Prabowo Subianto

Prabowo Subianto
Prabowo during the 2011 SEA Games
Leader of Gerindra
Assumed office
20 September 2014
Preceded by Suhardi
22nd Commander of Kostrad
In office
20 March 1998 – 22 May 1998
President Suharto
Preceded by Soegijono
Succeeded by Johny Lumintang
15th General Commander of Kopassus
In office
1 December 1995 – 20 March 1998
President Suharto
Preceded by Subagyo Hadi Siswoyo
Succeeded by Muchdi Purwopranjono
Personal details
Born Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo
(1951-10-17) 17 October 1951
Jakarta, Indonesia
Political party Gerindra
Spouse(s)
Titiek Suharto
(m. 1983; div. 1998)
Children Didit Hediprasetyo
Alma mater Indonesian Military Academy
Signature
Website Official website
Military service
Allegiance  Indonesia
Service/branch Indonesian Army
Years of service 1974–1998
Rank Lieutenant General
Unit Infantry (Kopassus)
Commands Kostrad, Kopassus

Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo (born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian businessman, politician and former Lieutenant General in the Indonesian National Armed Forces. He is the son of Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, an Indonesian economist, and Dora Sigar. He is also the former husband of Titiek Suharto, the late President Suharto's second daughter. They were married in 1983 and divorced in 1998 during the Indonesian political crisis.[1] Later that same year he was dishonorably discharged from the military and subsequently banned from entering the United States because of his alleged record of human rights violations.[2]

In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon, established the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra). In the Indonesian presidential election, 2009 he ran for the vice-presidency as Megawati Sukarnoputri's running mate.[3] He ran for president in the Indonesian presidential election, 2014[4] but was defeated by Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo, which he initially disputed.[5] He has declared he will run again for the presidency in 2019 with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of Gerindra, Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), National Mandate Party (PAN), Democratic Party and Berkarya Party.[6]

Family background

Prabowo, 12 years old (standing right), with his siblings and grandparents, Margono Djojohadikusumo and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo

Prabowo's father, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, was an economist who served as former President Suharto's minister for the economy and minister for research and technology.[7] Sumitro named Prabowo after his own younger brother, a martyr hero who died in a battle against the Dutch in Yogyakarta during the Indonesian National Revolution.[8] Prabowo's mother, Dora Maria Sigar, was a Protestant Christian of Minahasan descent, who originated from the Maengkom family in Langowan, North Sulawesi.[9]

Prabowo has two older sisters, Bintianingsih and Mayrani Ekowati, and one younger brother, Hashim Djojohadikusumo. Hashim's pribumi conglomerate business interests stretch from Indonesia to Canada and Russia.[10] Between 1966 and 1968, the family lived in London, where Prabowo attended and graduated from The American School in London.[11] Sumitro subsequently encouraged his son to attend military academy. One of Prabowo's role models was Turkish military figure Ataturk, and according to peers and observers, Prabowo was talented with a passion for stratagems and had an appetite for political power.[8]

Prabowo's grandfather, Margono Djojohadikusumo, was the founder of Bank Negara Indonesia, the first leader of Indonesia's Provisional Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara), and Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia).[12]

Prabowo married Suharto's daughter, Siti Hediati Hariyadi, in 1983. They have a son, Didit Hediprasetyo, who lived in Boston before settling in Paris to pursue a career in design.[13]

Military career

Prabowo enrolled in Indonesia's Military Academy in Magelang in 1970.[14] He graduated in 1974 with others who would gain senior leadership positions such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[14]

In 1976, Prabowo served in the Indonesian National Army Special Force Kopassus and was assigned as the commander of Group 1 Komando Pasukan Sandhi Yudha (Kopassandha), which was one of the Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando units in East Timor, the former Portuguese territory that Indonesia had invaded the previous year.[14] Prabowo, then 26 years old, was the youngest Nanggala commander.[14] Prabowo led the mission to capture the vice president of Fretilin, who was the first Prime Minister of East Timor, Nicolau dos Reis Lobato.[14] Guiding Prabowo was Antonio Lobato – Nicolau's younger brother. On 31 December 1978, Prabowo's company found and fatally shot Nicolau in the stomach as he was being escorted in Maubisse, fifty kilometres south of Dili.[14]

In 1985 Prabowo attended the Advanced Infantry Officers Course at Fort Benning, in the United States for commando training.[15] In the early 1990s, as the commander of Kopassus Group 3, the now Major General Prabowo attempted to crush the East Timorese independence movement by using irregular troops (hooded "ninja" gangs dressed in black and operating at night) and, in main towns and villages, militias trained and directed by Kopassus commanders. Human rights abuses rose. The Army's 1997 campaign was called Operation Eradicate.[16]

In 1996, Prabowo led the Mapenduma Operation in the mountainous terrain of Papua, Indonesia. The goal of the operation was the release of 11 scientific researchers, who had been taken hostage by the Free Papua Movement. The researchers were five Indonesians, four Britons, one Dutchman and his pregnant German wife. Two of the Indonesian male hostages were killed shortly before the rescue operation. The mission involved covert support from British Military Attache and SAS veteran Colonel Ivor Helberg. The operation was criticised for using the Red Cross emblem on a white helicopter to deceive the Papuan rebels. When the helicopter landed at Geselema, innocent villagers who had nothing to do with the kidnapping ran towards it, thinking it was their friends from the Red Cross. Instead, white gunmen and Indonesian soldiers jumped out and shot them dead. The Free Papua Movement had been in peaceful negotiations to release the hostages until this massacre sparked violence in which the two Indonesian hostages were killed.[17]

On 20 March 1998, Prabowo was appointed head of the 27,000-strong Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), that Suharto had commanded in 1965.[18]

Role in 1998 riots and the Fall of Suharto

Less than three months after his appointment as head of Kostrad, on the first day of the May 1998 riots, Prabowo urged the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, Wiranto, to let him bring his Strategic Reserve units from outside Jakarta into the city to help restore order.[19] Hundreds of men trained by Kopassus (Prabowo's former command) were flown from Dili to Yogyakarta in chartered planes, and then on to Jakarta by train.[20] Prabowo publicly urged Indonesians to join him to fight "traitors to the nation".[21] On the morning of 14 May, Kopassus troops escorted young thugs from Lampung in southern Sumatra into the capital.[22] Thus Prabowo was accused of using his contacts in his former command to import and create trouble, while Wiranto had declined to give Prabowo's current command, Kostrad, permission to quell the existing trouble, in line with classic Javanese tactic to stir chaos to discredit a rival and/or seize power.[20]

Troops under Prabowo's command kidnapped and tortured at least nine democracy activists in the months before the May 1998 Riots.[23] In one testimony, a former detainee told of being tortured for days in an unidentified location, allegedly a military camp where most of their time was spent blindfolded, while being forced to answer repeated questions, mainly concerning their political activities. Abuse included being punched, terrorized physically and mentally, and given electric shocks.[24] Later, in 2009, two of the nine men were candidates for Gerinda, Prabowo's political party, and another served as his media adviser.[25] Prabowo was also suspected of organizing the 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia of another 13 activists (who all remain "missing") between February 1997 and May 1998.[26]

Later investigations into the May riots revealed that violence in Jakarta was the result of an internal struggle within the military elite to become Suharto's successor.[27] Many believed Prabowo, as Strategic Reserve commander, sought to become his father-in-law's successor and coveted the Commander of the Armed Forces position held by General Wiranto, who was favored to succeed Suharto. Together with Operations Commander for Greater Jakarta (Panglima Komando Operasi Jakarta Raya, Pangkoops Jaya) Major General Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, Prabowo aimed to terrorize opponents of the government and to show that Wiranto was "an incompetent commander who could not control disorder".[28][29] During the months of August and September, the fact finding team interviewed Prabowo, Sjafrie, and other military commanders regarding their movements during the Jakarta riots. Prabowo asserted that he was unsure of the precise movements of military forces in the capital and deferred to Sjafrie.[30] In its final report, the fact finding team suspected that, on the night of 14 May, Prabowo met with several Armed Forces and prominent civilian figures at the Kostrad headquarters to discuss organization of the violence.[31] However, this was later refuted by several people who attended the meeting, including prominent human rights lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution and Joint Fact Finding Team member Bambang Widjojanto.[32] Further testimonies by Prabowo[33] in the years following the investigation contradicted the team's report and led to skepticism of the team's allegations.[34]

On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation from the Presidency and Vice President BJ Habibie took over as President.

On the afternoon following Habibie's inauguration as President, Lt Gen Prabowo demanded of Habibie that he be put in charge of the army in place of Wiranto. However, Habibie and Wiranto demoted Prabowo from Kostrad commander instead, and the following day announced Wiranto's promotion to Minister of Defence and Security and to TNI commander. A furious Prabowo went to the Presidential Palace packing a side arm and with trucks of his Kostrad troops. On being blocked from entering the Habibie's office, he instead went to Suharto who rebuked him.[35][36] Prabowo was visited by Wiranto at his home over the weekend of 23–24 May and subsequently reassigned to a non-combat role at the Armed Forces Command and General Staff College in Bandung.[37]

Following the TNI investigation,[38] Prabowo acknowledged responsibility for the kidnapping of the activists.[39] He was discharged from military service in August. He and Wiranto denied that the discharge was a result of disciplinary action.[40] In August 1998, the Dewan Kehormatan Perwira (Officers Council of Honor) tried, and found Prabowo guilty of "misinterpreting orders" in the kidnapping of anti-Suharto activists in 1998.[38] He was discharged from military services, and went into a voluntary exile in Jordan[40] where he knew that country's new young King Abdullah as a fellow commander of special forces.[39] In an interview for Asia Now in 2000, Prabowo said "I never threatened Habibie. I was not behind the riots. That is a great lie. I never betrayed Pak Harto. I never betrayed Habibie. I never betrayed my country...There was a certain group that wanted to make me a scapegoat, maybe to hide their involvement.""[38] Rights groups have long questioned Prabowo's eligibility to run for president, noting that he was discharged dishonourably from the Army in August 1998 for "misinterpreting orders" in the abduction of the democracy activists. While that was the military's official statement, observers have long believed that it was a coup conspiracy that saw Prabowo, then the commander of the Army Strategic Reserves, given his marching orders.[41]

As a 2014 presidential candidate, Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organisations calling for him to step down. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras, the Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in Jakarta on 7 May 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo.[42] A 27 June 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist, Allan Nairn, had been threatened with arrest "for revealing the former general's role in human rights abuses."[43]

Business career

After being discharged from the military, Prabowo joined his brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo's business. He purchased Kiani Kertas, a paper pulp and plantation company based in Mangkajang, East Kalimantan.[44] Prior to Prabowo's purchase, Kiani was owned by Bob Hasan, a businessman close to former Presiden Suharto.[44] Today, Prabowo's Nusantara Group controls 27 companies in Indonesia and abroad. Prabowo's companies include Nusantara Energy (oil and natural gas, coal), Tidar Kerinci Agung (palm oil plantations) and Jaladri Nusantara (fishery industry).[45]

Prabowo rebranded Kiani Kertas to Kertas Nusantara. The company was established in 1990 and is part of the Nusantara Energy. It controls an area of 3,400 hectares used for paper mills, employee housing, private schools, and various company facilities.[46] Kiani has been awarded ISO 900-2005 status as one of the highest quality management companies. It is reported that Kiani Kertas has been experiencing financial difficulties and in early 2014, workers took to the streets to demand their wages which had not been paid in five months.[47]

Prabowo was the wealthiest presidential candidate in the 2009 election, with assets of Rp 1.5 trillion (about US$150 million) and US$7.5 million.[48]

In 2007, PT Ridlatama, whose majority stakeholder was British-based Churchill PLC, conducted a geo-survey eastern Kalimantan for coal. Two months after the survey yielded positive results, East Kutai officials granted mining licenses to Nusantara Energy (a subsidiary of the Nusantara Group, a conglomerate owned by Prabowo Subianto's family) to operate in the area surveyed by Ridlatama. In 2010, Ridlatama's license was revoked, effectively completing Nusantara's take over of Churchill's operations. Churchill appealed to the Supreme Court of Indonesia but lost the case. In 2012, Churchill filed a case against the government of Indonesia at the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, demanding $2 billion in compensation. Indonesia argued that ICSID had no authority to arbitrate. In 2014 ICSID ruled that it had the authority and the case is still ongoing.[49][50][51][52]

In 2014, the regent of East Kutai, Isran Noor, publicly endorsed Prabowo Subianto as presidential candidate.[53] He also considered pressing criminal charges against Churchill, alleging that Churchill forged its license.[54]

NGOs

Prabowo opens the 2011 Pencak Silat SEA Games tournament held in Taman Mini, Jakarta. He is the Chairman of Indonesia's pencak silat organisation.
  • The Indonesian Farmers' Association was established in 1973 to advocate for the farmers' rights. Prabowo was elected President of HKTI in 2004,[55][56] and he was reappointed in 2010 for a second term.[57]
  • The Indonesian Traditional Market Traders Association (APPSI) is a non-profit organisation advocating for the welfare of traders in Indonesia's traditional markets. Prabowo was elected as president of APPSI in 2008.[58]
  • Pencak silat is one of Indonesia's traditional martial arts. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) oversees the regulation of the sport in Indonesia, develops athletes, and organises tournaments. Prabowo was elected as president of IPSI in 2004 and was re-elected in 2012 for a third consecutive term.[59]

Politics

Using Prabowo's connections to President Suharto, he and his brother worked to silence journalistic and political critics in the 1990s. Hashim unsuccessfully pressured Goenawan Mohamad to sell his outspoken and banned Tempo magazine to him.[60] As lieutenant colonel, Prabowo invited Gus Dur to his battalion headquarters in 1992 and warned him to stick to religion and to stay out of politics, or face unspecified actions if he continued to oppose the President.[61] He later warned the intellectual Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) to resign from the KIPP, the election monitoring unit set up by Goenawan Mohamad, which armed forces commander Feisal Tanjung had denounced as "obviously unconstitutional".[62]

In 2004, Prabowo was one of five contenders vying to become Golkar party's presidential candidate. He received the lowest number of votes, just 39, and was eliminated in the first round.[63] The second round of voting was won by Wiranto. In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon, established the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), which nominated Prabowo for presidency in the 2009 elections.[64] However, having won 26 out of 560 seats in the Indonesian parliament, the party did not have the required numbers and Prabowo ran as vice presidential candidate to Megawati Soekarnoputri, daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno. The pair, referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as Mega–Pro, earned 27% of the vote and lost to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his running mate, economist Boediono.[65]

In November 2011, Prabowo announced his intentions run in the 2014 presidential elections.[66] Surveys published by the Center for Policy Studies and Strategic Development (Puskaptis)[67] and by the Indonesian Survey Institute published on 23 February 2012[68] gave him the lead - but observers and activists cast doubt on the polls.[69]

In March 2012, the Great Indonesia Movement Party named Prabowo their 2014 presidential candidate.[70] As of then, the party's slogan was changed to Gerindra Menang Prabowo Presiden (Gerindra Wins, Prabowo Becomes President)[71] Prabowo said he would run an investment-friendly administration if he won and that Indonesia needed more energy exploration; furthermore, he said he had been in close contact with labor unions and believed rising worker discontent could be managed with a wise national budget.[72] He promised to use military-style efficiency to push through chronically delayed infrastructure projects, as well as to create jobs in the archipelago's backwaters by improving agricultural productivity.[73] Another pillar to Prabowo's platform was that he was solidly secular, and his party planned to protect the rights of minority religious groups in the Muslim-majority country.[73]

According to numerous quick counts after the 9 April legislative election, Gerinda came in third place, positioning Prabowo as one of two main presidential candidates for the election to be held 9 July, the other being Jakarta governor, Joko Widodo.[74] On Tuesday, 20 May 2014, Golkar, along with the United Development Party (PPP), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the Crescent Star Party (PBB), officially endorsed Prabowo Subianto to run for the 2014 presidential election; the coalition collected 48.9 percent of votes and 52.1 seats in the parliament.[75] The day before, Prabowo had picked former Coordinating Minister for Economics Hatta Rajasa as his vice-presidential running mate.[76]

Prabowo accepts the Great Indonesia Party's nomination for the 2014 presidential election in Lembah Hambalang, on 17 March 2012[70]

On 22 July 2014, the day that the KPU was due to announce its official tally, Prabowo withdrew from the race after having insisted on his victory since the initial quick counts were released, although the majority showed Jokowi ahead. He attributed this withdrawal to Indonesia "fail[ing] in its duty to democracy" because of "massive cheating that is structured and systematic",[77] and stated that he and Hatta "exercise our constitutional right to reject the presidential election and declare it unconstitutional".[78] His speech, aired live, implied that he would challenge the results in the Constitutional Court.[77][77] Later reports indicated confusion over whether Prabowo had resigned from the election or simply rejected the count.[79]

According to Douglas Ramage of the Jakarta-based Bower's Asia Group, this was the first time since reformasi began in 1998 that the legitimacy of the election process has been questioned; he declared that the country was entering "uncharted territory".[78] The legality of a Prabowo challenge is questionable, as – if he withdrew – he is no longer considered a presidential candidate.[78] If he can make the challenge, according to The Jakarta Post, the gap between the two is sufficient to make such a challenge difficult.[80] Under the presidential election law, Prabowo could face up to six years in prison and a 100 billion rupiah ($10 million) fine for withdrawing.[77][78] Later that evening, Joko Widodo was officially announced as president and began to receive congratulations from world leaders.[81]

Following the announcement, the value of the Indonesian rupiah dropped by 0.3 percent, and the JSX Composite fell by 0.9 percent.[79] Observers denied Prabowo's allegations of cheating, finding that the elections were "generally fair and free"; Maswadi Rauf of the University of Indonesia stated that there were "no sign of significant fraud", and that Prabowo's withdrawal simply reflected "the real attitudes of the elite, who are not yet ready to accept losing".[82] On 21 August 2014, the Indonesian Constitutional Court rejected his claim of fraud, confirming his election loss.[83]

On 12 April 2018, Prabowo announced he would contest Indonesia's 2019 presidential election if he can sufficient support from other political parties.[84] Indonesian media had speculated on whether Prabowo would become a presidential candidate or a "king-maker" giving his support to another candidate.[85] Prabowo's brother Hashim in March 2018 said health and logistical factors had to be considered before the party announces a presidential candidate.[86]

In April 2018, John McBeth reported Maritime Coordinating Minister Luhut Panjaitan had held a series of meetings with Prabowo, culminating in the proposal of a joint Widodo-Prabowo ticket for the 2019 election. Luhut reportedly lost his enthusiasm after Prabowo allegedly said he would want to be in charge of the military and seven seats in any new cabinet.[87] Fadli Zon denied Luhut and Prabowo had discussed politics, claiming they merely spoke about Europe's move to limit imports of Indonesian palm oil. Gerindra official Andre Rosiade also dismissed the report as a hoax.[88]

On 10 August 2018, Prabowo registered at the KPU office for the 2019 presidential candidacy with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of PKS, PAN, Democratic Party, Gerindra Party and Berkarya Party.[6] The Democratic Party still supports his candidacy despite betraying Prabowo's commitment to choose Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono as his running mate.[89]

Controversy

Paradise Papers

In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.[90]

Ghost Fleet

On 18 September 2017, at the launch of a book on his father's political economy theory, Prabowo made a speech warning Indonesia could break apart in 2030. "In other countries, they have made studies, where the Republic of Indonesia has been declared no more in 2030," he said. A video clip of the speech was posted to Gerindra's official Facebook page on 18 March 2018. When asked which studies Prabowo was referring to, Gerindra official Elnino M. Husein Mohi said, "Prabowo has read various writings of people that are outside the country, intellectual observers that exist. You can also see them online."[91] It was subsequently revealed the "studies" were actually a 2015 science-fiction war novel called Ghost Fleet by American authors August Cole and P.W. Singer. A note by the authors at the start of the book states: "The following was inspired by real-world trends and technologies. But, ultimately, it is a work of fiction, not prediction."[92] Bemused by Prabowo citing the book, Singer posted on Twitter: "Indonesian opposition leader cites #GhostFleet in fiery campaign speeches... There have been many unexpected twists and turns from this book experience, but this may take the cake."[93]

Health

In February 2018, Gerindra denied speculation Prabowo's family does not want him to run for the presidency in 2019 because of concerns about his health. Responding to allegations Prabowo had suffered a stroke and sought treatment in Germany, Gerindra said the claims were a hoax perpetrated by political opponents.[94]

Notes

  1. ↑ Bellman, Eric (3 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Topsfield, Jewel (8 May 2018). "Prabowo Subianto opens up on Jakarta elections and the 2019 presidency". Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  3. ↑ "PDI-P hails Prabowo as Megawati's running mate". thejakartapost.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
  4. ↑ "Prabowo Runs for President". 22 November 2011.
  5. ↑ "Jakarta governor Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election". Indonesia News.Net. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Dihadiri AHY, Prabowo-Sandiaga Uno resmi mendaftar di KPU". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Ready Susanto, Mari mengenal kabinet Indonesia [Let's know the cabinet of Indonesia], Lazuardi Buku Utama, Jakarta, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 323
  9. ↑ Schröter, Susanne (2010). Christianity in Indonesia: Perspectives of Power. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 311. ISBN 9783643107985.
  10. ↑ "Hashim's new horizons". The Jakarta Globe.
  11. ↑ The American School in London - 1968: Gateway, p. 32 [yearbook]
  12. ↑ Djojohadikusumo, Margono (2000). Kenang-Kenangan dari Tiga Zaman. Penerbit Indira.
  13. ↑ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/06/didit-meets-parisian-haute-couture's-challenge.html
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conboy, Ken (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Equinox Publishing
  15. ↑ U.S.-Trained Unit Suspected of Torture, Washington Post, 23 May 1998, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/indonesia/stories/rights052398.htm
  16. ↑ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p. xv. (in Friend (2003), p. 433.)
  17. ↑ Davis, Mark (12 July 1999). "Blood on the Cross". Four Corners, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  18. ↑ Friend (2003), p. 325
  19. ↑ Friend (2005), p. 330
  20. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 331
  21. ↑ Friend (2003), p. 315
  22. ↑ Berfield and Loveard, Ten Days, in The Last Days of President Suharto, Edward Aspinall, Herb Feith, and Gerry van Klinken, eds. (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Institute, 1999), pp. 57–58.
  23. ↑ "Korban yang Dikembalikan". Kontras. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  24. ↑ "PRD INDONESIA: TESTIMONY OF ANDI ARIEF". xs4all.nl.
  25. ↑ Thompson, Geoff (31 March 2009). "The Farmer Wants a Country". ABC Foreign Correspondent. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  26. ↑ "Kronik Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktivis 1997 – 1998" (PDF). kotras.org. Kontras. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  27. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 106
  28. ↑ Sijabat, Ridwan Max (13 May 2004). "Six years after, May 1998 tragedy still unresolved". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  29. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 107
  30. ↑ Purdey 2006, pp. 150–151
  31. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 148
  32. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 153
  33. ↑ "Prabowo, Gerindra Fight Accusations of Past Rights Abuses". etan.org.
  34. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 154
  35. ↑ Adam Schwartz, A Nation in Waiting, pp. 367–369; Donald Emmerson, Indonesia Beyond Suharto, p. 309; Kees Van Dijk, A Country in Despair, pp. 209–210. All three from Friend (2003), p. 346
  36. ↑ Jusuf Habibie, "Detik-detik yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi" (trans. "Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road towards Democracy")
  37. ↑ McBeth, John (4 June 1998). "Soldiering On: Military chief faces down one threat but others loom". Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved 25 February 1998. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  38. 1 2 3 "ASIANOW - Asiaweek - Cover: The Scapegoat? - Page 1 - 3/3/2000". cnn.com.
  39. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 347
  40. 1 2 Purdey 2006, p. 155
  41. ↑ Sihaloho, Markus (30 May 2014). "A Checkered Past Continues to Dog Would-Be Leader". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  42. ↑ "Prabowo unsuitable for president, rights campaigners say". The Jakarta Post. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  43. ↑ "Journalist Allan Nairn Threatened for Exposing Indonesian Pres. Candidate's Role in Mass Killings". Democracy Now!. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  44. 1 2 "Pulp Factory Kiani Kertas in the limelight again, August 05". watchindonesia.org.
  45. ↑ "asiaviews.org at Directnic". asiaviews.org.
  46. ↑ PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU - VIVA.co.id. "Bisnis Prabowo yang Menggurita". viva.co.id.
  47. ↑ "5 Bulan Tak Digaji Karyawan Prabowo Subianto Mogok - Tempo Nasional". Tempo.
  48. ↑ http://mediacenter.kpu.go.id/berita/635-kpu-umumkan-harta-kekayaan-dan-dana-awal-kampanye-caprescawapres.html
  49. ↑ "Churchill Mining seeks $2 billion from Indonesia". Reuters UK.
  50. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/business/global/british-mining-company-sues-indonesia-over-1-8-billion-coal-project.html?_r=0
  51. ↑ http://www.economist.com/node/21531017
  52. ↑ "Rich seam of conflict over coal discovery". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  53. ↑ "Bupati Kutai Timur: Opini Masyarakat, Prabowo Layak Jadi Presiden - Kompas.com: Indonesia Satu". kompas.com.
  54. ↑ "East Kutai Regent Claims to have New Evidences Against Churchill". tempo.co.
  55. ↑ Tempointeraktif (3 December 2004). "Prabowo Ikut Bursa Calon Ketua HKTI" (in Indonesian). Tempointeraktif. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  56. ↑ Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia. "Ketua Umum Prabowo Subianto" (in Indonesian). HKTI. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  57. ↑ did. "Prabowo Terpilih Secara Aklamasi Pimpin HKTI". detiknews.
  58. ↑ hen (6 August 2008). "Prabowo Subianto Jadi Ketua Asosiasi Pedagang Pasar". detikfinance.
  59. ↑ Suara Merdeka CyberNews. "SUARA MERDEKA CETAK - Lagi, Prabowo Pimpin PB IPSI". suaramerdeka.com.
  60. ↑ Friend (2003), p. 324
  61. ↑ Friend (2003), pp. 203, 324
  62. ↑ "Surat Dari Redaksi" (Letter from the Editor), Tempo, 6–12 Oct 98, p. 7; Schwarz, Nation in Waiting, pp. 161–162, 320, 490n35.
  63. ↑ Ananta, Aris (November 2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94. ISBN 978-981-230-322-6.
  64. ↑ M. Rizal Maslan (9 May 2008). "Datangi KPU, Partai Gerindra Usung Prabowo Sebagai Capres" (in Indonesian). Detik.com. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  65. ↑ "Megawati-Prabowo team files lawsuit protesting presidential election result". The Jakarta Post. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  66. ↑ "Prabowo Runs for President". Kompas.com. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  67. ↑ "Prabowo Receives Presidential Nod In 2nd Public Poll". The Jakarta Globe. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  68. ↑ "Mencari Calon Presiden 2014". Lembaga Survei Indonesia. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  69. ↑ Ronna Nirmala (24 February 2012). "President Prabowo? LSI Survey Says Yes". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  70. 1 2 "Prabowo Resmi Jadi Capres Partai Gerindra". Republika Online.
  71. ↑ JPNN. "Muzani: Gerindra Menang, Prabowo Presiden". jpnn.com.
  72. ↑ Paul Goddard. "Newsmaker Interview: Prabowo Subianto". American Chamber of Commerce in Indonesia.
  73. 1 2 Eric Bellman (1 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  74. ↑ Indonesia Investments. "Analysis of Quick Count Results of the Indonesian Legislative Election 2014". indonesia-investments.com.
  75. ↑ Reza Aditya (20 May 2014). "Prabowo Signs Coalition Agreement with Six Parties". Tempo. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  76. ↑ Ericssen (19 May 2014). "BREAKING: Prabowo Subianto Declares Hatta Rajasa as VP Pick in Indonesian Election". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Bachelard, Michael (22 July 2014). "Prabowo Subianto 'withdraws' from Indonesian presidential election on day vote was to be declared". Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  78. 1 2 3 4 Kathy Quiano, Madison Park and Casey Tolan (22 July 2014). "Prabowo withdraws from Indonesian election process". CNN. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  79. 1 2 Novrida Manurung, Rieka Rahadiana and Yoga Rusmana (22 July 2014). "Widodo Heads for Indonesia Win as Prabowo Withdraws From Count". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  80. ↑ "Official, final tally: Jokowi 53.15%, Prabowo 46.85%". The Jakarta Post. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  81. ↑ Joe Cochrane (22 July 2014). "Joko Widodo, Populist Governor, Is Named Winner in Indonesian Presidential Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  82. ↑ Niniek Karmini and Ali Kotarumalos (22 June 2014). "Jakarta Governor Wins Indonesian Presidency". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  83. ↑ "Indonesian court: No proof of election fraud - Asian Correspondent". asiancorrespondent.com.
  84. ↑ Aritonang, Margareth S. (12 April 2018). "It's official: Prabowo to join 2019 race". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  85. ↑ "Prabowo, Jadi Capres atau King Maker?". Republika.com. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  86. ↑ Erdianto, Kristian (28 March 2018). "Soal Pencapresan Prabowo, Hashim Bicara Kesehatan dan Logistik". Kpmpas.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  87. ↑ "Indonesia moving toward a one-horse race". Asia Times. 15 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  88. ↑ Galih, Bayu (16 April 2018). "Prabowo Diberitakan Minta 7 Kursi Kabinet jika Jadi Cawapres Jokowi, Gerindra Sebut Hoaks". Kompas.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  89. ↑ "'Walau kecewa, PD tidak khianati koalisi': Partai Demokrat akhirnya dukung Prabowo-Sandiaga". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  90. ↑ "Explore The Politicians in the Paradise Papers - ICIJ". ICIJ. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  91. ↑ "The 'study' Prabowo said predicted Indonesia would dissolve by 2030 is actually a sci-fi techno-thriller called 'Ghost Fleet'". Coconuts Jakarta. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  92. ↑ P. W. Singer; August Cole (2015). Ghost Fleet: A Novel of the Next World War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-14284-8.
  93. ↑ Nugroho, Bagus Prihantoro (22 March 2018). "Penulis Novel 'Ghost Fleet' Posting Foto Prabowo di Twitter". detikcom. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  94. ↑ Kami, Indah Mutiara (28 February 2018). "Gerindra Tepis Isu Prabowo Kena Stroke 3 Kali: Itu Hoax!". detikcom. Retrieved 31 March 2018.

References

  • Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
  • Purdey, Jemma (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Honolulu, H.I.: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3057-1.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.