Nâzım Hikmet

Nazım Hikmet Ran
Born Nâzım Hikmet
(1902-01-15)15 January 1902[1]
Salonica, Ottoman Empire (today Thessaloniki, Greece)
Died 3 June 1963(1963-06-03) (aged 61)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Pen name Orhan Selim, Ahmet Oğuz, Mümtaz Osman, Ercüment Er
Occupation Poet, playwright, memoirist, novelist, screenwriter, film director
Language Turkish
Citizenship Turkey, Poland[2]
Signature

Nâzım Hikmet Ran (15 January 1902 – 3 June 1963),[3][4] commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈnaːzɯm ˈhikmɛt] ( listen)) was a Turkish poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements".[5] Described as a "romantic communist"[6] and "romantic revolutionary",[5] he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages.

Family

According to Nâzım Hikmet, he was of paternal Turkish and maternal German , Polish, Georgian descent.[7][8][9] Nâzım Hikmet's mother came from a distinguished, cosmopolitan family with predominantly Circassian (Adyghe) roots,[10][11] along with high social position and relations to Polish nobility. From his father's side, he had Turkish heritage.[12] His father, Hikmet Bey, was the son of Çerkes Nâzım Pasha,[13] after whom Nâzım Hikmet was named.

Nazım’s maternal grandfather, Hasan Enver Pasha, was the son of Polish-born Mustafa Celalettin Pasha and Saffet Hanım, daughter of Serbian Omar Pasha and Circassian Adviye Hanım the daughter of Çerkes Hafız Pasha. Mustafa Celalettin Pasha (born Konstanty Borzęcki herbu Półkozic) authored "Les Turcs anciens et modernes" ("The Ancient and Modern Turks") in Istanbul, in 1869. This is considered one of the first works of national Turkist political thought.[11] Nâzım Hikmet's maternal grandmother, Leyla Hanım, was the daughter of Mehmet Ali Pasha, of French (Huguenot) and German origin, and Ayşe Sıdıka Hanım who was a daughter of Çerkes Hafız Paşa.[14] His uncle, Enver Celalettin Pasha, was a member of the Ottoman Army General Staff. Nâzım Hikmet and Celile Hanım's cousins included Oktay Rifat Horozcu, a leading Turkish poet, and the statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, among others.[15]

Early life

Nâzım Hikmet at the age of 15 in 1917.

Ran was born on 15 January 1902, in Thessaloniki, where his father was serving as an Ottoman government official.[3][4] He attended the Taşmektep Primary School in the Göztepe district of Istanbul and later enrolled in the junior high school section of the prestigious Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district, where he began to learn French; however, in 1913, he was transferred to the Numune Mektebi in the Nişantaşı district. In 1918, he graduated from the Ottoman Naval School on Heybeliada, one of the Princes' Islands located in the Sea of Marmara. His school days coincided with a period of political upheaval, during which the Ottoman government entered the First World War, allying itself with Germany. For a brief period he was assigned as a naval officer to the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye; however in 1919 he became seriously ill and, not being able to fully recover, was exempted from naval service in 1920.

In 1921, together with his friends Vâlâ Nûreddin (Vâ-Nû), Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, he went to İnebolu in Anatolia in order to join the Turkish War of Independence; from there he (together with Vâlâ Nûreddin) walked to Ankara, where the Turkish liberation movement was headquartered. In Ankara they were introduced to Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) who wanted the two friends to write a poem that would invite and inspire Turkish volunteers in Istanbul and elsewhere to join their struggle. This poem was much appreciated, and Muhittin Bey (Birgen) decided to appoint them as teachers to the Sultani (high-college) in Bolu, rather than sending them to the front as soldiers. However, their communist views were not appreciated by the conservative officials in Bolu, and so the two decided to go to Batumi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic to witness the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917, arriving there on 30 September 1921. In July 1922, the two friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s. There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as the ideological vision of Lenin.[6]

Style and achievements

Despite writing his first poems in syllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself from the "syllabic poets" in concept. With the development of his poetic conception, the narrow forms of syllabic verse became too limiting for his style and he set out to seek new forms for his poems.

He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated Futurism. On his return to Turkey, he became the charismatic leader of the Turkish avant-garde, producing streams of innovative poems, plays and film scripts.[6] Breaking the boundaries of syllabic meter he changed his form and began writing in free verse, which harmonised with the rich vocal properties of the Turkish language.

He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men of letters to such figures as Federico García Lorca, Louis Aragon, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Pablo Neruda. Although Ran's work bears a resemblance to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and stylistic device, his literary personality is unique in terms of the synthesis he made of iconoclasm and lyricism, of ideology and poetic diction.[5]:19

Many of his poems have been set to music by the Turkish composer Zülfü Livaneli. A part of his work has been translated into Greek by Yiannis Ritsos, and some of these translations have been arranged by the Greek composers Manos Loizos and Thanos Mikroutsikos.

Later life and legacy

Ran's imprisonment in the 1940s became a cause célèbre among intellectuals worldwide; a 1949 committee that included Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, and Jean-Paul Sartre campaigned for his release.[16]

Nâzım Hikmet

On 8 April 1950, Ran began a hunger strike in protest against the Turkish parliament's failure to include an amnesty law in its agenda before it closed for the upcoming general election. He was then transferred from the prison in Bursa, first to the infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail in Istanbul, and later to Paşakapısı Prison.[17] Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, the National Sovereignty and Children's Day. His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials. So, as his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May.[16]

Ran's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country. Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published. His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat the next day. In light of the new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike was ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, he was finally released through a general amnesty law enacted by the new government.[16]

On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace announced that Nazım Hikmet Ran was among the recipients of the International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda.[16]

Later on, Ran escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the Black Sea, and from there moved to the USSR. Because in the Soviet bloc the only recognized Turkish minority existed in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals[18] and Bulgarian translations.[19] The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace.'[20] The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a 'lackey of the imperialist' United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority,[21] many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950-1953.[22]

When the EOKA struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that the population of Cyprus would be able to live together peacefully, and called on the Turkish minority to support the Greek Cypriots' demand for an end to British rule.[23][24]

Persecuted for decades by the Republic of Turkey during the Cold War for his communist views, Ran died of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6.30 am while picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland.[25] He is buried in Moscow's famous Novodevichy Cemetery, where his imposing tombstone is still today a place of pilgrimage for Turks and many others from around the world. His final wish, never carried out, was to be buried under a plane-tree (platanus) in any village cemetery in Anatolia.

Despite his persecution by the Turkish state, Nâzım Hikmet has always been revered by the Turkish nation. His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, i.e. Human Landscapes from my Country), as well as the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı, i.e. The Epic of the War of Independence), and the Turkish revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, i.e. Force of the Nation) are considered among the greatest patriotic literary works of Turkey.

Following his death the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where at that time a large and still recognized Turkish national minority existed. The eight volumes of these collected works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Sofia between 1967 and 1972, that is, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria.[26]

Ran had Polish and Turkish citizenship.[2] The latter was revoked in 1959, and restored in 2009.[27][28] His family has been asked if they want his remains repatriated from Russia.[29]

Patronage

During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, he used to paint. There, he met a young inmate named İbrahim Balaban. Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting. Ran influenced the peasant, and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics and politics. Ran admired Balaban much, and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as "his peasant painter" (Turkish: Köylü ressam). Their contact remained also after they were released from the prison.[30][31]

Selected works

I Come and Stand at Every Door

Ran's poem Kız Çocuğu (The Girl Child) conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she has perished in the atomic bomb attack at Hiroshima. It has achieved popularity as an anti-war message and has been performed as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and worldwide; it is also known in English by various other titles, including I come and Stand at Every Door, I Unseen and Hiroshima Girl.[32]

Turkish
Bengali
  • Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet) translated Hikmet's poems into Bengali.Those poems are collected in two anthologies, titled Nirbachita Nazim Hikmet (1952)(Selected Poems of Nazem Hikmet) ISBN 81-7079-501-X and Nazem Hikmet er Aro Kobita(1974) (More Poems of Nazem Himet).Some of these translation's are available in open sources.
Greek
  • Manos Loizos composed settings of some of Ran's poems, adapted in Greek by the poet Yiannis Ritsos. They are included in the 1983 disc Grammata stin agapimeni (Letters to the beloved one).
English
  • The usual tune is a non-traditional melody composed by Jim Waters in 1954 to fit the lyrics of Child 113 ballad The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry, which was recorded by American folksinger Joan Baez as Silkie on her second album Joan Baez, Vol. 2 in 1961.
  • According to American activist folk musician Pete Seeger, Jeanette Turner did a loose English "singable translation" of the poem under a different title, I Come And Stand At Every Door, and sent a note to Seeger asking "Do you think you could make a tune for it?" in the late 1950s. After a week of trial and failure, this English translation was used by Seeger in 1962 with an adaptation of "an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student James Waters, who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad The Great Silkie which he couldn't get out of his head, without permission." Seeger wrote in Where Have All the Flowers Gone: "It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all."[34] Seeger also used the track in his 1999 compilation album Headlines & Footnotes: A Collection Of Topical Songs. Seeger sang the song on 9 August 2013, the 68th anniversary of the Nagasaki atomic bombing, on a Democracy Now! interview.[35]
  • The Byrds; the American rock band used the translation on their third album Fifth Dimension in 1966.
  • Roger McGuinn of the Byrds later recorded the song with its original lyrics as part of his Folk Den project.
  • The Misunderstood used the translation, changing the title to 'I Unseen', on a 1969 UK Fontana single, later included in the 1997 anthology album Before The Dream Faded with their own tune.
  • Paul Robeson recorded the song as The Little Dead Girl with another translation.

The song was later covered by

Japanese

In 2005, famous Amami Ōshima singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with Ryuichi Sakamoto by translating Kız Çocuğu into Japanese, retitling it Shinda Onna no Ko [死んだ女の子] "A dead girl"). It was performed live at the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album Hanadairo in 2006.

Nepali

Some of Ran's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel and are published in print and online literary journals.[36][37]

On the soldier worth 23 cents

How do you propose to get it? Do you want to get it through the cooperation of Turkey where the men in the ranks get 23 cents a month the first year and 32 cents the second year, or do you want to get an American division and equip it and send it over to Turkey which would cost you 10 times as much?

— John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State, 1955

He also opposed the Korean War, in which Turkey participated. After the Senate address of John Foster Dulles, who served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month[38] compared with the lowest echelon U.S. soldiers at $70,[39] Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States. This poem is titled "23 Sentlik Askere Dair" (On the soldier worth 23 cents).

  • Hikmet's poem We'll Give the Globe to the Children was set on music in 1979 by Russian composer David Tukhmanov.[40]
  • Tale of Tales is a Russian animated film (1979) partially inspired by Hikmet's poem of the same name.
  • Finnish band Ultra Bra recorded a song “Lähettäkää minulle kirjoja” (“Send me books”)[41] based on a translated excerpt of Hikmet’s poem “Rubai”.[42][43]
  • The Ignorant Fairies is a 2001 Italian film, in which a book by Hikmet plays a central plot role.
  • Mavi Gözlü Dev (Blue Eyed Giant) is a 2007 Turkish biographical film about Nazım Hikmet. The title is a reference to the poem Minnacık Kadın ve Hanımelleri. The film chronicles Nazim Hikmet's imprisonment at Bursa Prison and his relationships with his wife Piraye and his translator and lover Münevver Andaç. He is played by Yetkin Dikinciler.
  • Hikmet's poem was quoted in the 2012 Korean drama Cheongdam-dong Alice.

Bibliography

Plays

  • Kafatası (1932, The Skull)
  • Unutulan Adam (1935, The Forgotten Man)
  • Ferhad ile Şirin 1965 (Ferhad and Şirin)
  • Lüküs Hayat – Luxurious Living (as ghostwriter)

Ballet libretto

Legend of Love (with Yuri Grigorovich) 1961


Novels

  • Yaşamak Güzel Şey Be Kardeşim (1967, Life's Good, Brother)
  • Kan Konuşmaz (1965, Blood Doesn't Tell)

Poems

  • Taranta-Babu'ya Mektuplar (1935, Letters to Taranta-Babu)
  • Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı (1936, The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin)
  • Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları (1966–67, Human Landscapes from My Country)
  • Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı (1965, The Epic of the War of Independence)

Poetry

  • İlk şiirler / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0380-9
  • 835 satır / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0373-6
  • Benerci kendini niçin öldürdü? / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0374-4
  • Kuvâyi Milliye / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0375-2
  • Yatar Bursa Kalesinde / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0376-0
  • Memleketimden insan manzaraları : (insan manzaraları) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0377-9
  • Yeni şiirler : (1951–1959) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0378-7
  • Son şiirleri : (1959–1963) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002. ISBN 975-08-0379-5

Partial list of translated works in English

  • Selected Poems / Nâzim Hikmet; done into English by Taner Baybars. London, Cape Editions, 1967.
  • The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems / done into English by Taner Baybars. Chicago: Swallow Press, 1971.
  • The day before tomorrow : poems / done into English by Taner Baybars. South Hinksey, England : Carcanet Press, 1972. ISBN 0-902145-43-6
  • That Wall / Nâzım Hikmet; illustrations [by] Maureen Scott, London : League of Socialist Artists, 1973. ISBN 0-9502976-2-3
  • Things I didn't know I loved : selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk. New York : Persea Books, 1975. ISBN 0-89255-000-7
  • Human Landscapes / by Nazim Hikmet ; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk ; foreword by Denise Levertov, New York : Persea Books, c1982. ISBN 0-89255-068-6
  • Selected poetry / Nazim Hikmet ; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk, New York : Persea Books, c1986. ISBN 0-89255-101-1
  • Poems of Nazim Hikmet, trans. Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk. NY: Persea Books, 1994 (revised 2nd ed., 2002).
  • Beyond the walls : selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet ; translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talât Sait Halman ; introduction by Talât Sait Halman, London : Anvil Press Poetry, 2002. ISBN 0-85646-329-9
  • Life's Good, Brother / Nâzım Hikmet; translated by Mutlu Konuk Blasing, New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. ISBN 978-0892554188

Partial list of translated works in other languages

  • Poesie / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Newton Compton, 2010. ISBN 978-88-541-2027-3
  • La conga con Fidel / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Fahrenheit 451, 2005. ISBN 978-88-86095-89-1
  • Il nuvolo innamorato e altre fiabe / Nâzım Hikmet, Giampiero Bellingeri (Trans.), F. Negrin (Illustrator), Mondadori, 2003. ISBN 978-8804524892
  • De mooiste van Hikmet / Nâzım Hikmet, Koen Stassijns & Ivo van Strijtem (ed.), Perihan Eydemir & Joris Iven (Trans.), Lannoo | Atlas, 2003. ISBN 90-209-5266-8
  • Poesie d'amore / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Mondadori, 2002. ISBN 978-88-04-50091-9
  • Il neige dans la nuit et autres poèmes / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Güzin Dino (Trans.), Gallimard, 1999. ISBN 978-20-70329-63-2
  • Preso na Fortaleza de Bursa/Yatar Bursa Kalesinde, Leonardo da Fonseca (Trans.), In. (n.t.) Revista Literária em Tradução nº 1 (set/2010), Fpolis/Brasil, ISSN 2177-5141[44]
  • Vita del poeta / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Cattedrale, 2008. ISBN 978-88-95449-15-9
  • Paesaggi umani / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Fahrenheit 451, 1992. ISBN 978-88-86095-00-6
  • Gran bella cosa è vivere, miei cari / Nâzım Hikmet, F. Beltrami (Trans.), Mondadori, 2010. ISBN 978-88-04603-22-1
  • Poesie d'amore e di lotta / Nâzım Hikmet, G. Bellingeri (Editor), F. Beltrami (Trans.), F. Boraldo (Trans.), Mondadori, 2013. ISBN 978-88-04-62713-5
  • Les Romantiques (La vie est belle, mon vieux) / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), TEMPS ACTUELS, 1982. ISBN 978-22-01015-75-5
  • La Joconde et Si-Ya-Ou / Nâzım Hikmet, Abidine Dino (Trans.), Parangon, 2004. ISBN 978-28-41901-14-2
  • Pourquoi Benerdji s’est-il suicidé? / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Aden Editions, 2005. ISBN 978-29-30402-12-3
  • Le nuage amoureux / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Gallimard Jeunesse Giboulées, 2013. ISBN 978-20-70648-89-4
  • Últimos poemas I (1959-1960-1961) / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans.), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S.L., 2000. ISBN 978-84-87198-60-1
  • Últimos poemas II (1962-1963): Poemas finales / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans.), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S.L., 2005. ISBN 978-84-87198-75-5
  • Poezje wybrane / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1981. ISBN 978-83-20533-75-0
  • Romantyczność / Nâzım Hikmet, Aleksander Olecki (Trans.), Książka i Wiedza, 1965.
  • Allem-kallem: baśnie tureckie / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Elżbieta Gaudasińska (Trans.), Nasza Księgarnia, 1985. ISBN 831008515X
  • Zakochany obłok: baśń turecka / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987. ISBN 978-83-03016-35-5
  • 나쥠 히크메트 시선집 (Selected Poems of Nâzım Hikmet) / Nâzım Hikmet, Paik Sok (Trans.), Chon Chang-shik (Trans.), Kim Byong-wook (Trans.), National Press. Pyongyang, 1956 [In Korean]
  • Legenda o miłości. Opowieść o Turcji / Nâzım Hikmet, Ewa Fiszer (Trans.), Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1954
  • Many of Hikmet's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and some are collected in an anthology tilled Manpareka Kehi Kavita.[45][46]

Ancestry

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Nazım Hikmet'in doğum günü yanlış biliniyormuş". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Zalega - Pióro jak dynamit - lewica.pl". lewica.pl. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Nazim Hikmet - Turkish author". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  4. 1 2 "NÂZIM HİKMET". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Selected poems, Nazim Hikmet translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talat Sait Halman, Anvil press Poetry, 2002, p.9 ISBN 0-85646-329-9
  6. 1 2 3 Saime Goksu, Edward Timms, Romantic Communist: The Life and Work of Nazim Hikmet, St. Martin's Press, New York ISBN 0-312-22247-5
  7. ↑ "Vera tulyakova hikmet nazım la son söyleşimiz". www.issuu.com. Hüseyin Şenol. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  8. ↑ Vera Tulyakova Hikmet, Nâzımʾla söyleşi, Cem Yayınevi, 1989, p. 257.
  9. ↑ Hikmet Akgül, Nâzım Hikmet: siyasi biyografi, Çiviyazilari, 2002, p. 50.
  10. ↑ Gündem, Mehmet (6 October 2004). "Atatürk'ü Samsun'da koruyanlar Çerkez'di". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  11. 1 2 Guillet, Marc (15 January 2012). "Nâzım Hikmet's Tea Garden in Kadıköy". Enjoy-Istanbul.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Tulyakova Hikmet, Vera (1989). Nâzım'la Söyleşi (in Turkish). Translated by Behramoğlu, Ataol. Cem Yayınevi.
  13. ↑ Lussu, Joyce. "Nazim Hikmet". Casa della poesia. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Kalyoncu, Cemal A. (12 September 2005). "Atatürk ile Paşaların arasını açmak istediler" [Desired to drive a wedge between Atatürk and pashas]. Aksiyon (in Turkish). Istanbul: Feza Publications. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Çilek, Özgür (18 February 2001). "Nâzım'ın gen haritası" [Nâzım’s gene map]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Nazım Hikmet". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  17. ↑ "Life Story -5". Nazım Hikmet Ran. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  18. ↑ Nazim Hikmet. 1951. Secilmis siirler [Selected Poems] (translated by Ludmil Stoyanof Людмил Стоянов). Sofia: BKP
  19. ↑ Назъм Хикмет Nazim Hikmet. 1952. Стихотворения Stikhotvoreniia [Poems] (translated by Nikolai Tsonev Николай Цонев). Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel
  20. ↑ Kamilef, H [Кямилев, X]. 1953. Nazim Hikmet - hurriyet ve baris sarkicisi [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Suleyman Hafizoglu). Sofia: BKP; Кямилев, Х. [Kiamilev, Kh]. 1953. Назъм Хикмет, певец на свободата и мира Nazim Khikmet, pevets na svobadata i mira [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Russian into Bulgarian by Кругер Милованов Krugev Milovanov]. Sofia: BKP.
  21. ↑ Димитрова, Блага Николова [Dimitrova, Blaga Nikolova]. 1952. Назъм Хикмет в България : Пътепис Nazim Khikmet v Bulgariia: Putepis [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travels]. Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel; Dimitrova, Blaga [Димитрова, Блага]. 1955. Nazim Hikmet Bulgaristanda: Yolculuk notlari [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travel Notes] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Huseyin Karahasan. Sofia: Naorodna prosveta.
  22. ↑ Kostanick, Huey. 1957. Turkish resettlement of Bulgarian Turks, 1950-1953 (Ser: University of California Publications in Geography, Vol 8, No 2). Berkeley : University of California Press
  23. ↑ Greek newspaper I Avgi, 17 January 1955 and Phileleftheros, 31 March 2007:
    Ran sent a message to the Turks of Cyprus emphasizing that Cyprus was always Greek. [...] (The Turkish Cypriots) must support the Greek Cypriots' struggle for liberation from British imperialism. [...] Only when the British imperialists leave the island will its Turkish residents be truly free. [...] Those who encourage Turks to oppose Greeks actually only support the interest of the foreign ruler.
  24. ↑ "Bloody Truth pg.218" (PDF). Movement For Justice And Freedom in Cyprus.
  25. ↑ "Nazim Hikmet". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  26. ↑ Nâzım Hikmet. 1967-1972. Bütün eserleri [Collected Works] (8 vols, edited by Ekber Babaef {Babaev}, illustrated by Abidin Dino). Sofia: Narodna prosveta. OCLC Number: 84081921.
  27. ↑ "Nazım'la ilgili girişim iade-i itibar değil". CNN Turk (in Turkish). 10 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  28. ↑ "Nazım Hikmet Ran'ın Türk Vatandaşlığından Çıkarılmasına İlişkin 25/7/1951 Tarihli ve 3/13401 Sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararının Yürürlükten Kaldırılması Hakkında Karar" (Press release) (in Turkish). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. 10 January 2009. 2009/14540. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  29. ↑ "Nazım yeniden Türk vatandaşı oluyor". Radikal (in Turkish). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  30. ↑ "İbrahim Balaban celebrates six decades of art in latest exhibition". Today's Zaman. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  31. ↑ Genç, Türkan (2012-04-08). "Bursa: Tarihin İçinde Zamanın Ötesinde - Şair Baba Nazım'ın Köylü Ressamı: İbrahim Babaan" (in Turkish). Time Out Bursa. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  32. ↑ "Talking History". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  33. ↑ Fazil Say: Kız Cocuğu on YouTube
  34. ↑ Seeger describes the story behind his version of the song in his Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies (A Musical Autobiography) (1993): "In the late '50's I got a letter: 'Dear Pete Seeger: I've made what I think is a singable translation of a poem by the Turkish poet, Nazim Hikmet. Do you think you could make a tune for it? (Signed), Jeanette Turner.' I tried for a week. Failed. Meanwhile I couldn't get out of my head an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad The Great Silkie from the Shetland Islands north of Scotland. Without his permission I used his melody for Hikmet's words. It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all." http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch-recent.html
  35. ↑ "Pete Seeger Marks 68th Anniversary of Hiroshima Bombing By Singing..." YouTube. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  36. ↑ Hikmet, Nazim (April 2015), Momila, ed., translated by Suman Pokhrel, "हृदयरोग (Angina Pectoris)", Kalashree, Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepali Kala Sahitya Dot Com Pratisthan, 5 (5): 352
  37. ↑ Hikmet, Nazim (22 October 2016). "मैले थाहा नपाएका मलाई मनपर्ने चिजहरू (Things I Didn'T Know I Loved)". setopati.com. Translated by Suman Pokhrel. सेतोपाटी. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  38. ↑ United States Congress. Senate Committee on Appropriations (1955). Legislative-judiciary Appropriations. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 87.
  39. ↑ United States Congress, Committee on Foreign Relations (1951). Mutual Security Act of 1951. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 60.
  40. ↑ Sofia Rotaru and children's chorus — We'll Give the Globe to the Children on YouTube
  41. ↑ "Ultra Bra - Works - MusicBrainz".
  42. ↑ "Mnemosyne's Memes".
  43. ↑ "Juha Siro - Mitä tapahtuu todella - Kirjallisuus- ja kulttuuriblogi » Hirsipuussa vastustajat hiljenee".
  44. ↑ "(n.t.) Revista Literária em Tradução - Edições". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  45. ↑ Akhmatova, Anna; Świrszczyńska, Anna; Ginsberg, Allen; Agustini, Delmira; Farrokhzad, Forough; Mistral, Gabriela; Jacques, Jacques; Mahmoud, Mahmoud; Al-Malaika, Nazik; Hikmet, Nazim; Qabbani, Nizar; Paz, Octavio; Neruda, Pablo; Plath, Sylvia; Amichai, Yehuda (2018). Manpareka Kehi Kavita मनपरेका केही कविता [Some Poems of My Choice] (Print)|format= requires |url= (help) (in Nepalese). Translated by Pokhrel, Suman (First ed.). Kathmandu: Shikha Books. p. 174.
  46. ↑ Tripathi, Geeta (2018). "अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता'" [Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation]. Kalashree. pp. 358–359. Missing or empty |url= (help)
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