Pescetarianism

Japanese sushi; many cultures offer pescetarian-friendly cuisine.

Pescetarianism (/ˌpɛskəˈtɛəriənɪzəm/; also spelled pescatarianism)[1] is the practice of following a diet that includes fish or other seafood, but not the flesh of other animals.

Those on pescetarian or pollotarian diets may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism.[2][3] Most pescetarians maintain a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with the addition of fish and shellfish, described as "fish but no other meat".[4] The common use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led groups such as the Vegetarian Society to state that diets containing these foods are not vegetarian.[5]

Etymology

Pescetarian or pescatarian is a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the Italian word pesce ("fish") and the English word vegetarian.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The English pronunciation of both pescetarian and pescatarian is /ˌpɛskəˈtɛəriən/, with the same /sk/ sound present in pescato (Italian: [peˈskaːto],[13][14] derived from piscatus, the perfect passive participle of the Latin verb piscor meaning "to fish"), though not in the word pesce (Italian: [ˈpeʃʃe]).

Pesce in turn derives from the Latin piscis,[9][10] which has the form pisci- when it serves as a prefix, as it often does in scholarly terms (e.g. pisciculture, piscivore). A piscivore, a type of carnivore, subsists on a diet primarily of fish, whereas a pescetarian eats plant derivatives as well as fish.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the origin of the term pescatarian to 1993 and defines it as: "one whose diet includes fish but no other meat".[9]

Rationale

Ethics

Some pescetarians adopt their diet because of the inefficiency of other meat sources. For example, in the United States most cattle, chickens and pork are not free-range and are fed with grains specifically grown for their food.[15] Therefore, the environmental impact and the amount of energy needed to feed a cow, a chicken or a pig greatly exceeds its nutritional value.[15] Such pescetarians might prefer to eat wild-caught fish, as opposed to farmed carnivorous fish that require food input of other fish. They might use guides such as the Seafood Watch to determine the sustainability of their seafood source.[15]

Other pescetarians might regard their diet as a transition to vegetarianism, an ethical compromise (ethical pescetarianism),[16] or a practical necessity to obtain nutrients absent or not easily found in plants.[17]

Furthermore, pescetarianism may be perceived as more ethical because fish, along with certain other animals such as insects, may not associate pain and fear as more complex animals like mammals do.[18][19] Researchers have found that, unlike mammals, fish do not have the neuro-physiological capacity for a conscious awareness of pain. Fish do not possess a neocortex, which is the first indicator of doubt regarding whether they have pain-awareness. That is, certain nerve fibres in mammals (known as c-nociceptors) involved in the sensation of intense experiences of pain are not present in primitive cartilaginous fish. Some cartilagenous fish, such as sharks and rays do contain traces, yet there is an incomplete development of these fibres. To further test this, researchers administered powerful painkillers (such as morphine, which are highly effective in humans and mammals) to fish. They were found to be either totally ineffective or were only partially effective in doses so high that would result in death from overdose. In this respect, although fish do show instinctive reactions to injuries and other interventions, the physiological prerequisites for the conscious experience of pain is not present. This, in combination with the pharmacological data, has supported the notion that fish do not feel pain in human, mammalian or biological terms.[18][19] However, this theory is disputed: see the main article Pain in fish.

Health considerations

One commonly cited reason is that of health,[20] based on findings that red meat is detrimental to health in many cases due to non-lean red meats containing high amounts of saturated fats,[21][22] choline and carnitine.[23] Eating certain kinds of fish raises HDL levels,[24][25] and some fish are a convenient source of omega-3 fatty acids,[26] and have numerous health benefits in one food variety.[27]

A 1999 meta-analysis of five studies comparing vegetarian and non-vegetarian mortality rates in Western countries found that in comparison with regular meat-eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 34% lower in pescetarians, 34% lower in ovo-lacto vegetarians, 26% lower in vegans and 20% lower in occasional meat-eaters.[28]

Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins such as mercury and PCBs,[29] though it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[30][31]

Abstinence in religion

Judaism

Pescetarianism (provided the fish is ruled kosher – i.e., fish with fins and scales, and usually caught without bloodshed, as well as having no worms or insects inside; cut with a kosher knife and cooked in kosher utensils) conforms to Jewish dietary laws, as kosher fish is "pareve" (or "parve") – neither 'milk' nor 'meat'. In some Sephardic Jewish homes, fish is never served with foods made with milk products. All non-fish seafood is non-kosher.[32]. Mammalian 'fish' such as dolphins and whales, as well as Elasmobranchii such as sharks and stingrays, are not kosher because they have dermal denticles and not bony-fish scales. The definition of a fish in Judaism is broader (sea-life) than the common usage of the term 'fish' (non-mammals).

In 2015, a member of the Liberal Judaism synagogue in Manchester founded The Pescetarian Society.[33]

Hinduism

By tradition, most Hindu Brahmin communities follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet. However, there are a number of Brahmin sub-groups that allow fish eating. These include the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community from Coastal South-Western India.[34] This community regards seafood in general as vegetables from the sea. They refrain from eating any land-based animals. Other Hindu communities who consume seafood in great quantity are the Maithili Brahmin and the Bengali Brahmin.[35] The latter also eat meat on special occasions. Among the northeast Indian Hindus of Assam, Tripura, and Manipur, it is common for pescatarians to include poultry in their diets.

Islam

Eating of fish is permitted in Islam without need for the Dhabihah slaughter procedure required for meat.

Comparisons to other diets

Pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing fish as well as fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, edible fungi, legumes, bread etc. Many coastal populations tend to eat this way. In common with some vegetarians, pescetarians often eat eggs, dairy products and packaged foods in addition to fruits, vegetables and grains.

Pescetarians are sometimes described as vegetarian or pesco-vegetarian, but vegetarians commonly do not consider the pescetarian diet to be vegetarian. The Vegetarian Society – whose members historically did not object to the consumption of "eggs, milk or fish"[36] – now does not consider pescetarianism to be a vegetarian diet.[5] Despite this, definitions of vegetarian in mainstream dictionaries sometimes include fish in the diet.[37] The Pescetarian Society evolved separately from The Vegetarian Society to better represent the lifestyle and interests of pescetarians.[33]

List of notable pescetarians

See also

  • Semi-vegetarianism – other forms of semi-vegetarianism that include occasional meat consumption
  • Legal Sea Foods – Boston, Massachusetts–based network of seafood restaurants that uses the "pescatarian" term in their TV advertising

References

  1. ↑ Luna, Taryn (1 July 2015). "Legal Sea Foods launches 'Pescatarianism' ad campaign". The Boston Globe.
  2. ↑ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002 and 2007) defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; esp. one who avoids meat but will eat dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (cf. VEGAN noun)."
  3. ↑ Barr SI, Chapman GE (March 2002). "Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian and nonvegetarian women". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102 (3): 354–360. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90083-0. PMID 11902368.
  4. ↑ "Pescetarian - Definition and more from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  5. 1 2 "Vegetarians don't eat fish". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  6. ↑ "definition of pescatarian in Oxford dictionary (American English)". Oxford Dictionary of English.
  7. ↑ "definition of pescatarian in English from the Oxford dictionary". Oxford Dictionary of English.
  8. ↑ "Definition of pescatarian". Collins English Dictionary.
  9. 1 2 3 "Definition of Pescatarian by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster.
  10. 1 2 "Define Pescatarian at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
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