Peruvian Ribereño Spanish

Dialectal map of Peru and Ecuador. Peruvian Ribereño Spanish is in blue.

Peruvian Ribereño Spanish or Peruvian Coastal Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in the coastal region of Peru. The Spanish spoken in Coastal Peru has four characteristic forms today: the original one, that of the inhabitants of Lima (known as limeños) near the Pacific coast and parts south, (formerly from the old section of the city from where it spread to the entire coastal region); the inland immigrant sociolect (more influenced by Andean languages); the Northern, in Trujillo, Chiclayo or Piura; and the Southern. The majority of Peruvians speak Peruvian Coast Spanish, as Peruvian Coast Spanish is the standard dialect of Spanish in Peru.

Between 1535 and 1739, Lima was the capital of the Spanish Empire in South America, from where Hispanic culture spread, and its speech became the "purest" since it was the home of the famous University of San Marcos of Lima.^[1] Also, it was the city that had the highest number of titles of nobility from Castile outside of Spain. Colonial people in Lima became used to living an ostentatious and courtly life style that people in the other capital cities of Spanish America did not experience, with the exception of Mexico City and later the city of Bogotá. On the other hand, they mostly lived from the riches extracted from the inland mines by the Indians.

Phonetics and phonology

• The Lima accent does not have a distinguished intonation as the rest of the Spanish-speaking world does.
• In Lima there is no loss of syllable-final /s/ before a vowel or the end of a sentence. It is only aspirated in a preconsonantal position. This is unique, by all the social classes in the whole Latin American coast. The pronunciation of ese is soft predorsal.
• The vibrants /r/ and /ɾ/ are realized as non-assibilated [r] and [ɾ], respectively.
• The so-called yeísmo and seseo occur.
• There is no confusion of /r/ with /l/ in syllable-final position like the Caribbean countries and the lower sociolects of Chile.
• /x/ before /e/ and /i/ are pronounced as a soft palatal [ç]. The jota is velar: [x] (resembling Castilian) in emphatic or grumpy speech, especially before /a/, /o/ and /u/; it is sometimes pronounced as glottal [h]
• If the word-final /d/ is not elided, it is hypercorrectively realized as a voiceless stop [t].
• Word-final /n/ is routinely retracted to velar [ŋ] (the most highlighted Andalusian trait).
• Additional consonants [ʃ] and [ts] for Chinese & Japanese proper and common nouns.

Grammatical subject

Since the use of 'vos' instead of 'tú' as a familiar form of address was a marker of low social class in post-medieval Spanish, it exists throughout contemporary Latin America but it was never used in the capitals of the viceroyalties, such as Lima or Mexico City.

Prescriptive Limeño Spanish has adjusted considerably to more closely resemble the standard Spanish linguistic model, because of the city's disdain of the contact with the Andean world and autochthonous languages for centuries.

However, until the beginning of the 20th century, speech on the Northern Peruvian coast was similar in many ways with how individuals spoke on the Ecuadorian-Colombian coast. The most remarkable variation from the Castilian norm was the presence of 'vos', which was used to refer to one's family and is completely missing today. This part of Northern Peru also had a strong influence on the extinct Muchik or Mochica language.

Inland immigrants variation

The other main variety of Spanish from the coast of Peru is that which appeared after the linguistic influence from the Sierra and of the rural environment into the coastal cities and the former 'Garden City' by the Great Andean Migration (1940–1980).

Its main characteristics are:

• The strong use of diminutives, double possessives and the routine use of 'pues' or 'pe' and 'nomás' in postverbal position.
• The redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly 'lo' (the so-called loismo)
• The bilabization of /f/
• Closed timbre
• Andean tone

Recent changes

This popular variety of Coastal Peruvian dialect is not only contributed to by Andean influences but also, of course, by foreign ones: Anglicisms and Argentinisms are all very present in the lexicon.

Finally, young people from Lima's higher socioeconomic strata have also developed a peculiar and mannered form of speaking, noticeable particularly in the way that they alter their tone of speaking.

References

Bibliographic sources

• Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1960), "Lima Castilian: The Pronunciation of Spanish in the City of the Kings", Romance Notes, 2: 1–4
• Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1981), Spanish pronunciation in the Americas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• Caravedo, Rocío (1977), Norma Culta de la ciudad de Lima, Lima: PUC, Instituto Riva-Agüero, Cuadernos de Trabajo, 1
• Caravedo, Rocío (1983), Estudios sobre el español de Lima, I. Variación contextual de la sibilante, Lima: Fondo Editorial PUC
• Caravedo, Rocío (1990), Sociolingüística del español de Lima, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
• Caravedo, Rocío (1993), El habla de Lima y los patrones normativos del español, Lima: Academia de Ciencias y Tecnología
• Escobar, Alberto (1978), Variaciones sociolingüísticas del castellano en el Perú, Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
• Granda, Germán de (2001), Estudios de linguistica andina, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
• Lipski, John M. (1994), El español de América, Madrid: Cátedra
• Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1993), Ensayos sobre el español de América, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
• Mackenzie, Ian (2001), A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish, Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 35
• Malmberg, Bertil (1970), La América hispanohablante: Unidad y diferenciación del castellano, Madrid: Istmo
• Rivarola, José Luis (1990), La Formación Lingüística de Hispanoamérica, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

External links

• The Spanish of Peru