Mildred Dresselhaus

Mildred Dresselhaus
Mildred Dresselhaus at the White House in 2012
Born Mildred Spiewak
(1930-11-11)November 11, 1930
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died February 20, 2017(2017-02-20) (aged 86)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater
Known for Carbon nanotubes
Awards
Scientific career
Fields Applied physics
Institutions
Doctoral students

Gregory Timp

Deborah Chung

Mildred Dresselhaus[1] (née Spiewak; November 11, 1930 – February 20, 2017),[2] known as the "queen of carbon science",[3] was the first female Institute Professor and professor emerita of physics and electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[4] Dresselhaus won numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, the Enrico Fermi Award and the Vannevar Bush Award.

Early life and education

Mildred was born Mildred Spiewak on November 11, 1930, in Brooklyn, the daughter of Ethel (Teichtheil) and Meyer Spiewak, who were Polish Jewish immigrants.[5][6]

Raised in the Bronx, Dresselhaus received her high school degree at Hunter College High School. She received her undergraduate degree at Hunter College in New York in 1951, and was counseled by future Nobel-Prize-winner Rosalyn Yalow to pursue further education in physics.[2] She carried out postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a Fulbright Fellowship and Harvard University, where she received her MA from Radcliffe College. She received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1958 where she studied under Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi. [7] She then spent two years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to Lincoln Lab as a staff member.

Career and legacy

Dresselhaus had a 57-year career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [7] She became a visiting professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1967, became a tenured faculty member in 1968, and became a professor of physics in 1983. In 1985, she was appointed the first female Institute Professor at MIT[8][9][10]

Dresselhaus was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1990 in recognition of her work on electronic properties of materials as well as expanding the opportunities of women in science and engineering.[11][12] And in 2005 she was awarded the 11th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment.[13] In 2008 she was awarded the Oersted Medal, and in 2015 the IEEE Medal of Honor.

In 2000–2001, she was the director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy. From 2003 to 2008, she was the chair of the governing board of the American Institute of Physics. She also has served as president of the American Physical Society, the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences. Dresselhaus devoted a great deal of time to supporting efforts to promote increased participation of women in physics. In 1971, Dresselhaus and a colleague organized the first Women’s Forum at MIT as a seminar exploring the roles of women in science and engineering.

President Barack Obama greets 2010 Fermi Award recipients Dr. Mildred S. Dresselhaus and Dr. Burton Richter in the Oval Office, May 7, 2012
President Barack Obama greets Dr. Mildred Dresselhaus, third from right, and Dr. Burton Richter, right, May 7, 2012.

In 2012 Dresselhaus was co-recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award, along with Burton Richter.[14] On May 31, 2012, Dresselhaus was awarded the Kavli Prize[3] "for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures."[15]

In 2014, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[16]

Dresselhaus' former students include such notable materials scientists as Deborah Chung[17] and notable physicists as Nai-Chang Yeh, Greg Timp,.

There are several physical theories named after Dresselhaus. The Hicks-Dresselhaus Model (L. D. Hicks and Dresselhaus) [18] is the first basic model for low-dimensional thermoelectrics, which initiated the whole band field. The SFDD model (Riichiro Saito, Mitsutaka Fujita, Gene Dresselhaus, and Mildred Dresselhaus) [19] first predicted the band structures of carbon nanotubes. The Rashba-Dresselhaus Effect refers to the spin-orbital interaction effect modeled by Gene Dresselhaus, Mildred Dresselhaus's husband.

In 2017, Dresselhaus was the face of a General Electric television advertisement which asked the question "What if female scientists were celebrities?" aimed to increase the number of women in STEM roles in its ranks.[20]

Contributions to scientific knowledge

Dresselhaus was particularly noted for her work on graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics. Her group made frequent use of electronic band structure, Raman scattering and the photophysics of carbon nanostructures.[7] Her research helped develop technology based on thin graphite which allow electronics to be "everywhere," including clothing and smartphones.[7]

Personal life

She was married to Gene Dresselhaus, a well known theoretician, discoverer of the Dresselhaus effect. They had four children: Marianne, Carl, Paul, and Elliot; and five grandchildren.[7]

Honors and awards

Selected publications

  • Dresselhaus, M. S.; et.al. "Analysis of Picosecond Pulsed Laser Melted Graphite", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, (December 1986).
  • Dresselhaus, M. S.; et.al. "The Transport Properties of Activated Carbon Fibers", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, (July 1990).
  • Dresselhaus, M. S.; et.al. "Photoconductivity of Activated Carbon Fibers", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, (August 1990).
  • Dresselhaus, M. S.; et.al. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Single Layer, Bilayer, and Multilayer Thermoelectric Thin Films", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, (January 20, 1995).
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & P. C. Eklund (2000). "Phonons in carbon nanotubes" (PDF). Advances in Physics. 49 (6): 705. Bibcode:2000AdPhy..49..705D. doi:10.1080/000187300413184. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Samsonidze; S. G. Chou; G. Dresselhaus; J. Jiang; R. Saito & A. Jorio. "Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube Photo-physics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2006.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & G. Dresselhaus (2002). "Intercalation Compounds of Graphite" (PDF). Advances in Physics. 51 (1): 1. Bibcode:2002AdPhy..51....1D. doi:10.1080/00018730110113644. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Big Opportunities for Small Objects" (PDF). Materials Today Magazine. 5 (11): 48. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(02)01164-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and A. Jorio (2004). "Unusual Properties and Structures of Carbon Nanotubes" (PDF). Annual Review of Materials Research. 34 (1): 247. Bibcode:2004AnRMS..34..247D. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.114607. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus; R. Saito; A. Jorio (2005). "Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanotubes" (PDF). Physics Reports. 409 (2): 47. Bibcode:2005PhR...409...47D. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.10.006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & H. Dai (2004). "Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges". MRS Bulletin. 29: 237. doi:10.1557/mrs2004.74.
  • J. Heremans & M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). "Low Dimensional Thermoelectricity" (PDF). CRC Handbook - Molecular and Nano-electronics: Concepts, Challenges, and Designs. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus, R. Saito and A. Jorio (2004). "Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes" (PDF). Proceedings of ICPS-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • S. G. Chou; F. Plentz-Filho; J. Jiang; R. Saito; D. Nezich; H. B. Ribeiro; A. Jorio; M. A. Pimenta; G. Samsonidze; A. P. Santos; M. Zheng; G. B. Onoa; E. D. Semke; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). "Photo-excited Electron Relaxation Process Observed in Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of DNA-wrapped Carbon Nanotube". Physical Review Letters. 94 (12): 127402. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94l7402C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.127402.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Nanotubes: a step in synthesis". Nature Materials. 3 (10): 665–6. Bibcode:2004NatMa...3..665D. doi:10.1038/nmat1232. PMID 15467687.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Applied Physics: Nanotube Antennas". Nature Materials. 432 (7020): 959–60. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..959D. doi:10.1038/432959a. PMID 15616541.
  • S. B. Fagan; A. G. Souza-Filho; J. Mendes-Filho; P. Corio; M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). "Electronic Properties of Ag- and CrO3-filled Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes" (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 406 (1–3): 54. Bibcode:2005CPL...406...54F. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2005.02.091. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • Y. A. Kim; H. Muramatsu; T. Hayashi; M. Endo; M. Terrones; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Thermal Stability and Structural Changes of Double-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Heat Treatment" (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 398 (1–3): 87. Bibcode:2004CPL...398...87K. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.024. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • G. Samsonidze; R. Saito; N. Kobayashi; A. Gruneis; J. Jiang; A. Jorio; S. G. Chou; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Family Behavior of the Optical Transition Energies in Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes of Smaller Diameters" (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 85 (23): 5703. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.5703S. doi:10.1063/1.1829160. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • S. G. Chou; H. B. Ribeiro; E. Barros; A. P. Santos; D. Nezich; G. Samsonidze; C. Fantini; M. A. Pimenta; A. Jorio; F. Pletz-Filho; M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus; R. Saito; M. Zheng; G. B. Onoa; E. D. Semke; A. K. Swan; B. B. Goldberg; M. S. Unlu (2004). "Optical Characterization of DNA-wrapped Carbon Nanotube Hybrids" (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 397 (4–6): 296. Bibcode:2004CPL...397..296C. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.117. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • E. I. Rogacheva; O. N. Nashchekina; A. V. Meriuts; S. G. Lyubchenko; O. Vekhov; M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus (2005). "Quantum Size Effects in PbTe/SnTe/PbTe Heterostructures". Applied Physics Letters. 86 (6): 063103. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..86f3103R. doi:10.1063/1.1862338.
  • H. Son; Y. Hori; S. G. Chou; D. Nezich; G. Samsonidze; E. Barros; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Environment Effects on the Raman Spectra of Individual Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes: Suspended and Grown on Polycrystalline Silicon" (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 85 (20): 4744. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.4744S. doi:10.1063/1.1818739. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • C. Fantini; A. Jorio; M. Souza; A. J. Mai Jr.; M. S. Strano; M. A. Pimenta; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Optical Transition Energies and Radial Breathing Modes for HiPco Carbon Nanotubes from Raman Spectroscopy" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 93 (14): 147406. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93n7406F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.147406. PMID 15524844. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • S. B. Cronin; A. K. Swan; M. S. Unlu; B. B. Goldberg; M. S. Dresselhaus; M. Tinkham (2004). "Measuring Uniaxial Strain in Individual Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes: Resonance Raman Spectra of AFM Modified SWNTs" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 93 (16): 167401. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93p7401C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.167401. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.

References

  1. ↑ Mildred Dresselhaus was elected in 1974 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering for contributions to the experimental studies of metals and semimetals, and to education.
  2. 1 2 MIT News Office (February 21, 2017). "Institute Professor Emerita Mildred Dresselhaus, a pioneer in the electronic properties of materials, dies at 86". MIT News. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  3. 1 2 Queen of Carbon Science, U.S. News & World Report. By Marlene Cimons, National Science Foundation. July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  4. ↑ Natalie Angier (July 2, 2012). "Carbon Catalyst for Half a Century". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  5. ↑ Who's who in Frontier Science and Technology. Marquis Who's Who.
  6. ↑ Madsen, Lynnette. Successful Women Ceramic and Glass Scientists and Engineers: 100 Inspirational Profiles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118733714.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mildred Dresselhaus: Physicist Burst out of 1940s Mold for Smart Women". Wall Street Journal. March 4, 2017. p. A9. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  8. ↑ "80th Birthday Celebration for Mildred Dresselhaus". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  9. ↑ "SENATE CONFIRMS DRESSELHAUS AS DIRECTOR OF DOE OFFICE OF SCIENCE". U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  10. ↑ "NSF and NSB Pay Tribute to Three Top American Scientists and Public Service Awardees at Annual Ceremony". US National Science Foundation (NSF). Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  11. ↑ "Dresselhaus Wins Medal of Science" (Press release). MIT News Office. November 14, 1990. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  12. ↑ "National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science". Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  13. ↑ "The Heinz Awards, Mildred Dresselhaus profile".
  14. ↑ "President Obama Names Scientists Mildred Dresselhaus and Burton Richter as the Enrico Fermi Award Winners".
  15. ↑ 2012 Kavli Prizes/Mildred S. Dresselhaus/2012 Nanoscience Citation, Kavli Foundation. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  17. ↑ Chung, D. D. L. (2017-03-15). "Mildred S. Dresselhaus (1930–2017)". Nature. 543 (7645): 316–316. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..316C. doi:10.1038/543316a.
  18. ↑ "Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit".
  19. ↑ "Electronic structure of graphene tubules based on C60".
  20. ↑ Weil, Martin (February 22, 2017). "Mildred Dresselhaus, physicist dubbed 'queen of carbon science,' dies at 86". Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  21. ↑ "Doing the right things". ETH Zurich. November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame". Invent.org. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  23. ↑ "President Obama Announces the Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". The White House. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  24. ↑ "PolyU to honour five distinguished personalities at 19th Congregation". The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. September 23, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  25. ↑ MIT
  26. ↑ "1999 Dwight Nicholson Medal for Outreach Recipient". American Physical Society.
  27. ↑ "Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics". Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  • Freeview video interview with Mildred Dresslhaus by the Vega Science Trust
  • Homepage
  • "Mildred Dresselhaus: 1930-2017". American Physical Society. American Physical Society. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  • Dresselhaus's MIT page
  • Biography of Dresselhaus from IEEE
  • "What if female scientists were celebrities?", GE advertisement (2017)
  • Schatz, George C.; Scholes, Greg D.; Stang, Peter J.; Burrows, Cindy J.; Winnick, Francoise M.; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Lieber, Charles M.; Weiss, Paul S.; Buriak, Jillian M. (2017-06-27). "Virtual Issue Celebrating the Life and Career of Mildred Dresselhaus". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (12): 5017–5018. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02398. ISSN 0897-4756.
  • Mildred Dresselhaus Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
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