S-train

Schema comparing rapid transit (left) with S-Trains (Right). Note the dual role of S-Trains with many branches from the suburbs combining to service a busy rapid transit like corridor in the city.
Part of Berliner Stadtbahn. The tracks on the right belong to the S-train system and the trains stop at the Hackescher Markt station, while the other two tracks are for other train types, which do not stop at this station. Compare with photo of Vesterport station in Copenhagen below. The concept is the same.

The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems provide service similar to rapid transit systems, while smaller ones often resemble commuter or even regional rail. They are especially common in Germany and Austria, where they are known as S-Bahn, which in the 1930s was an abbreviation of either Schnellbahn, Stadtbahn or Stadtschnellbahn, depending on the city, but they must not be confused with U-Stadtbahnen.[1] Similar S-train systems exist also in Denmark, there known as S-tog, the Czech Republic as Esko, Switzerland also as S-Bahn, and northern Italy as Servizio ferroviario followed by either the word "metropolitano" (in Turin) or "suburbano" (in Milan).

Characteristics

There is no complete definition of an S-train system. S-trains are, where they exist, the most local type of railway stopping at all existing stations inside and around a city, while other mainline trains only call at major stations. They are slower than mainline railways but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. S-trains generally service the hinterland of a certain city, rather than connecting different cities, although in high population density areas a few exceptions from this exist. A good example of a such exception is the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, which interconnects the cities, towns and suburbs of the Ruhr, a large urban agglomeration, not unlike the large net of regional trains which also serve the area. Most S-train systems are entirely built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches and lines can be purpose built S-train lines.[2][3] S-trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg the S-trains use both the methods, depending on which line is powered.[4]

In smaller S-train systems and suburban sections of larger ones S-trains typically share tracks other rail traffic, with the Berlin S-Bahn, Hamburg S-Bahn and Copenhagen S-train being notable exceptions. Busy S-train corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own but parallel to mainline railways. Many of the larger S-train systems will also have central corridors of exclusive trackage that individual suburban branches feed into, creating high frequency corridors. In many cases, the central corridor is an dedicated underground line in the city center with close stop spacing and a high combined frequency similar to metro systems. A good example of this is the Berliner Stadtbahn in the Berlin's S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction.[5][6] However, in more lightly used sections outside the city center, S-trains commonly share tracks with other train types.

Further out from the central parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines where the distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-train to serve a dual transportation purpose: local transport within a city center and suburban transport between central boroughs of larger cities, and to suburbs. Frequencies vary wildly between systems with short headways in the core sections of large networks to headways of over 20 minutes in remote sections of the network, late at night and/or on Sundays and in smaller systems. The rolling stock typically used in S-Trains reflect its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers but may have more space allocated to larger and more numerous seats. Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other system like metros is typical for S-trains. Where both S-train and metro exist, the number of interchange stations between the two systems is substantial with metro tickets being valid on S-trains, and vice versa.The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main local railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle, where a few stations are located. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system.

Etymology

Germany, Austria and Switzerland

The name S-Bahn (S-train) is an abbreviation for the German "Stadtschnellbahn" (meaning "city rapid railway") and was introduced in December 1930 in Berlin. The name was introduced at the time of the reconstruction of the suburban commuter train tracks— the first section to be electrified was a section of the Berlin–Szczecin railway from Berlin Nordbahnhof to Bernau bei Berlin station in 1924, leading to the formation of the Berlin S-Bahn.[7]

The main line Berlin Stadtbahn (English: City railway of Berlin) was electrified with a 750 volt third rail in 1928 (some steam trains ran until 1929) and the circle line Berlin Ringbahn was electrified in 1929. The electrification continued on the radial suburban railway tracks along with changing the timetable of the train system into a rapid transit model with no more than 20 minutes headway per line where a number of lines overlapped on the main line. The system peaked during the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin to a train schedule below 2 minutes.[8]

The idea of heavy rail rapid transit was not unique to Berlin. Hamburg had an electric railway between the central station ("Hauptbahnhof") and Altona which opened in 1906 and in 1934 the system adopted the S-Bahn label from Berlin. The same year Copenhagen's S-tog opened its first line. Vienna had its Stadtbahn main line electrified in 1908 and also introduced the term Schnellbahn ("rapid railway") in 1954 for its planned commuter railway network (which started operations in 1962). The S-Bahn label was sometimes used as well, but the name was only switched to S-Bahn Wien in 2005. As for Munich, a first breaking ground for an S-train-like rapid transport system running through tunnels in downtown areas, bundling and interconnecting existing suburban and local railways, and the construction of what is now Goetheplatz underground station (line U6) took place in 1938, executed by the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler. Plans and construction work came to a halt early in World War II and were not pursued in its aftermath. The nowadays very extensive S-Bahn-System, and the first two U-Bahn lines, began to operate prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics.

The term S-Bahn was until 14 March 2012 a registered wordmark of Deutsche Bahn, where at the request of a transportation association the Federal Patent Court of Germany ordered the wordmark to be removed from the records of the German Patent and Trade Mark Office.[9] Prior to the said event Deutsche Bahn collected a royalty of 0.4 cents per train kilometer for the usage of the said term.

Denmark

Vesterport S-train station has three entrances. This is the main one.
Vesterport station is located below street level, but is not under ground. Other trains do not stop here, solely S-trains. Compare with picture of Berlin's S-train above. Same concept.
Svanemøllen Station, main entrance

The "S" stood for "station". Just before the opening of the first line in the Copenhagen S-train network, the newspaper Politiken on 17 February 1934 held a competition about the name, which in Danish became known as Den elektriske enquete or "The electrical survey" (as the Copenhagen S-trains would become the first electrical railways in Denmark). But since an "S" already was put up at all the stations, weeks before the survey, the result became S-tog which means "S-train".[10] This was also just a few years after the S-trains had opened in Berlin and Hamburg. Today the Copenhagen S-trains uses six lines and serves 85 stations, 32 of them are located inside the (quite tiny) municipality borders. Each line uses 6 t.p.h (trains per hour) in each direction, with exception of the (yellow) F-line. The F-line have departures in each direction every fifth minute, or 12 t.p.h. service .[11]

History

Germany

Early steam services

In 1882, the growing number of steam-powered trains around Berlin prompted the Prussian State Railway to construct separate rail tracks for suburban traffic. The Berliner Stadtbahn connected Berlin's eight intercity rail stations which were spread throughout the city (all but the Stettiner Bahnhof which today is a pure S-train station known as Berlin Nordbahnhof; as the city Stettin today is Polish city Szczecin). A lower rate for the newly founded Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn (Berlin City, Circular and Suburban Rail) was introduced on 1 October 1891. This rate and the growing succession of trains made the short-distance service stand out from other railways.

The second suburban railway was the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn connecting Hamburg with Altona and Blankenese. The Altona office of the Prussian State Railway established the electric powered railway in 1906.[12]

Electricity

The Hamburg S-Bahn third rail system

The beginning of the 20th century saw the first electric trains, which in Germany operated at 15,000 V on overhead lines. The Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn instead implemented direct current multiple units running on 750 V from a third rail. In 1924, the first electrified route went into service. The third rail was chosen because it made both the modifications of the rail tracks (especially in tunnels and under bridges) and the side-by-side use of electric and steam trains easier.[12]

To set it apart from the subterranean U-Bahn, the term S-Bahn replaced Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn in 1930.

The Hamburg service had established an alternating current line in 1907 with the use of multiple units with slam doors. In 1940 a new system with 1200 V DC third rail and modern electric multiple units with sliding doors was integrated on this line (on the same tracks). The old system with overhead wire remained up to 1955. The other lines of the network still used steam and later Diesel power. In 1934, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn was renamed as S-Bahn.

Comparable Systems

A Siemens Desiro Mainline EMU of the Vienna S-Bahn
A class 4020 EMU on Vienna S-Bahn line S40
A Siemens Desiro Mainline EMU on Brussels S-train line S2
Schematic map of Copenhagen S-train
Map of the Munich S-Bahn network
Map of S-Bahn networks in Germany

Austria

The oldest S-Bahn system in Austria is the Vienna S-Bahn, which predominantly uses intercity rails. It was established in 1962, although it was usually referred to as Schnellbahn until 2005. The white "S" on a blue circle used as the logo is said to reflect the layout of the central railway line in Vienna. However, it has now been changed for a more stylized version that is used all through Austria, except Salzburg. The rolling stock was blue for a long time, reflecting the logo colour, but red is used uniformly for nearly all local traffic today.

In 2004, the Salzburg S-Bahn went into service as the first Euroregion S-Bahn, crossing the border to the neighbouring towns of Freilassing and Berchtesgaden in Bavaria. The network is served by three corporations: the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB)(S2 and S3), the Salzburger Lokalbahn (SLB)(S1 and S11) and the Berchtesgadener Land Bahn (BLB)(S4). The Salzburg S-Bahn logo is a white S on a light blue circle.

In the S-Bahn network in Styria, built to connect its capital city Graz with the rest of the country, currently the following lines are active: S1, S11, S3, S31, S5, S51, S6, S61, S7, S8 and S9. There are plans for a line S81.

On 9 December 2007 the Tyrol S-Bahn opened, running from Hall in Tirol in the east to Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof and Telfs in the west and from Innsbruck to Steinach am Brenner. Class 4024 EMUs are used as rolling stock on this network.

The regional train line in the Vorarlberg Rhine Valley is a nominal S-Bahn. The S-Bahn network in Linz is under discussion.

Belgium

The suburban railways of Brussels are currently being integrated into the Brussels Regional Express Network (French: Réseau Express Régional Bruxellois, RER; Dutch: Gewestelijk ExpresNet, GEN), which is identified by the letter S across both languages.[13] In 2018, the S-train was also introduced in Antwerp, Ghent, Liège and Charleroi. [14]

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, integrated commuter rail systems exist in Prague and Moravian-Silesian Region. Both systems are called Esko, which is how S letter is usually called in Czech. Esko Prague has been operating since 9 December 2007 as a part of the Prague Integrated Transport system. Esko Moravian-Silesian Region began operating on 14 December 2008 as a part of the ODIS Integrated Transport system serving the Moravian-Silesian Region. Both systems are primarily operated by České dráhy. Several shorter lines are operated by other companies.

Denmark

Copenhagen S-train connects the city centre, other inner and outer boroughs and suburbs with each other. The average distance between stations is 2.0 km, shorter in the city core and inner boroughs, longer at the end of lines that serve suburbs. Of the 85 stations, 32 are located within the central parts of the city. Some stations are located around 40 km from Copenhagen city centre. For this reason the fares vary depending on distances. One-day-passes which tourist buy are valid only in the most central parts of the S-train system. Weekdays each line have departures every 10th minute with exception for the F-line, which departures every fifth minute. Where several lines use the same branches, up to around 30 trains per hour (in each direction) service exists. On Sundays the seven lines are reduced to four lines, but all stations are served at least every 10th minute. The three railway stations at Amager has a local service that equals the S-trains'.

The Copenhagen Metro opened in 2002 as a complement to the already existing S-train system. Two new metro lines are to be opened in 2019. Copenhagen's S-train system is the only one in the country. Outside Denmark, in cities where both exist, is it far from unusual that a metro system later has been complemented with S-trains. The branch towards Køge (the southernmost S-train station in Copenhagen's S-network) has a rather unique history, as it was built in the 1970s where no previous railway ever had existed.

France

The term Réseau Express Régional (lit. Regional Express Network) originally meant the Paris system, but is now used for other French networks as well. However only the Paris RER has underground corridors that operate with frequency and stop spacing of a rapid transit system similar to an S-Train.

Germany

The trains of the Berlin and Hamburg S-Bahn systems ran on separate tracks from the beginning. When other cities started implementing their systems in the 1960s, they mostly had to use the existing intercity rail tracks, and they still more or less use such tracks.

The central intercity stations of Frankfurt, Munich and Stuttgart are terminal stations, so all three cities have monocentric S-Bahn networks. The S-Bahn trains use a tunnel under the central station and the city centre.

The high number of large cities in the Ruhr area promotes a polycentric network connecting all cities and suburbs. The S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr, as it is called, features few tunnels, and its routes are longer than those of other networks. The Ruhr S-Bahn is the only S-Bahn network to be run by more than one corporation in Germany, and the Salzburg S-Bahn holds a similar distinction in Austria. Most Swiss S-Bahn systems are multi-corporation networks, however.

Most German S-Bahn networks have a unique ticket system, separated from the Deutsche Bahn rates, instead connected to the city ticket system. The S-Bahn of Hanover, however, operates under five different rates due to its large expanse.

One S-Bahn system is no longer in operation: the Erfurt S-Bahn which operated from 1976 until 1993 and was an 8.6 km (5.3 mi) single-line system which consisted of four stations from Erfurt Central Station to Erfurt Berliner Straße station in the then newly built northern suburbs of Erfurt.

Future S-Bahn systems are the Danube-Iller S-Bahn which is expected to enter service in December 2013, and the Augsburg S-Bahn which was originally planned to go into service in 2011 but has now been delayed to 2015. The S-Bahn system in Lübeck is under discussion (see network plan).

The Stadtbahn Karlsruhe (a tram-train network) uses the green "S" logo, but does not refer to itself as S-Bahn. The blue U-Bahn logo is not used either, due to the lack of subterranean lines.

Despite their names, the Breisgau S-Bahn (Freiburg) and the Ortenau S-Bahn (Offenburg) are both Regionalbahn services.

The following networks are currently in operation:

S-Bahn Area of Responsibility Authority Opened Lines Kilometrage Rolling Stock Company Expiry of contract
Berlin S-Bahn Berlin, Potsdam VBB 1924 16 331 km 480, 481, 485 DB Regio AG 2017
Breisgau-S-Bahn Freiburg im Breisgau RVF 1997 2 50 km Stadler Regio-Shuttle RS1 SWEG, BSB
Bremen S-Bahn Bremen, Bremerhaven, Oldenburg VBN 2010 4 270 km Alstom Coradia Continental NordWestBahn 2021
Dresden S-Bahn Dresden VVO 1992 3 128 km 143 + Doppelstockwagen, 146.0 + Doppelstockwagen DB Regio Südost 2027
Hamburg S-Bahn Hamburg HVV 1934 6 144 km 472, 474 DB Regio AG 2033
Hannover S-Bahn Hannover, Paderborn, Hildesheim, Minden GVH, nph 2000 9 (+ 1) 385 km 424, 425 DB Regio Nord 2020
Mitteldeutschland S-Bahn Leipzig, Halle (Saale), Zwickau, Bitterfeld, Wurzen, Borna MDV, VBB, VMS, VVO 2013 10 614 km Bombardier Talent 2, 143 + Doppelstockwagen DB Regio Südost 2025/2030
Mittelelbe S-Bahn Magdeburg marego 1974 1 130 km 425 DB Regio Südost 2028
Munich S-Bahn Munich MVV 1972 8 434 km 423, 420 DB Regio AG 2017
Nurnberg S-Bahn Nürnberg, Bamberg VGN 1987 4 224 km 143 + x-Wagen, Bombardier Talent 2 DB Regio Bayern 2017
Ortenau-S-Bahn Offenburg, Straßburg TGO 1998 4 170 km Stadler Regio-Shuttle RS1 SWEG
Rhine-Main S-Bahn Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Darmstadt, Offenbach am Main RMV 1978 9 303 km 423, 430 DB Regio AG 2029,
2036
RheinNeckar S-Bahn Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Heidelberg, Kaiserslautern VRN, KVV, HNV, saarVV 2003 7 370 km 425 DB Regio Südwest 2017,
2033
Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn
(Ruhrschnellverkehr)
S-Bahn Köln		 Ruhrgebiet (esp. Duisburg, Essen, Bochum, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Wuppertal)
Rheinland (Köln, Bonn)		 VRR

VRS		 1967
(1932)
1975		 14 717 km 143 + x-Wagen, 420, 422, 423, Bombardier Talent, Alstom Coradia LINT, Alstom Coradia Continental DB Regio NRW, Regiobahn, Abellio Rail NRW
Rostock S-Bahn Rostock VVW 1974 3 91 km Bombardier Talent 2 DB Regio Nordost 2024
Stuttgart S-Bahn Stuttgart, Waiblingen, Esslingen, Ludwigsburg, Böblingen VVS 1978 7 215 km 423, 430 DB Regio AG 2028

Italy

Several systems in Italy operate quite similar to S-Trains with numerous services funneling into the underground "Passante" or passing railway.

Operating services in the country are:

Malaysia

Several systems in Malaysia operate quite similar to S-Trains, such as:

Netherlands

"Randstadspoor" is a network of Sprinter train services in and around the city of Utrecht, similar to S-trains. For the realisation of this network, five new stations were opened: Utrecht Zuilen, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn and Houten Castellum. Extra tracks have been built to create dedicated routes for these Sprinters, so they can call frequently without disturbing high-frequent Intercity services parallel to these routes. [15] Similar systems are planned for Rotterdam and The Hague.

Russia

The names "S-Bahn" and "S-Train" is not used in Russia. Officially, such a system is called an "urban electric train", or less often and unofficially "ground metro". These names are often used, even if non-electrified trains or rail buses are used as the rolling stock on the routes. The first similar project, implemented before the revolution, is the Oranienbaum Electric Line in St. Petersburg. Also, an approximate analogue was Beskudnikovskaya railway branch, which existed in Moscow between the 1940s and 1980s. The trains that shuttled along it did not go to the main lines, so it was a city transport. The system of high-speed rail transport, similar to S-Train:

  • Moscow Central Circle
  • Nizhny Novgorod City Rail
  • Ekaterinburg City Rail
  • Novosibirsk City Rail
  • Kazan City Rail
  • Volgograd City Rail
  • Sochi City Rail
  • Rostov City Rail
  • Vladivostok City Rail
  • Chelyabinsk City Rail
  • Kaliningrad Ground Metro
  • Ufa City Rail
  • Krasnoyarsk City Rail

Serbia

BG Voz is an urban rail system that serves Serbian capital. It is fairly similar to German S-Bahn, but currently has only two lines, with plans for further expansion. Between early 1990s and mid-2010s, there was another system, known as Beovoz, that was used to provide mass-transit service within the Belgrade metropolitan area, as well as to nearby towns, similarly to RER in Paris. Beovoz had more lines and far more stops than the current system. However, it was abandoned in favor of more accurate BG Voz, mostly due to inefficiency. While current lines rely mostly on the existing infrastructure, any further development means furthering capacities (railways expansion and new trains). Plans for further extension of system include another two lines, one of which should reach Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport.

Switzerland

S-Bahn is also used in German-speaking Switzerland. While French publications of those networks translate it as RER, the line numbers are still prefixed with an S (e.g. S2).

The oldest network in Switzerland is the Bern S-Bahn, established in stages from 1974 and has adopted the term S-Bahn since 1995. It is also the only one in Switzerland to use a coloured "S" logo. In 1990, the Zürich S-Bahn, which covers the largest area, went into service. S-Bahn services were set up in the course of the Bahn 2000 initiative in Central Switzerland (a collaborative network of S-Bahn Luzern and Stadtbahn Zug), St. Gallen (S-Bahn St. Gallen) and Ticino (Rete celere del Canton Ticino).

The Regio S-Bahn Basel services the Basel metropolitan area, thus providing cross-border transportation into both France and Germany. A tunnel connecting Basel's two large intercity stations (Basel Badischer Bahnhof and Basel SBB) is planned as Herzstück Regio-S-Bahn Basel (lit. heart-piece Regio-S-Bahn Basel).

The Réseau Express Vaudois of Lausanne will be incorporated in the planned S-Bahn Léman (called RER Léman in French-speaking areas) around Lake Geneva (fr. Lac Léman). Geneva will be the second centre of this network. Transborder networks for the Lake Constance-adjacent German states Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, the Austrian state Vorarlberg and the Swiss cantons St. Gallen and Thurgau are under discussion. Possible names are Bodensee-S-Bahn and Alpenrhein-Bahn.

South Korea

Seoul Subway Line 1 is a collection of frequent surface running Korail commuter railway services that feed into a core 7.8 km long underground section.

United Kingdom

  •  London
    • Crossrail is similar to S-trains with a central core section will be using a new 22 kilometres (14 mi)-long east–west twin tunnel under central London, splitting into two branches at either end.
    • Thameslink brings together several branches from northern and southern suburbs and satellite towns in to a high frequency central tunnel underneath London.
    • The London Overground, by contrast, skirts through the inner suburbs with lines mostly independent of each other, although there are several branches. The Watford DC line, partly shared with underground trains, uses third rail, but parallels a main line using overhead wires. This arrangement is similar to that found in Berlin. The system's 10 lines are not numbered and do not have distinct colours, but are divided into 6 regions.
  • Liverpool
    • Merseyrail consists of two lines powered by third rail, both of which branch out at one end. At the other, the Northern Line continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange, while the Wirral Line has a city-centre loop.
  •  Birmingham
    • Birmingham's four suburban lines are colour-coded. The green line is diesel while the others are powered by overhead wires.
  • Newcastle
    • The Tyneside Electrics system existed from 1904 to 1967 using DC third rail. British Rail did not have the budget to maintain the ageing electrification system. The Riverside Branch was closed, while the remaining lines were de-electrified. 13 years later, they were re-electrified using DC overhead wires, and now form the Tyne & Wear Metro Yellow Line.
  • Glasgow
    • Many of the rail lines around Glasgow are branded as Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. The trains used for these used to carry a different livery from the standard livery used by Scottish trains. The network includes most electrified Scottish rail routes.
  • Bristol

United States

  • Philadelphia - SEPTA Regional Rail features a tunneled corridor through the city center and through-routed services from several commuter lines. The arrangement of lines through the connection was originally modeled on European S-trains, under a plan proposed by Vukan Vuchic and Shinya Kikuchi in 1984 and 1985.[16][17] However, several of the lines extend well out from the city through less densely populated areas. On the whole, the system is more like a RegionalBahn in scale.
  • San Francisco Bay Area - BART has operations similar to an S-Bahn in that both are hybrids between a rapid transit system and a commuter rail system. BART has a main tunneled corridor where services from several branches of suburban surface trackage funnel into. However BART is completely separated with from all traffic and is commonly classified as a rapid transit system.
  • New York City - The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates the Long Island Railroad and Metro North Railroad, commuter rail lines which service points within New York City, along with suburbs. On weekends, riders can purchase a subsidized "city-ticket" which allows them to travel within the New York City fare zone for $4 (one-way).

See also

References

  1. ↑ See example of this for Stuttgart ("Warum Stuttgart trotz U keine U-Bahn hat" ; literal translation: "Why does Stuttgart despite the U lack a U-Bahn (=Metro/Underground/Subway)
  2. ↑ An example of this is the Køgebugt or Køge-Bay railway at Copenhagen, built 1971 to 1983 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 February 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2005.
  3. ↑ S-train tunnel at Hamburg between Central Station and Altona 1967-1979
  4. ↑ http://s-bahn-galerie.de/S_Bahn_Hamburg/Geschichte_HH.htm
  5. ↑ http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de/strecken/01/
  6. ↑ same
  7. ↑ http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de (in German)
  8. ↑ http://www.stadtschnellbahn-berlin.de (in German); chose "Geschichte" (History)
  9. ↑ Beschluss Bundespatentgericht vom 14. März 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  10. ↑ John Poulsen: S-bane 1934-2009 side 47
  11. ↑ http://www.dsb.dk/globalassets/pdf/koereplaner/s-tog/2017/s-tog-30jan17.pdf
  12. 1 2 See picture of Berliner Stadtbahn by Hackescher Markt S-train station, the third rail is clearly seen between the two S-Train tracks. Original name of that station was "Börse", or "the Stock Market" (which now is located in Frankfurt am Main)
  13. ↑ Alan Hope (15 September 2015). "NMBS releases details of S-train express network". Flanders Today.
  14. ↑ S-train overview in Belgium (in Dutch)
  15. ↑ Randstadspoor on the Dutch Wikipedia
  16. ↑ Vuchich, Vukan; Kikuchi, Shinya (1984). General Operations Plan for the SEPTA Regional High Speed System. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. pp. 5–2.
  17. ↑ Vukich, Vukan; Kikuchi, Shinya (1985). "Planning an Integrated Regional Rail Network: Philadelphia Case". Transportation Research Record: 52–57.
  • Media related to S-train at Wikimedia Commons
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.