Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Temperature in °C compared to the thermodynamic scale in electron volts, which are also used as a unit of temperature.

List of orders of magnitude for temperature

FactorMultipleItem
00 KAbsolute zero: free bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system
10−30
10−6 yKParticular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe
(see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy))
10−18
1 aKMacroscopic teleportation of matter
Hawking temperature of Supermassive black holes
10−15
1 fKAtomic waves coherent over centimeters
atomic particles decoherent over centimeters
10−12
1 pK50 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, achieved with a rubidium gas.[1]
450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose–Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT[2]
10−9
1 nK50 nK, Fermi temperature of potassium-40
critical temperature of alkali Bose–Einstein condensates
10−6
1 μKNuclear demagnetization
Doppler-cooled refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps
10−3
1 mKRadio excitations
1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration, and the lowest temperature which may be sustained for arbitrarily long time with known techniques.
2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3
60 mK adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules
300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3
700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation
950 mK, melting point of helium
microwave excitations
1
1 K1 K at the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest natural environment known
1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium
2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium
2.725 K, cosmic microwave background
4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury
4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium
5.19 K, critical temperature of helium
7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead
9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium
10110 KFermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity
14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen
20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen
33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen
44 K mean on Pluto
53 K mean of Neptune
63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen
68 K mean of Uranus
77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen
90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen
92 K, superconductivity point of Y–Ba–Cu–oxide (YBCO)
102100 KInfrared excitations
134 K, highest-temperature superconductor at ambient pressure, mercury barium calcium copper oxide
165 K, glass point of supercooled water
184.0 K (–89.2 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth
192 K, Debye temperature of ice
273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water
273.16 K (0.01 °C), temperature of triple point of water (defining constant)
~293 K, room temperature
373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water at sea level
647 K, critical point of superheated water
737.5 K, mean on Venus

See detailed list below

103
1 kKVisible light excitations
500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere)
1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism)
1170 K at wood fire
1300 K in lava flows, open flames
1500 K in basalt lava flows
~1670 K at blue candle flame
1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel)
1830 K in Bunsen burner flame
1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive
2022 K, boiling point of lead
2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon
2320 K at open hydrogen flame
2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame
2900 K, color temperature of halogen lamps, blackbody radiation maximum at 1000 nm
3683 K, melting point of tungsten
3925 K, sublimation point of carbon
4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide
4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon[3]
5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond[4]
5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame
5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame
5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary
5780 K on surface of the Sun
5933 K, boiling point of tungsten
6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang
7445 K, 850 GPa;[5] 8750 K, 520 GPa;[6] 5400 K, 220 GPa,[7] critical point of diamond/solid III
7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy
ultraviolet excitations
8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma
8801 K, 10.56 GPa[8] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,[9] critical point of carbon
anionic sparks
10410 kK10 kK on Sirius A
10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination
15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten
25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang
26 kK on white dwarf Sirius B
28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth
4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs
30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star
36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter
37 kK in proton–electron reactions
38 kK on Eta Carinae
50 kK at protostar (core)
53 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1
54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16[10]
>200 kK on Butterfly Nebula
~300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation
Fermi boiling point of valence electrons
X-ray excitations
106
1 MK0.8 MK in solar wind
γ-ray excitations
1 MK inside old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and at gravital deuterium fusion range
1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona)
2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range
2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range
10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range
15.6 MK at Sun's core
10–30–100 MK in stellar flares
20 MK in novæ
23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range
60 MK above Eta Carinae
85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma
200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range
230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range
460 MK, gravital neon fusion–disproportionation range
5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma
750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range
109
1 GK1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang
1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range
3 GK in electron–positron reactions
10 GK in supernovae
10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang
700 GK in quasars' accretion discs
740 GK, Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions
1012
1 TK0.1–1 TK at new neutron star
0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark–gluon plasma
3–5 TK in proton–antiproton reactions
3.6 TK, temperature at which matter doubles in mass (compared to its mass at 0 K) due to relativistic effects
5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions)[11]
10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang
45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst
300–900 TK at proton–nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector
1015
1 PK0.3–2.2 PK at proton–antiproton collisions

2.8 PK within an electroweak star

1018
1 EK2–13 EK at heavy nuclear conversions in the Large Hadron Collider
1021
1 ZKDark matter at active galactic nuclei
1024
1 YK0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
1027
103 YKElectrocoloral excitations
everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030
106 YKHagedorn temperature of strings
1032
108 YK142 million YK, Planck temperature of Planck particles and geons or kugelblitzes
everything 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang; also predicted likely range of absolute hot
1033
109 YKTheory of everything excitations
Extradimensional gauge freedom
Landau poles
………
∞
∞ KInitial singularity

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

KelvinDegrees
Celsius		Degrees
Fahrenheit		Condition
100 K−173.15 °C−279.67 °F
125 K−148 °C−234 °FSuperconductivity point of Tl–Ba–Cu–oxide
134 K−139 °C−218 °Fhighest-temperature superconductor at ambient temperature, mercury barium calcium copper oxide
138 K−135 °C−211 °FSuperconductivity point of Hg–Tl–Ba–Ca–Cu–oxide
143.15 K−130 °C−202 °FMean on Saturn
153.15 K−120 °C−184 °FMean on Jupiter
165 K−108 °C−163 °Fglass point of supercooled water
179.9 K−93.2 °C−135.8 °FColdest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica at 81.8° S, 59.3° E on 2010-08-10[12]
183.7 K−89.5 °C−129.1 °FFreezing/Melting point of isopropyl alcohol[13]
183.9 K−89.2 °C−128.6 °FColdest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at Stántsiya Vostók, Antarctica on 1983-07-21 01:45 UTC (see Vostok Station)
192 K−81 °C−114 °FDebye temperature of ice
194.6 K−78.5 °C−109.3 °FSublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
205.5 K−67.7 °C−89.9 °FColdest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, at Oymyakon, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 1933-02-06[14]
207.05 K−66.1 °C−86.98 °FColdest officially recorded air temperature in North America, at North Ice, Greenland on 1954-01-09[15]
210 K−63 °C−80 °FMean on Mars
214.9 K–58.3 °C–72.9 °FColdest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dome Argus, Antarctica[16]
223.15 K-50 °C-58 °FMean on Earth during Snowball Earth[17] around 650 million years ago
224.8 K−48.4 °C−55.0 °FColdest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see supercooling)
225 K−48 °C−55 °FFreezing/Melting point of cottonseed oil[18]
233.15 K−40 °C−40 °FIntersecting point of the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature[19]
234.3 K−38.83 °C−37.89 °FFreezing/melting point of mercury
240.4 K−32.8 °C−27.0 °FColdest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01[20]
249 K–24 °C–11 °FFreezing/melting point of flax seed oil[18]
249.3 K–23.9 °C–11.0 °FColdest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 1935-02-11[20]
250 K–23 °C–9 °FColdest air temperature recorded in Australia, at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia on 1994-06-29[20]
255 K−18 °C−0.4 °FRecommended for keeping food frozen
255.37 K–17​7⁄9 °C0 °FColdest brine-ice solution found by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
255 K–18 °C0 °FFreezing/Melting point of almond oil[18]
256 K–17 °C1 °FFreezing/Melting point of sunflower oil[18]
256 K–17 °C2 °FFreezing/Melting point of safflower oil[18]
257 K–16 °C3 °FFreezing/Melting point of soybean oil[18]
262 K−11 °C12 °FFreezing/Melting point of corn oil[18]
263.15 K–10 °C14 °FFreezing/Melting point of canola oil[18]
Freezing/melting point of grape seed oil[18]
265 K–8 °C18 °FWhite frost can form below this temperature (see frost)
Freezing/melting point of hemp seed oil[18]
265.8 K–7.2 °C19 °FFreezing/Melting point of bromine
267 K–6 °C21 °FFreezing/Melting point of olive oil[18]
Freezing/melting point of sesame oil[18]
272 K−1.1 °C30 °FChilly sea
273.15 K0.00 °C32.00 °FFreezing/Melting point of water (at STP)
273.16 K0.01 °C32.02 °Ftriple point of water (defining constant)
276 K3 °C37 °FFreezing/Melting point of peanut oil[21]
277.13 K3.98 °C39.16 °FWater is at maximum density[22]
278 K5 °C41 °FRecommended for keeping food cool
283.2 K10 °C50 °FMinimum temperature for most plant growth (see Growing degree-day)
286.9 K12.7 °C54.9 °FColdest body temperature of a human that survived accidental hypothermia (a 2-year-old boy in Racławice, Poland, on November 30, 2014)[23][24]
288 K15 °C59 °FMean on Earth
Hottest air temperature recorded in Antarctica, at Vanda Station on 1974-05-01[20]
294 K21 °C70 °FRoom temperature
296 K23 °C73 °FMean on Earth during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum[25] about 55.8 million years ago
297 K24 °C75 °FMelting/Freezing point of palm kernel oil[18]
298 K25 °C77 °FMelting/Freezing point of coconut oil[18]
300 K27 °C80.6 °FEstimated melting/freezing point of francium
301 K28 °C82.4 °FMinimum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable[26]
302 K29 °C84 °FHeated indoor swimming pool for recreational swimming
302.9 K29.8 °C85.6 °FMelting/Freezing point of gallium
303.15 K30 °C86 °FMaximum temperature for a naked human to be comfortable[26]
The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K31 °C88 °FMelting/Freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K34 °C93 °FKindling point of white phosphorus
307.6 K34.4 °C93.9 °FHottest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dallol, Ethiopia[16]
308 K35 °C95 °FHypothermic body temperature for humans (see Hypothermia)
Warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea
Melting/freezing point of palm oil[18]
310.0 K36.8 °C98.2 °FAverage body temperature for a human[27] (see Human body temperature)
311.03 K37.87 °C100.2 °FBeginnings of a fever for humans[27]
311.8 K38.6 °C101.5 °FAverage body temperature for a cat[28]
313.15 K40 °C104 °FMaximum standard temperature recommended for hot tub users[29]
315 K42 °C108 °FUsually fatal human fever
319.3 K46.1 °C115 °FWorld's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Needles, California, USA on August 13, 2012[30]
319.7 K46.5 °C115.7 °FHighest human fever survived (Willie Jones)[31]
322.1 K48.9 °C120.0 °FHottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11[20]
Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes[32]
Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes[32]
323.9 K50.7 °C123.3 °FHottest air temperature recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, at Oodnadatta, Australia on 1960-02-01[20]
327.2 K54.0 °C129.2 °FHottest reliably measured air temperatures on Earth (according to some meteorologists), in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, Inyo County, California, United States of America on 2013-06-30,[33][34] and at Mitribah, Kuwait on 2016-07-21.[34]
333.15 K60 °C140 °FRecommended for keeping food warm
Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds[32]
336 K63 °C145.4 °FMilk pasteurization
342 K69 °C157 °FBoiling point of water on the summit of Mount Everest[35]
343.15 K70 °C158 °FFood is well done
Hot springs at which some bacteria thrive
350 K77 °C170 °FPoaching of food
351.52 K78.37 °C173.07 °FBoiling point of ethanol
353.15 K80 °C176 °FAverage temperature of a sauna
355 K82 °C180 °FRecommended for coffee brewing
Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial grade commercial dishwashers[36]
355.6 K82.4 °C180.3 °FBoiling point of isopropyl alcohol[13]
366 K93 °C200 °FSimmering of food
367 K94 °C201 °FHottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 1972-07-15[37]
371 K98 °C209 °FMelting point of sodium
372 K99 °C210 °FCake is well done
373.13 K99.98 °C211.97 °FBoiling point of water at sea level (see Celsius)
380 K107 °C225 °FOven on very low
Smoke point of raw safflower oil
Syrup is concentrated to 75% sugar
388 K115 °C239 °FMelting/Freezing point of sulfur
400 K127 °C260 °FConcorde nose tip during supersonic flight
Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)[38]
408 K135 °C275 °FOven on low
433.15 K160 °C320 °FSyrup is concentrated to 100% sugar
Sucrose (table sugar) caramelizes
444 K171 °C325 °FOven on low-medium
450 K177 °C350 °FOven on medium
Mean on Mercury
Smoke point of butter
Deep frying
453.15 K180 °C356 °FPopcorn pops
477 K204 °C400 °FOven on medium-high
483 K210 °C410 °FAutoignition (kindling) point of diesel fuel
491 K218 °C425 °FOven on high
Kindling point of paper
519 K246 °C475 °FOven on very high
Kindling point of automotive gasoline
522 K249 °C480 °FKindling point of jet fuel (Jet A/Jet A-1)[39]
525 K252 °C485 °FSmoke point of milkfat
Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet B)[39]
538 K265 °C510 °FSmoke point of refined safflower oil
574.59 K301.44 °C574.59 °FApproximate intersecting point of the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales
600.65 K327.5 °C621.5 °FMelting/Freezing point of lead
647 K374 °C705 °FCritical point of superheated water
723.15 K450 °C842 °FKindling point of aviation gasoline[39]
738 K465 °C870 °FMean on Venus
749 K476 °C889 °FKindling point of magnesium
755 K482 °C900 °FElectric oven on the self-cleaning cycle
798 K525 °C977 °FDraper Point (the point at which nearly all objects start to glow dim red)[40]
809 K536 °C997 °FKindling point of hydrogen
933.47 K660.32 °C1220.58 °FMelting/Freezing point of aluminium
1000 K726.85 °C1340.33 °F

SI multiples

SI multiples for kelvin (K)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 K dK decikelvin 101 K daK decakelvin
10−2 K cK centikelvin 102 K hK hectokelvin
10−3 K mK millikelvin 103 K kK kilokelvin
10−6 K µK microkelvin 106 K MK megakelvin
10−9 K nK nanokelvin 109 K GK gigakelvin
10−12 K pK picokelvin 1012 K TK terakelvin
10−15 K fK femtokelvin 1015 K PK petakelvin
10−18 K aK attokelvin 1018 K EK exakelvin
10−21 K zK zeptokelvin 1021 K ZK zettakelvin
10−24 K yK yoctokelvin 1024 K YK yottakelvin

References

  1. ↑ Kovachy, Tim; et al. "Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures". Phys. Rev. Lett. 114: 143004. arXiv:1407.6995. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114n3004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004.
  2. ↑ "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record".
  3. ↑ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by EI Asinovskii, A V Kirillin, and a V Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699.
  4. ↑ Yang, C.C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.
  5. ↑ Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
  6. ↑ Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18). Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701.
  7. ↑ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
  8. ↑ Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.
  9. ↑ Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.
  10. ↑ Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O‐Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766.
  11. ↑ "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  12. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite
  13. 1 2 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=690&page=56 The National Academies Press – Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 2 ( 1984 )
  14. ↑ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth
  15. ↑ "WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  16. 1 2 http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places
  17. ↑ http://www.space.com/9461-snowball-earth-scenario-plunged-planet-million-year-winters.html 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures
  19. ↑ http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html The Weather Notebook – 40 Below
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes
  21. ↑ http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature
  22. ↑ http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification
  23. ↑ Agence France Presse in Warsaw (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  24. ↑ "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  25. ↑ https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-hottest-earths-ever-been What's the hottest Earth's ever been?
  26. 1 2 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/comfort+zone Dictionary.com – Comfort Zone
  27. 1 2 MacKowiak, Philip A. (1992). "A Critical Appraisal of 98.6°F, the Upper Limit of the Normal Body Temperature, and Other Legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 268 (12): 1578–80. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490120092034. PMID 1302471.
  28. ↑ http://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts
  29. ↑ http://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi
  30. ↑ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/hottest-rain-on-record-rain-falls-at-115f-in-needles-california Wunderground.com – Dr. Jeff Masters' Wunderblog – Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F in Needles, California
  31. ↑ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums
  32. 1 2 3 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  33. ↑ Masters, Jeff. "Historic Heat Wave Reponsible(sic) for Death Valley's 129°F Gradually Weakening". WunderBlog. Wunderground.
  34. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2016-08-03. Christopher C. Burt - Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth
  35. ↑ http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling
  36. ↑ "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/
  37. ↑ http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate
  38. ↑ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy
  39. 1 2 3 INTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE: FIREFIGHTER INITIAL: AVIATION FUELS AND FUEL TANKS - International Fire Training Centre
  40. ↑ Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Taylor & Francis. 202: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.
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