alleged plan to storm the Holsworthy Barracks in Sydney with automatic weapons; and shoot army personnel or others until they were killed or captured.[64][65] The men are allegedly connected with the Somali-based terrorist group al-Shabaab.[66] Prime Minister Kevin Rudd subsequently announced a federal government review of security at all military bases.[67]

In December 2011 Justice Betty King sentenced three of the men to 18 years in prison with minimum terms of 13 1/2. She said that they were all "unrepentant radical Muslims and would remain a threat to the public while they held extremist views".[68]

Mohammed Abderrahman

Mohammed Abderrahman, aka Willie Brigitte, is a French Islamist al-Qaeda recruit who resided with Faheem Lodhi while in Australia in 2003, during which time he married a former Australian Army signaller.[69] He was arrested by Australian immigration compliance officials in Sydney six weeks after the marriage[70] and deported to France.

His wife said before a French investigating judge that at times he had 'bombarded' her with questions on the subject of her military knowledge and career.[70] She reports that she rebuffed such questioning or responded minimally 'so that he would leave [her] in peace' and that she burned three of her notebooks originating from the period of her military service in East Timor as a precaution. She reported his anger about her taking such precautions, his presumption to forbid her from further similar actions, and she exactly confirmed his repeated statement of the opinion that "Allah and all Muslims need this information" in order to obtain information of a military character from her.[70]

In December 2006, it was reported that a basis for French terrorism-related charges laid against him was the allegation that he aided the murderers of Ahmad Shah Masood by supplying them with false identity documents.[71]

In early 2007 he was in custody as a terrorism suspect in France where prosecutors called for him to be sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for his admitted involvement in a terrorist organisation.[72]

On 15 March 2007 Brigitte was found guilty and received a nine-year prison sentence.[73]

Joseph T. Thomas

On 28 August 2006, following the quashing of his terrorism convictions, Joseph T. Thomas (also dubbed "Jihad Jack") was the first person to be issued with a control order under the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 after written consent was provided by the Australian Attorney-General Philip Ruddock.[74][75] In December 2007 a control order was issued against David Hicks to ensure that he was monitored upon his release.[76]

2015 Anzac Day terror plot

Sevdet Besim was arrested on 18 April 2015. Aged 18 and born to parents of Albanian origin, he planned to drive a car into and kill, then behead, a law enforcement officer on Anzac Day in Melbourne. He was subsequently sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 5 September 2016.[77]

2017 airline bombing plot

In July 2017, Australian police thwarted a plot to bomb an airliner. In Sydney, four men were arrested by the Australian Federal Police and their properties were searched.[78][79]

Tamin Khaja

On 31 October 2017, Tamin Khaja plead guilty to planning a terrorist attack on targets in Sydney that included the Timor Army Barracks and Sydney West Trial Courts. He was arrested in May 2016 as he was attempting to obtain firearms, explosives and an Islamic State flag.[80]

2014 plot

On 3 November 2017 Sulayman Khalid, also known as "Abu Bakr", was sentenced to up to 22 years and 6 months' jail in the NSW Supreme Court by Justice Geoffrey Bellew. He was the leader among five of six conspirators who were sentenced in connection to a plot between 7 November and 18 December 2014 that targeted government sites, including the Lithgow Correctional Centre and an Australian Federal Police building in Sydney. Jibryl Almaouie, Mohamed Almaouie, Farhad Said and an unnamed teenager were all sentenced to jail terms for their part. Ibrahim Ghazzawy, the sixth conspirator was earlier in 2017 sentenced to a minimum of 6 years and 4 months. Khalid appeared on the SBS program Insight in 2014,where he said that Islamic State only wanted to bring "justice, peace and humanitarian aid to the people". He later stormed off the set. [81][82] Khalid was arrested on 23 December 2014 by Joint Counter Terrorism Team members as part of Operation Appleby.[83]

Joshua Ryne Goldberg

In 2015, Jewish American internet troll Joshua Goldberg was arrested for planning a bombing in Kansas City while posing as an Australian ISIS supporter. A 17-year-old Melbourne teenager who had been in contact with Goldberg pleaded guilty to preparing a terror attack, after bombs were found in his home.[84][85] Goldberg's ISIS persona also attempted to incite mass shootings in Australia.[86][87][88]

Federation Square attack plot

On 27 November 2017 an Australian man of Somali parentage was arrested for plotting a mass shooting. Twenty-year-old Ali Khalif Shire Ali from Werribee, Victoria was charged the next day in Melbourne Magistrates' Court with: preparing to commit a terrorist attack, and gathering documents to facilitate a terrorist act. Police believed that Ali planned to "shoot and kill as many people as he could" in Federation Square, Melbourne on New Year's Eve.[89]

Counterterrorism efforts

Australians joining external conflicts

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), proscribed by the government as a terrorist organisation,[90] has targeted Australian Muslims for recruitment.[91] Making use of social media, recruiters target those vulnerable to radicalisation,[92][93] and encourage local jihad activities.[94][95] Some of those targeted have been minors, including a teenager who was arrested in Melbourne in May 2015 for plotting to detonate home-made bombs.[96] In June 2014, the government claimed that roughly 150 Australians had been recruited to fight in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq.[97][98] A list released in April 2015 showed that most were young males who have come from a range of occupations, including students.[99] It was also reported at the time that 20 Australians had been killed fighting overseas for terror groups,[100] with 249 suspected jihadists prevented from leaving Australia.[101] The Australian Border Force Counter-Terrorism Unit, tasked with stopping jihadists from leaving the country,[102] had cancelled more than 100 passports by the end of March 2015.[93] Several jihadists have expressed the desire to return to Australia,[103] but Prime Minister Tony Abbott has said that any who do would be prosecuted on their arrival.[104][105]

On 1 September 2016 Hamdi Alquidsi was sentenced to 8 years' jail (6 years minimum) by Justice Christine Adamson. In July he was found guilty of seven counts of "supporting engagement in armed hostilities" in Syria. Two men he helped travel to Syria were killed there, two others have returned to Australia. The fate of another two is unknown, while the last never left. Alqudsi will be eligible for release in July 2022.[106]

September 2014 AFP raids

Sydney and Brisbane

In the early hours of 18 September 2014, large teams of Australian Federal Police (AFP) and other security agencies conducted search operations in both Sydney and Brisbane. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has alluded to an alleged plot aimed at conducting a random act of terrorism as the reason for the police action.[107] This action is described as the largest in Australian history to date. One man arrested, from Guildford, allegedly conspired to commit a "horrifying" terrorist act with a man believed to be the most senior Australian Islamic State leader.[107]

Melbourne

On 30 September 2014 there were more raids in Melbourne. The AFP executed seven search warrants in Broadmeadows, Flemington, Kealba, Meadow Heights and Seabrook. Over 100 officers from Federal and State police forces took part.[108] A man from Seabrook will be charged with "intentionally making funds available to a terrorist organisation knowing that organisation was a terrorist organisation", AFP Assistant Commissioner Gaughan said. The man is alleged to have provided money to a United States citizen who was fighting in Syria.[108]

February 2015 Sydney raid

On 10 February 2015 two men were arrested in Fairfield, New South Wales, and charged with "Acts done in preparation, for, or planning terrorists acts".[109][110] On the morning of 10 February police were informed the two were planning a terrorist attack. They were quickly placed under surveillance and tracked. When they purchased a hunting knife from a store about 3:00 pm, NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) forces decided to intervene and soon after 4:00 pm the men were arrested.[111]

The men were a 24-year-old student from Iraq, and a 25-year-old nurse who moved from Kuwait in 2012. The two were unknown to police until the tip-off.[111] The men's residence, a vehicle and places of work were searched.[109] They were found with a machete, a hunting knife, a homemade Islamic State flag and "a video which depicted a man talking about carrying out an attack", according to NSW Police Deputy Commissioner (Specialist Operations) Catherine Burn.[110] One of the men arrested appeared in the video.[110]

Burn also said: "We will allege that both of these men were preparing to do this act yesterday" and "We believe that the men were potentially going to harm somebody, maybe even kill somebody …".[110]

The JCTT investigation has been given the code name Operation Castrum.[109]

May 2015 Melbourne

On 8 May 2015 a 17-year-old was arrested in Greenvale, Melbourne for plotting to detonate home-made bombs.[96] He was charged with:

Three alleged improvised explosive devices were found and rendered safe in a park by controlled detonation.[112][113] The teenager appeared in court on 11 May and was remanded to reappear on May 26.[96] 'Operation Amberd' was formed, and investigations made for 9 days, after a call to a security hotline. AFP and Victorian police of the Melbourne Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) carried out the raid.[112] AFP Deputy Commissioner Mike Phelan said: "We can absolutely guarantee we have stopped something."[113]

December 2016 Christmas terror plot

On 23 December 2016 seven people were arrested in Melbourne for plotting an attack on Christmas Day. Properties were raided at Campbellfield, Dallas, Victoria, Flemington, Gladstone Park and Meadow Heights.[114][115] The would-be terrorists planned to attack Federation Square, Flinders Street railway station and St. Paul's Cathedral, three landmarks clustered in the centre of Melbourne.[49] An explosive device and other weapons were to be used.[115]

February 2017 Young

In late February 2017 a man was arrested at Young, New South Wales after an 18-month investigation. The man is a 42-year-old electrician and Australian citizen. He is alleged "… to have been researching how to develop laser missile detection equipment for IS and helping the extremists develop their own destructive missile arsenal". He appeared the same day at Young Local Court charged with two foreign incursion offences, and a count of "failing to comply with an order to assist access to data".[116]

Anti-terrorism legislation

Prior to the 1960s, there had not been any act in Australia that could accurately be deemed "terrorism" in the modern political and strategic sense of the word. Politically motivated violent incidents were rare, usually isolated, and for the most part driven by issues arising from political legislation, greed, or individuals being singled out, such as the attempted assassination of Australian Labor Party Leader Arthur Calwell in 1965 over his Vietnam War stance. Likewise the 1968 attack on the US Consulate in Melbourne was also regarded to be an isolated incident protesting the US involvement in Vietnam. The two exceptions to this state of affairs would be the assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868 by an Irish Nationalist named O'Farrell, who was later executed for his crime, and an attack in Broken Hill in 1915 by Afghan supporters of the Sultan of Turkey.

Although it had known sporadic acts through its history, and examples of modern terrorism for almost a decade, Australia did not introduce terrorism specific laws into Parliament until the late 1970s. In 1977, after a three-year inquiry into Australia's intelligence services, Justice Robert Hope delivered his Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security (RCIS). The RCIS recommended amongst other things that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) areas of investigation be widened to include terrorism. A further Protective Security Review by Justice Hope in 1978 following the Sydney Hilton bombing designated ASIO as the government agency responsible for producing national threat assessments in the field of terrorism and politically motivated violence.

Since then, successive governments have reviewed and altered the shape of both legislation and the agencies that enforce it to cope with the changing face, threat and scope of terrorism. It was not until after the attacks of 11 September 2001, however, that Australian policy began to change to reflect a growing threat against Australia and Australians specifically. Until then the view held from the 1960s had been that terrorist actions in Australia were considered as a problem imported from conflicts overseas and concerned with foreign targets on Australian soil.

2004 and 2005

In 2004, the Howard Government introduced into Parliament three anti-terrorism bills, collectively called the Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004, and in 2005 the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 was passed.

Before 2006, the last legislation to be brought into effect was the Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005.[117]

The Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (Cth) came into law on 12 December 2006,[118] and extends the regulatory regime imposed by the Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988.

2014–2015

New anti-terror laws were introduced in three stages in 2014:

Control orders

In the wake of the 2 October 2015 shooting death of a civilian police employee, the New South Wales government requested legal changes to allow control orders on people aged 14 and over. Attorney-General George Brandis agreed to the changes.[125] The NSW Council for Civil Liberties criticised the proposal. The councils president Stephen Blanks said: "The proposed laws are undoubtedly going to be in breach of human rights standards,"[125]

Shooting policy

In November 2015 it was stated that New South Wales police were being retrained to "…shoot terrorists on sight rather than try to contain them and negotiate,…".[126]

Terrorist organisations

As at January 2015, there were 20 organisations designated and banned, by a court or a government department, for active involvement in terrorism. All but one of those organisations are Islamist. Identification of an organisation as a terrorist organisation may result from a prosecution for a terrorist offence, or from a listing determined by the Attorney-General of Australia.[127]

Stripping citizenship from terrorists

In August 2018 Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again. This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[128]

Terrorist groups in Australia

A number of terror organisations and terror cells have operated in Australia, their activities have varied from fundraising and providing material support for terror activities overseas, to plotting and executing domestic terrorism.

"Ahmed Y" group

An Algerian man, known as "Ahmed Y", arrived in Australia in the late 1980s. Ahmed established a small militant group in Australia in 2001 and supported the idea of establishing an Islamic State in Australia and the use of violence against Australians.[129]:14

Benbrika group (Melbourne)

A group led by Algerian cleric Abdul Nacer Benbrika in Melbourne was active until Australian police arrested its members in 2005.[130]

Cheikho group (Sydney)

A group led by Khaled Cheikho was active in Sydney until the Australian police arrested its members in 2005 under Operation Pendennis.[131]

Lashkar-e-Taiba

The Lashkar-e-Taiba, a proscribed terrorist organisation based out of Pakistan, set up a terror cell in Australia.[132][133] French convert to Islam, Willie Brigitte, accused of planning an attack in Australia, was trained by Lashkar-e-taiba.[134]

Mantiqi 4 (Jemaah Islamiah)

A short-lived terror cell, known as Mantiqi 4, existed in Australia for several years. The group was sponsored by Jemaah Islamiah (JI), a terrorist group known for their attacks in Indonesia, and was established by Abdul Rahim Ayub, a member of Jemaah Islamiah.[135][136]:111 Ayub resided in Perth during the late 1990s all while being an active JI member, travelling and attending the group's leadership conferences in Indonesia.[137] In contrast to the Jemaah Islamiah's other cells in Southeast Asia, the Mantiqi 4 cell was less of a focus for the organisation.[138]:38

The activities of the Australian branch of JI included fundraising among the local Indonesian community in Australia. Jemaah Islamiah leadership also expressed intent on identifying targets in Australia to be attacked by Al Qaeda.[138]:128

Al-Shabaab

The outlawed terrorist organisation, Al-Shabaab was believed to have been behind the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot.[139][140][141][142]

Syrian syndicate

A group referred to as the "Syrian syndicate" has been investigated for sending Australian Muslims to fight in the Syrian Civil War. Australian Counterterrorism Police have investigated Wassim Fayad in connection to an attempt to ram an ATM during the 2011 Auburn riots. It is suspected that the funds were to be used in connection to local efforts of involvement in the Syrian conflict.[143]

Jabhat al-Nusra

ABC News reported that the Al Qaeda group Jabhat al-Nusra was likely to be active in Sydney owing to the quick rise in ranks of Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir, a Sydney man who joined the group in Syria. Abu Sulayman was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" by the United States in 2016.[144]

Threats

In 2015 it was reported that more than 20 Australians who have fought with ISIL have returned and are being monitored by security agencies. Foreign Minister Julie Bishop has said, "there is a risk they will come back as battle-hardened experienced terrorists … and try to carry out terrorist attacks".[145]

ISIL propaganda and recruitment

A number of incidents relating to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) terrorist group have involved Australians and garnered the attention of the Australian public. ISIL is a militant Sunni group which has been proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation.[146]

In 2014, two Australian Islamic extremists made a propaganda video encouraging Australians to join the ISIL,[147] According to the Australian government, up to 150 Australians "have been or are currently overseas fighting with extremists in Iraq and Syria."[98] Some of their activities are thought to be war crimes.[148] One Australian jihadist, Khaled Sharrouf, posted a picture of himself, and another of his son, holding a decapitated soldier's head.[149][150]

ISIL recruited Australian nationals for terror attacks in the Middle East including suicide bombings as late as March 2015.[151][152][153] Eighteen-year-old Jake Bilardi, known as Jihadi Jake, converted to Sunni Islam. He died on 11 March 2015 when he carried out a suicide bombing in Ramadi, Iraq.[154]

The Attorney-General Senator George Brandis has expressed concern that those fighting jihad, then returning from the Middle East, represent, "the most significant risk to Australia's security that we have faced in many years."[155] The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) is concerned that Australians fighting jihad may return home to plan terror attacks.[156][157] In October 2014, ISIL published an online video in which a teenage Australian Jihadi, Abdullah Elmir, threatened the United States and Australia, naming U.S. President Barack Obama and Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott as targets.[158][159]

On 6 September 2016 ISIL published a new online magazine in which they urged 'lone wolves' to carry out attacks:

The same statement was published in other languages naming locations in France, Germany and Indonesia.

Two days later on 8 September a man was detained at the Sydney Opera House after acting suspiciously. He was later charged with "threatening to destroy or damage property."[161]

Sovereign citizens

In 2015 the New South Wales Police Force's Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Command assessed that members of the anti-government sovereign citizen movement posed a potential terrorist threat. At the time there were reported to be 300 members of this movement in the state. While there had been no incidents of violence associated with sovereign citizens in Australia at that time, the NSW Police were concerned that members of the movement were becoming radicalised and could commit attacks such as those made by sovereign citizens in the United States.[162]

Impact on Muslim community

Researchers have observed that Muslims in Australia have become a "stigmatised minority", subject to increased surveillance by state authorities as well as public discourse that constructs Muslims as a potential terrorist threat. Researchers term this the "suspect community" thesis. Researchers study how Muslims perceive themselves as a suspect community and how this influences their support for counter-terrorism efforts.[163][164]

See also

References

  1. ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
  2. ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
  3. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia (2004). "A New Kind of Foe". Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). ISBN 1-920959-04-1. Archived from the original on 26 July 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via Pandora Archive. Chap. 2 – (PDF version 1.7 Mb)
  4. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia (15 July 2004). "Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia" (PDF). 1.0. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. ISBN 1-920959-04-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via Pandora Archive.
  5. ↑ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (22 February 2010). "Counter Terrorism White Paper: Securing Australia – Protecting our Community" (PDF). Dpmc.gov.au. ISBN 978-1-921385-99-5. Archived from the original (PDF-1.63 MB) on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010 – via Pandora Archive.
  6. ↑ Canberra Times, 18 January 1971. http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/11952240
  7. ↑ Taylor, Therese. "Australian Terrorism: Traditions of Violence and the Family Court Bombings" (PDF). (1992) 8 Australian Journal of Law & Society 1.
  8. 1 2 3 Slee, John (1980-12-13). "Yeppoon bombing - a problem in Japanese-Australian relations". Sydney Morning Herald.
  9. ↑ Lee, Kun Jong (2015). ""Quo vadis, Terra Australis?": Don'o Kim's The Chinaman". Journal of Australian Studies. 39 (4): 461–476. doi:10.1080/14443058.2015.1074091. ISSN 1444-3058.
  10. ↑ Ben Humphreys, Member for Griffith (December 2, 1980). "Iwasaki Tourist Resort: Bombing". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 219–219.
  11. 1 2 3 Gistitin, Carol (2014). "The Iwasaki Resort". Queensland History Journal. 22 (4): 333–348.
  12. 1 2 "Man said he bombed Iwasaki, court told". Sydney Morning Heral. 1981-05-15.
  13. ↑ Global Terrorism Database; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.
  14. ↑ "Supremacist leader in court" theage.com.au. AAP. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015
  15. ↑ "1982 HAKOAH CLUB AND ISRAELI CONSULATE BOMBINGS HAVE BEEN REOPENED." Archived 21 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. JewishNews.net.au. 29 August 2012.
  16. ↑ Mercer, Neil. "Police have new lead in Hakoah Club bombing." Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2012.
  17. ↑ "Hakoah bombing mystery re-opens." News.com.au 25 August 2012.
  18. ↑ "Police reopen 1982 Sydney bombings case." ABC News. Sunday 26 AUG 2012.
  19. ↑ Greek Bulgarian armenian Front MIPT
  20. ↑ "French Consular Office in Australia Destroyed by Fire". Los Angeles Times. AP (Associated Press). 18 June 1995. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  21. ↑ "Anti-abortion killer jailed for life". theage.com.au.
  22. ↑ Williams, Clive (9 September 2006). "No, minister we are not free of terror". The Canberra Times.
  23. ↑ Houston, Cameron; Butt, Craig; Mills, Tammy; Spooner, Rania; Zielinski, Caroline; Cook, Henrietta (24 September 2014). "Terror suspect shot dead after two police officers stabbed in Endeavour Hills". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  24. ↑ Silvester, John. "Melbourne terror shooting: Numan Haider 'planned to behead Victoria Police officers, drape bodies in IS flag'". The Sydney Morning Herald (24 September 2014). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  25. ↑ Griffiths, Emma (16 Dec 2014). "Sydney siege: A 'brush with terrorism', perpetrator 'cloaked actions' with Islamic State symbolism, Tony Abbott says". ABC News. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "A nightmare comes true". The Economist. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  27. ↑ David Wroe and Lisa Cox, "Martin Place siege: Tony Abbott convenes National Security Committee," The Canberra Times, 15 December 2014.
  28. ↑ Terrorism in Australia: The siege of Martin Place," The Economist, 15 December 2014.
  29. ↑ Nick Ralston and Emma Partridge, "Martin Place siege being treated as terrorist attack, police confirm," The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 December 2014.
  30. 1 2 "Man Haron Monis: Why did he carry out Sydney siege?". News.com.au. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  31. ↑ Fraser, Jill (18 December 2014). "Australian expert warns of 'lone wolf' terror risk". Anadolou Agency. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  32. ↑ Wesley, Michael (20 December 2014). "Sydney siege: Welcome to Jihad 3.0, the third wave of terrorism and the most unpredictable". The Australian.
  33. ↑ Stewart, Scott (18 December 2014). "The Sydney Hostage Incident Was Grassroots Terrorism". Forbes. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  34. ↑ Lehmann, John "Let's be honest: Man Haron Monis was an IS terrorist" The Daily Telegraph. 17 December 2014.
  35. ↑ Anne Ally. Sydney siege: "Don't call Man Haron Monis a 'terrorist' - it only helps Isis." The Guardian. 16 December 2014.
  36. ↑ "Martin Place siege an act of terror: Govt". News Ltd. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  37. ↑ Feneley, Rick (20 December 2014). "Sydney siege: Man Haron Monis, 'humanitarian' and terrorist". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  38. ↑ Maley, Jacqueline (20 December 2014). "Let there be no doubt: Monis was a terrorist". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  39. ↑ O'Brien, Nick (31 December 2014). "Why Islamic State glorified the Sydney siege". The Drum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  40. ↑ Jones, David (5 January 2015). "Lone wolves, stray dogs and leaderless resistance". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "Gunman who shot dead NSW police employee was radicalised youth". ABC News. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  42. ↑ "Parramatta shooting of police employee by 15-year-old 'was act of terrorism'". the Guardian. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  43. ↑ "Parramatta shooting: Gunman identified as Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  44. ↑ Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Sean (27 April 2016). "Fourth alleged IS member charged over Parramatta police shooting". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  45. ↑ Massola, Rachel Olding, James (11 September 2016). "'Someone is going to die today': Man charged with committing terrorist act and attempted murder". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  46. ↑ {{http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-30/minto-stabbing-sees-accused-terrorist-on-trial/9712110}}
  47. ↑ "Student wearing burqa 'stabbed' man in his sleep while daughter watched". NZ Herald. 2018-02-10. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  48. ↑ "Foreign student charged over Melbourne terror attack". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  49. 1 2 Innis, Michelle (22 December 2014). "Australia Says It Foiled a Terrorist Plot". New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  50. ↑ "Palestinian plot to kill Hawke." The Age. 31 December 2006.
  51. ↑ Lodhi guilty on terror charges Lodhi 'deserves' 20 years Lodhi jailed for 20 years over terror plot
  52. ↑ Anti-Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth).
  53. 1 2 R v Lodhi [2006] NSWSC 691 (23 August 2006), Supreme Court (NSW, Australia).
  54. ↑ Sales, Leigh (23 August 2006). "Sydney terrorism suspect jailed for 20 years". Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  55. ↑ Calligeros, Marissa (April 23, 2015). "From Buddhist to jihadist: Melbourne man Neil Prakash's journey to Islamic State". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  56. ↑ "Death of top IS recruiter 'doesn't eliminate threat', expert warns". News. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  57. ↑ "PM hails death of top IS recruiter". Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  58. ↑ "Federal authorities almost certain Australia's most senior terrorist Neil Prakash is alive and still recruiting extremists". Herald Sun. Retrieved 27 June 2016. (subscription required)
  59. ↑ "Islamic State: Australian fighter Neil Prakash alive, arrested in Middle East, counter-terrorism officials confirm". ABC News. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  60. ↑ "Australian and World News – ninemsn, Nine News". news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008.
  61. ↑ "Five Australians jailed for jihad plot". Reuters. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  62. ↑ "Five men convicted of terror-related offences won&squo;t renounce jihad | Herald Sun". November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  63. ↑ Caldwell, Alison (7 March 2008). "Tape alleges Howard assassination plot" (transcript). The World Today (ABC Local Radio). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  64. ↑ Cameron Stewart and Milanda Rout, 5 August 2009. "Somali extremists on a 'fatwa order' from God". The Australian, Retrieved on 5 August 2009
  65. ↑ Melissa Iaria, 4 August 2009. "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'". news.com.au, Retrieved on 4 August 2009
  66. ↑ Janet Fife-Yeomans and Carly Crawford, 5 August 2009. "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'". news.com.au. Retrieved on 5 August 2009
  67. ↑ 5 August 2009. "Govt orders review of security at military bases". news.com.au, Retrieved on 5 August 2009
  68. ↑ Ross, Norrie (17 December 2011). "Judge berates terrorists who were given refuge in Australia". Herald Sun. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  69. ↑ Brigitte terrorism trial nears ABC News. March 2007 (archived from the original on 2007-10-11)
  70. 1 2 3 Liz Jackson (9 February 2004) Testimony: Melanie Brown. Four Corners, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2015
  71. ↑ Millar, Lisa (20 December 2006) Brigitte claimed to be behind Masood assassination. ABC Radio, The World Today. Retrieved 29 January 2015
  72. ↑ Epstein, Rafael (10 February 2007) Brigitte 'pressured' over terrorism plot confession ABC News. Retrieved 29 January 2015
  73. ↑ Epstein, Raphael (16 March 2007) Brigitte jailed for planning Aust terrorist attacks ABC News Online, Retrieved 29 January 2015
  74. ↑ Michael Walton, A consolidation of the changes to the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) & Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) proposed in the Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 (Cth) Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., NSW Council for Civil Liberties, 16 October 2005
  75. ↑ Jihad Jack wife's terror link Sydney Morning Herald 29 August 2006
  76. ↑ Aussie Taliban Goes Free Time Magazine 29 December 2007
  77. ↑ The Queen v Besim [2016] VSC 537, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
  78. ↑ "Police disrupt plot in Australia to 'bring down an airplane'". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  79. ↑ "Australia thwarts 'Islamic-inspired' plane attack plot". Reuters. 29 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  80. ↑ Kidd, Jessica (October 31, 2017). "Tamim Khaja pleads guilty to planning Sydney 'mass murder' terror attack". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  81. ↑ Hoerr, Karl (3 November 2017). "Five jailed for terror plot targeting government sites including AFP building and Lithgow jail". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  82. ↑ Hawke, Sarah (31 July 2017). "Three plead guilty to preparing Sydney terrorist attacks". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  83. ↑ "Seized documents 'name Sydney terror targets', pair charged". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  84. ↑ "US man tried to organise terror attack in Melbourne, say authorities". The Guardian.
  85. ↑ Padraic, Murphy. "Teenager pleads guilty to planning Mother's Day terrorist attack in Melbourne". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  86. ↑ "Australian ISIS supporter tweets tips and threats following Garland Texas shootings". Australian Times.
  87. ↑ "Internet troll Joshua Goldberg attempted to incite terror attacks in Melbourne". news.com.au. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  88. ↑ Ralph Ellis and Greg Botelho, CNN (September 10, 2015). "Man accused of bomb plot at 9/11 event, FBI says - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  89. ↑ "Werribee man charged with terrorism offences over alleged Federation Square massacre plot". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  90. ↑ "Australian National Security – Islamic State". Australian Government. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  91. ↑ Lloyd, Peter (21 June 2014). "Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  92. ↑ Crawford, Carly (10 May 2015). "Islamic State sets sights on exanding to Canberra". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  93. 1 2 "The rapid evolution of the ISIS death cult". Heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  94. ↑ Bachelard, Michael; Wroe, David (9 May 2015). "Keyboard warrior: Anzac terror plot accused Sevdet Besim allegedly guided online". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  95. ↑ Maley, Paul (10 May 2015). "One missing piece in the Neil Prakash Islamic State puzzle". The Australian. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  96. 1 2 3 Dowling, James et. al (11 May 2015). "Teenager accused of terrorist bomb plot spread radical views of British hate preacher". Herald Sun. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  97. ↑ "Australia Warns of Islamic Militant Migration: Australia Increases Counterterrorism Strategies to Combat Threat." The Wall Street Journal. June 24, 2014.
  98. 1 2 Bourke, Latika (19 June 2014). "Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  99. ↑ Chambers, Geoff (16 April 2015). "Revealed: Full list of Aussie jihadis fighting with ISIS in Syria and Iraq". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  100. ↑ Piotrowski, Daniel (18 April 2015). "From a bricklayer turned bombmaker to a schoolboy on a suicide mission: The faces of the TWENTY Australians killed fighting overseas for terrorist groups... and their very average backgrounds". Daily Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  101. ↑ Doorley, Neil; Snowdon, Tom (20 April 2015). "Queensland terror suspects removed from flights". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  102. ↑ "Australian counter-terror police 'stopping 400 per day' – BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  103. ↑ Dowling, James (20 May 2015). "Australian laws stopping Melbourne woman leaving IS, father says". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  104. ↑ Owens, Jarad (19 May 2015). "Returning Islamic State foreign fighters face jail, Abbott says". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  105. ↑ Maley, Paul (20 May 2015). "Cold comfort and jail for returning jihadists". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  106. ↑ Hunjan, Raveen; Daniel, Sue (1 September 2016). "Hamdi Alqudsi jailed for six years for aiding men to fight with IS". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  107. 1 2 Phan, Sophia; McNeilage, Amy; Levy, Megan (18 September 2014). "Anti-terrorism raids across Sydney and Brisbane". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  108. 1 2 "Anti-terror raids in Melbourne: Man charged with sending funds to Islamic State and Al Qaeda affiliate". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 30 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ... arrested for allegedly providing $12,000 to a US citizen fighting in Syria. Updated 1 October 2014
  109. 1 2 3 NSW Police Media Unit (12 February 2015). "Two arrested at Fairfield on Terrorism offences". www.police.nsw.gov.au (Press release). Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  110. 1 2 3 4 Mark, David (11 February 2015). "Police say they've foiled murderous terror attack". ABC Radio-PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  111. 1 2 Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Sean (11 February 2015). "Authorities warn of 'new normal' after thwarting terrorist plot". 7.30. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  112. 1 2 3 "Media Release: Joint Operation Amberd". afp.gov.au (Press release). Australian Federal Police. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  113. 1 2 "'Closest call yet': Police say tip-off sparked Melbourne raids which found alleged improvised explosive devices". 9news.com.au. NineMSN. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  114. ↑ "Seven held over alleged Christmas Day 'act of evil' terror plot". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  115. 1 2 Livingston, Angus (23 December 2016). "Melbourne Xmas bomb attack foiled: police". Yahoo! News. AAP. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  116. ↑ Hayne, Jordan and; Doran, Matthew (political reporter) (28 February 2017). "Man arrested at Young, NSW for allegedly researching missiles for Islamic State". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  117. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia (16 February 2005). "Anti-Terrorism Act (no. 2) 2005, No. 144, 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  118. ↑ "Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  119. 1 2 3 Griffiths, Emma (28 May 2015). "Explainer: What do the new anti-terrorism laws involve and how will they will be rolled out". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  120. ↑ "Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014". Commonwealth of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  121. ↑ "Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Act 2014". www.comlaw.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  122. ↑ Philipson, Graeme (27 March 2015). "Data retention now the law of the land". ITwire. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  123. ↑ Griffiths, Emma Updated (26 Mar 2015). "Data retention laws pass Federal Parliament as Coalition and Labor vote together". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  124. ↑ "Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015". www.comlaw.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  125. 1 2 Anderson, Stephanie (13 October 2015). "Tougher terrorism laws to protect against 'incitement of genocide', Malcolm Turnbull says". Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 17 October 2015. Law changes requested by the New South Wales Government and agreed to by Attorney-General George Brandis could also see young people closely monitored under potential laws aiming to lower the age of control orders from 16 to 14.
  126. ↑ Brown, Michelle; Kennedy, Jean (17 November 2015). "NSW police trained to shoot terrorists on sight, rather than negotiate". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  127. ↑ "Australian National Security – What Australia is doing". Australian Government. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  128. ↑ "Five Islamic State terrorists stripped of Australian citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
  129. ↑ Bendle, Mervyn F. "Secret Saudi funding of radical Islamic groups in Australia." National Observer 72 (2007): 7.
  130. ↑ "Australia's Howard Says Fanatical Islam Behind Terror". Bloomberg (2 ed.). 9 November 2005.
  131. ↑ RACHEL OLDING, "Terrifying Legacy Emerges From Success of Operation Pendennis." Sydney Morning Herald. 24 August 2014.
  132. ↑ Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18- 30.
  133. ↑ Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).
  134. ↑ "Four Corners: Willie Brigitte." ABC News. 9 February 2004.
  135. ↑ NATALIE O'BRIEN. "Mother of militant Islam's dark past." THE AUSTRALIAN. JULY 21, 2007.
  136. ↑ David Martin Jones, Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  137. ↑ Darren Goodsir, "Perth JI boss 'recruited bombers,'" Sydney Morning Herald, July 25, 2003.
  138. 1 2 Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, 2006.
  139. ↑ Andrew Zammit, "THE HOLSWORTHY BARRACKS PLOT: A CASE STUDY OF AN AL-SHABAB SUPPORT NETWORK IN AUSTRALIA." June 21, 2012.
  140. ↑ Ian Munro, "Terror on Tap", Sydney Morning Herald, December 24, 2010.
  141. ↑ Raffaello Pantucci, "Operation Neath: Is Somalia's al-Shabaab Movement Active in Australia?" Terrorism Monitor 9:3 (2011).
  142. ↑ Leah Farrall, "What the al Shabab-al Qaeda Merger Means for Australia", The Conversation, March 5, 2012.
  143. ↑ YONI BASHAN. "Ram-raid Muslim radicals - police fear crimes are funding Syrian war fighters." THE DAILY TELEGRAPH. 5 DECEMBER, 2013.
  144. ↑ "Abu Sulayman Australia's most senior al Qaeda operative." ABC News. Accessed 25 July 2016.
  145. ↑ Meers, Daniel (2 January 2015). "Australian death cult jihadists who fought with Islamic State in Syria return to roam our streets". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  146. ↑ "Australian National Security – Islamic State". Australian Government. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  147. ↑ Lloyd, Peter (21 June 2014). "Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  148. ↑ Foreign Service (25 July 2014). "'Bucket full of heads any1 in aus want some organs please dont be shy to ask': Smirking Australian terrorist poses with decapitated heads in sickening pictures posted online". Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  149. ↑ Crane, Emily (11 August 2014). "'I'm sure you've seen much worse than that': Staggering reaction of uncle of Australian boy, SEVEN, who was pictured brandishing head of slaughtered Syrian soldier". Daily Mail. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  150. ↑ Maley, Paul (12 August 2014). "Jihad's 'child soldiers' spark calls for action on extremists". The Australian. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  151. ↑ "Australia probes reports teenager died in IS suicide attack". BBC News Australia. BBC. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. IS propaganda published on Thursday claimed that Jake Bilardi, 18, died in a co-ordinated series of suicide bombs in Ramadi in Anbar province, Iraq.
  152. ↑ Wroe, David (18 July 2014). "First Australian suicide bomber in Iraq reportedly kills three people in Baghdad". SMH. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  153. ↑ Benson, Simon; Mullany, Ashley (19 July 2014). "Sydney teen kills five in suicide bombing on crowded Iraqi market". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  154. ↑ "Australian teen 'killed in IS suicide attack' in Iraq". BBC News. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  155. ↑ Brendan Nicholson (17 July 2014). "Returned radicalised jihadis 'a significant risk', says ASIO". The Australian. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  156. ↑ Marszalek, Jessica (17 July 2014). "ASIO fears Australians fighting jihad overseas may return home to plan terror attacks". The Australian. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  157. ↑ Irvine, David (12 August 2014). "Director-General's speech: Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs "Evolution of terrorism - and what it means for Australia"". Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  158. ↑ "Abdullah Elmir vows revenge against Tony Abbott and Barack Obama in video." Daily Mail, 21 October 2014.
  159. ↑ "Australian teenager Abdullah Elmir appears in Islamic State video." ABC News. 21 October 2014.
  160. ↑ Kim Stephens, James Dowling, David Hurley, Tori Shepherd (7 September 2016). "Lone wolves encouraged to kill Australians at MCG, and in Brunswick, Broadmeadows, Islamic State magazine urges". news.com.au. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  161. ↑ "Sydney Opera House: Man arrested for 'extremist remarks'". news.com.au. AAP. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  162. ↑ Thomas, James; McGregor, Jeanavive (30 November 2015). "Sovereign citizens: Terrorism assessment warns of rising threat from anti-government extremists". ABC News. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  163. ↑ Cherney, Adrian and Kristina Murphy. "Being a ‘suspect community’ in a post 9/11 world – The impact of the war on terror on Muslim communities in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. May 7, 2015.
  164. ↑ Breen-Smyth M. (2014) "Theorising the “suspect community”: Counterterrorism, security practices and the public imagination." Critical Studies on Terrorism 7(2): 223–240.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.