Platynereis dumerilii

Platynereis dumerilii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Nereididae
Genus: Platynereis
Species: P. dumerilii
Binomial name
Platynereis dumerilii
Female epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its body is filled with yellow eggs.[2]
Male epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii: Its frontal part is filled with white sperm, while its rear is red due to blood vessels.[2]

Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelids.[3] It was originally placed into the genus Nereis[1] and later reassigned to Platynereis.[4] Platynereis dumerilii lives in coastal marine waters from temperate to tropical zones. It can be found in a wide range from the Azores, the Mediterranean, in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Atlantic down to the Cape of Good Hope, in the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Japan, the Pacific, and the Kerguelen Islands.[4] Platynereis dumerilii is today an important lab animal,[5] it is considered as a living fossil,[6][7][8] and it is used in many phylogenetic studies as a model organism. Platynereis dumerilii reaches an age of 3 to 18 month[5] and males reach a length of 2 to 3 cm, while females reach a length of 3 to 4 cm.[9]

Habitat

Platynereis dumerilii builds tubes on its substrate. The substrate may be algae covered hard bottoms,[10] sea grass,[11][12] pelagic Sargassum rafts in the Sargasso Sea,[13][14] or even rotting plant debris.[15] Platynereis dumerilii commonly lives in 0 to 5 m depth,[16][17][11][10] and so is typical for shallow bright infra-littoral environments.[16] But it has been also found on a buoy in 50 m[18] and on rotting seaweed in 100 m.[19] It may also live in less favorable environments, like at thermal vents[20][21] or polluted areas near sewer outfall pipes.[22] It dominates polluted areas[23][24] and acidic areas with pH values around 6.5[25] fitting the preferred pH value of a subpopulation of late Platynereis dumerilii nectochaete larvae.[26]

Reproduction and Development

Platynereis dumerilii is dioecious, that means it has two separate sexes:[27] During mating, the male swims around the female while the female is swimming in small circles. Both release eggs and sperm into the water. This is triggered by sexual pheromones. The eggs are then fertilized outside of the body in the water.[28] Platynereis dumerilii has like other Nereidids no segmental gonades, the oocytes mature freely swimming in the body cavity (coelom),[27] and stain the body of the mature female epitoke yellow.[2]

Platynereis dumerilii develops very stereotypically between batches and therefore time can be used to stage Platynereis dumerilii larvae. However, the temperature influences the speed of development greatly.[2] Therefore, the following developmental times are given with 18 °C as reference temperature:

After 24 hours, a fertilized egg gives rise to a trochophore larva. At 48 hours, the trochophore larva becomes a metatrochophore larva.[2] Both trochophore and metatrochophore swim with a ring of cilia in the water and are positively phototactic.[29] The metatrochophore has, beside the larval eyes, already the anlagen for the more complex adult eyes of the adult worm.[30][31] A day later, at 72 hours after fertilization, the metatrochophore larva becomes a nectochaete larva. The nectochaete larva already has three segments, each with a pair of parapodia bearing chaetae, which serve for locomotion.[2] The nectochaete larva can switch from positive to negative phototaxis.[32] After five to seven days, the larvae start feeding and develop on their own speed, depending on food supply. After three to four weeks, when six segments have formed, the head is formed.[2]

Photoreceptor Cells

Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells.

The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they express an ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of vertebrate rods and cones than to the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. Therefore, it is thought that the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates already had ciliary photoreceptor cells.[33] The ciliary opsin is UV-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm),[34] and the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on non-directional UV-light by making the larvae swimming down. This forms a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge with phototaxis of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes.[35]

A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell forms with a pigment cell a simple eye.[30] A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva.[29] In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex adult eyes.[32] The adult eyes express at least three opsins: Two rhabdomeric opsins and a Go-opsin.[31][36] The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all the same way via depolarization,[36] even so a scallop Go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize.[37][38]

Genome

The genome of Platynereis dumerilii is diploid (2n chromosomes) with a haploid set of n = 14 chromosomes.[9][39] It contains approximately 1 Gbp (giga base pairs) or 10 9 base pairs.[40] This genome size is close to the average observed for other animals. However, compared to many classical invertebrate molecular model organisms, this genome size is rather large and therefore it is a challenge to identify gene regulatory elements that can be far away from the corresponding promoter. But it is intron rich unlike those of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and thus closer to vertebrate genomes including the human genome.[41]

References

  1. 1 2 Audouin, Jean Victoire; Milne-Edwards, Henri (1834). "Néréide de Dumeril. Nereis Dumerilii". Recherches pour servir a l'histoire naturelle du littoral de la France, ou, Recueil de mémoires sur l'anatomie, la physiologie, la classification et les moeurs des animaux des nos côtes : ouvrage accompagné de planches faites d'après nature. 2: 196–199. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.43796. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fischer, Antje HL; Henrich, Thorsten; Arendt, Detlev (2010). "The normal development of Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae, Annelida)". Frontiers in Zoology. 7 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-31. PMC 3027123. PMID 21192805.
  3. ↑ Read, G. "Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834). In: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2015)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  4. 1 2 Fauvel, Pierre (1914). "Annélides polychètes non-pélagiques provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885-1910)". Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accompliés par le Prince Albert I. 46: 1–432.
  5. 1 2 Fischer, Albrecht; Dorresteijn, Adriaan (March 2004). "The polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida): a laboratory animal with spiralian cleavage, lifelong segment proliferation and a mixed benthic/pelagic life cycle". BioEssays. 26 (3): 314–325. doi:10.1002/bies.10409. PMID 14988933.
  6. ↑ "Introduction - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  7. ↑ "Living Fossil Platynereis dumerilii: Unraveling the first steps of eye evolution". thebiologyplace. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "Arendt Group - Evolution of the nervous system in bilateria - EMBL". www.embl.de. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  9. 1 2 Jha, A. N.; Hutchinson, T. H.; Mackay, J. M.; Elliott, B. M.; Pascoe, P. L.; Dixon, D. R. (1995). "The chromosomes Of Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 75 (03): 551. doi:10.1017/S002531540003900X.
  10. 1 2 Giangrande, A. (September 1988). "Polychaete zonation and its relation to algal distribution down a vertical cliff in the western Mediterranean (Italy): a structural analysis". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 120 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90006-8.
  11. 1 2 Lewis, III, F. Graham; Stoner, Allan W. (1 January 1981). "An Examination of Methods for Sampling Macrobenthos in Seagrass Meadows". Bulletin of Marine Science. 31 (1): 116–124.
  12. ↑ Jacobs, R.P.W.M.; Pierson, E.S. (January 1979). "Zostera marina spathes as a habitat for Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne-Edwards, 1834)". Aquatic Botany. 6: 403–406. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(79)90079-2.
  13. ↑ Huffard, C. L.; von Thun, S.; Sherman, A. D.; Sealey, K.; Smith, K. L. (14 September 2014). "Pelagic Sargassum community change over a 40-year period: temporal and spatial variability". Marine Biology. 161 (12): 2735–2751. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2539-y. PMC 4231207.
  14. ↑ Fine, M. L. (October 1970). "Faunal variation on pelagic Sargassum". Marine Biology. 7 (2): 112–122. doi:10.1007/Bf00354914.
  15. ↑ Clark, R. B.; Milne, A. (1955). "The sublittoral fauna of two sandy bays on the Isle of Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 34 (01): 161. doi:10.1017/S0025315400008663.
  16. 1 2 Giangrande, A.; Delos, A. L.; Fraschetti, S.; Musco, L.; Licciano, M.; Terlizzi, A. (1 December 2003). "Polychaete assemblages along a rocky shore on the South Adriatic coast (Mediterranean Sea): patterns of spatial distribution". Marine Biology. 143 (6): 1109–1116. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1162-0.
  17. ↑ Gambi, Maria Cristina; Lorenti, Maurizio; Russo, Giovanni F.; Scipione, Maria Beatrice; Zupo, Valerio (March 1992). "Depth and Seasonal Distribution of Some Groups of the Vagile Fauna of the Posidonia oceanica Leaf Stratum: Structural and Trophic Analyses". Marine Ecology. 13 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00337.x.
  18. ↑ ALIANI, STEFANO; MELONI, ROBERTO (1999). "Dispersal strategies of benthic species and water current variability in the Corsica Channel (Western Mediterranean)". SCIENTIA MARINA. 63 (2): 137–145. doi:10.3989/scimar.1999.63n2137.
  19. ↑ Cram, A.; Evans, S.M. (May 1980). "Stability and lability in the evolution of behaviour in nereid polychaetes". Animal Behaviour. 28 (2): 483–490. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80056-X.
  20. ↑ Giménez, F.; Marín, A. (1991). "Los Anelidos poliquetos de una solfatara submarina en el Golfo de Napoles". Anales de Biología. 17: 143–151.
  21. ↑ Lucey, Noelle Marie; Lombardi, Chiara; DeMarchi, Lucia; Schulze, Anja; Gambi, Maria Cristina; Calosi, Piero (9 July 2015). "To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification?". Scientific Reports. 5 (1). doi:10.1038/srep12009.
  22. ↑ Surugiu, Victor; Feunteun, Marc (2008). "The structure and distribution of polychaete populations influenced by sewage from the Romanian Coast of the Black Sea". Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, s. Biologie animală. LIV.
  23. ↑ Bellan, Gérard (November 1980). "Relationship of pollution to rocky substratum polychaetes on the French Mediterranean coast". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 11 (11): 318–321. doi:10.1016/0025-326x(80)90048-X.
  24. ↑ Musco, L; Terlizzi, A; Licciano, M; Giangrande, A (14 May 2009). "Taxonomic structure and the effectiveness of surrogates in environmental monitoring: a lesson from polychaetes". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 383: 199–210. doi:10.3354/meps07989.
  25. ↑ Ricevuto, Elena; Kroeker, K. J.; Ferrigno, F.; Micheli, F.; Gambi, M. C. (24 October 2014). "Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO2 vents indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification". Marine Biology. 161 (12): 2909–2919. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2555-y.
  26. ↑ Ramanathan, Nirupama; Simakov, Oleg; Merten, Christoph A.; Arendt, Detlev; Molinero, Juan Carlos (30 October 2015). "Quantifying Preferences and Responsiveness of Marine Zooplankton to Changing Environmental Conditions using Microfluidics". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0140553. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140553.
  27. 1 2 Fischer, Albrecht (1999). "Reproductive and developmental phenomena in annelids: a source of exemplary research problems". Hydrobiologia. 402: 1–20. doi:10.1023/A:1003719906378.
  28. ↑ Zeeck, Erich; Harder, Tilman; Beckmann, Manfred (1998). "Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 24 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1023/A:1022328610423.
  29. 1 2 Jékely, Gáspár; Colombelli, Julien; Hausen, Harald; Guy, Keren; Stelzer, Ernst; Nédélec, François; Arendt, Detlev (20 November 2008). "Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton". Nature. 456 (7220): 395–399. doi:10.1038/nature07590.
  30. 1 2 Rhode, Birgit (April 1992). "Development and differentiation of the eye inPlatynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Journal of Morphology. 212 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052120108.
  31. 1 2 Randel, N.; Bezares-Calderon, L. A.; Gühmann, M.; Shahidi, R.; Jekely, G. (2013-05-10). "Expression Dynamics and Protein Localization of Rhabdomeric Opsins in Platynereis Larvae". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1093/icb/ict046. PMC 3687135. PMID 23667045.
  32. 1 2 Randel, Nadine; Asadulina, Albina; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Verasztó, Csaba; Williams, Elizabeth A; Conzelmann, Markus; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (27 May 2014). "Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation". eLife. 3. doi:10.7554/eLife.02730.
  33. ↑ Arendt, D.; Tessmar-Raible, K.; Snyman, H.; Dorresteijn, A.W.; Wittbrodt, J. (29 October 2004). "Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain". Science. 306 (5697): 869–871. doi:10.1126/science.1099955. PMID 15514158.
  34. ↑ Tsukamoto, Hisao; Chen, I-Shan; Kubo, Yoshihiro; Furutani, Yuji (4 August 2017). "A ciliary opsin in the brain of a marine annelid zooplankton is ultraviolet-sensitive, and the sensitivity is tuned by a single amino acid residue". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 292 (31): 12971–12980. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.793539. PMID 28623234.
  35. ↑ Verasztó, Csaba; Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Piñeiro-Lopez, Cristina; Randel, Nadine; Shahidi, Réza; Michiels, Nico K; Yokoyama, Shozo; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Jékely, Gáspár (29 May 2018). "Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.36440. PMID 29809157.
  36. 1 2 Gühmann, Martin; Jia, Huiyong; Randel, Nadine; Verasztó, Csaba; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A.; Michiels, Nico K.; Yokoyama, Shozo; Jékely, Gáspár (August 2015). "Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis". Current Biology. 25 (17): 2265–2271. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017. PMID 26255845.
  37. ↑ Kojima, Daisuke; Terakita, Akihisa; Ishikawa, Toru; Tsukahara, Yasuo; Maeda, Akio; Shichida, Yoshinori (12 September 1997). "A Novel Go-mediated Phototransduction Cascade in Scallop Visual Cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (37): 22979–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.37.22979. PMID 9287291.
  38. ↑ Gomez, MP; Nasi, E (15 July 2000). "Light transduction in invertebrate hyperpolarizing photoreceptors: possible involvement of a Go-regulated guanylate cyclase". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (14): 5254–63. PMID 10884309.
  39. ↑ Ipucha, María Claudia; Santos, Cinthya Gomes; Lana, Paulo Da Cunha; Sbalqueiro, Ives José (2007). "Cytogenetic characterization of seven South American species of nereididae (annelida: polychaeta): implications for the karyotypic evolution". BAG. Journal of basic and applied genetics. 18 (2).
  40. ↑ Zantke, Juliane; Bannister, Stephanie; Rajan, Vinoth Babu Veedin; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (7 May 2014). "Genetic and Genomic Tools for the Marine Annelid". Genetics. 197 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148254. PMC 4012478.
  41. ↑ Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Osoegawa, Kazutoyo; Wincker, Patrick; Jubin, Claire; Balavoine, Guillaume; Ferrier, David; Benes, Vladimir; Jong, Pieter de; Weissenbach, Jean; Bork, Peer; Arendt, Detlev (25 November 2005). "Vertebrate-Type Intron-Rich Genes in the Marine Annelid Platynereis dumerilii". Science. 310 (5752): 1325–1326. doi:10.1126/science.1119089. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16311335.
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