Bora language

Bora
Meamuyna
Native to Peru, Colombia
Ethnicity Bora people
Native speakers
 2,400 (2000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 boa
Glottolog bora1263[2]

Bora is an indigenous language of South America spoken in the western region of Amazon rainforest. Bora is a tonal language which, other than the Ticuna language, is a unique trait in the region.

The majority of its speakers reside in Peru and Colombia. Around 2,328 Bora speakers live in the areas of the northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo and Ampiyacu rivers of Peru. There are about 500 speakers of Bora also in Colombia in the Putumayo Department. Peruvian speakers have a 10 to 30% literacy rate and a 25 to 50% literacy rate in their second language of Spanish.

Early linguistic investigators thought that Bora was related to the Huitoto (Witoto) language, but there is actually very little similarity between the two. The confusion was most likely due to the frequent intermarriage between the tribes and the Ocaina dialect of Witotoan which has many Bora words.

Dialects

Miraña, a dialect of Bora, is spoken along the Caquetá-Japurá river which flows from Colombia to Brazil, and a few villages are there. Bora proper has 94% mutual comprehensibility with the Miraña dialect. Another dialect of Bora, Muinane, which has about a 50% comprehensibility with Bora and Miraña, is spoken along tributaries of the Caquetá river in central Colombia.

Grammar

Bora contains 350 classifiers, the most discovered of any languages thus far.[3][4]

Orthography

The written form of Bora was developed by Wycliffe Bible Translators Wesley and Eva Thiesen with the help of the natives of the village of Brillo Nuevo on the Yaguasyacu river. Wesley and Eva Thiesen's daughter Ruth is also the first recorded non-native to learn the language. First, Bora to Spanish school books were developed. Then the New Testament Bible was translated. Finally, a comprehensive dictionary and grammar book was developed to document and preserve the language's grammar rules. This has since facilitated more text books so that natives can be taught to read and write in their own language, rescuing it from extinction due to the prevalence of Spanish and Portuguese in the regions where it is spoken.

Phonology

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ ɯ
Close-mid o
Mid ɛ
Open a

All vowels have long forms. Bora demonstrates contrastive vowel length.[5]

Caption
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain palatalized plain palatalized plain palatalized labialized plain palatalized
Stopplain p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ kp ʔ ʔʲ
aspirated pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ kʲʰ
Affricate plain t͡s t͡ʃ
aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ
Fricative β βʲ h hʲ
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Approximant j
Flap ɾ

References

  1. ↑ Bora at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bora". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ "Bora". Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  4. ↑ "Jivaroan and Witotoan Language Families". Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  5. ↑ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-18.


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