Satipatthana Sutta

The Satipatṭhāna Sutta[1][note 1] (MN 10: The Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness) and the Mahāsatipatṭhāna Sutta[2] (DN 22: The Great Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness) are two of the most important and widely studied discourses in the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism, acting as the foundation for mindfulness meditational practice. These suttas (discourses) stress the practice of sati (mindfulness) "for the purification of beings, for the overcoming of sorrow and lamentation, for the extinguishing of suffering and grief, for walking on the path of truth, for the realization of nibbāna."[note 2]

Sources

English translations of the title, "Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta," include:

According to Anālayo (2006, pp. 29–30), Thanissaro (2000) and Nyanaponika (1996, pp. 9–10), part of the reason for the variety in this title's translation has to do with how the compound Pāli word "satipaṭṭhāna" is analyzed. It can be interpreted as "sati-paṭṭhāna" ("foundation of mindfulness") or "sati-upaṭṭhāna" ("presence of mindfulness").[note 3]

In regard to the prefix "Maha-" in the Pāli title of DN 22, this simply means "great," or "larger" and likely refers to DN 22's expanded section on mindfulness of the Fourth Noble Truths.

Two suttas that focus on practice are the Anapanasati (Mindfulness of Breathing) and the Satipatthana (Four Foundations of Mindfulness).

The Anapanasati Sutta translations and commentaries include one by Thanissaro Bhikkhu, Buddhadasa’s Mindfulness with Breathing for Serious Beginners, Larry Rosenberg’s book Breath by Breath, and Thich Nhat Hanh’s book Breathe! You Are Alive.

Satipatthana Sutta translations and commentaries include the Thanissaro’s, Soma Thera’s The Way of Mindfulness, Thich Nhat Hanh’s book Transformation and Healing, and Goenka’s Satipatthana Sutta Discourses.

Various Recensions & Canonical placement

In the Chinese Canon, the Nian Chu Jing (念處經, Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra), based on a Sarvastivadin source, is found on page 582 of the Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, Madhyama Āgama No. 26.[4] Another similar sutra is in the Ekottara Agama (EA 12.1) and it is called the Ekayāna sutra, Direct Path sūtra.[5]

An early Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra version also survives inside some of the large Prajñāpāramitā sutras (Tibetan and Chinese), one of which has been translated into English by Edward Conze. These passages on mindfulness are treated as the first element in the 37 wings to awakening.[6] According to Bhikkhu Sujato, "This version of the satipaṭṭhāna material displays a refreshing simplicity that may indicate that it lies close to the early sources."[7]

There does exist in Tibetan translation a "Saddharma Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra" (dam pa'i chos dran pa nye bar bzhag pa'i mdo//dampé chödren panyé barzhak pé do) but this is a very large early Mahayana sutra and is an entirely different text.[8] Bhikkhu Sujato completed an extensive comparative survey of the various recensions of Sutta, entitled A History of Mindfulness.[9]

In the Pali Canon, the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta is the tenth discourse in the Majjhima Nikaya (MN) and is thus often designated by "MN 10"; in the Pali Text Society (PTS) edition of the Canon, this text begins on the 55th page of the first volume of its three-volume Majjhima Nikaya (M), and is thus alternately represented as "M i 55."

As for the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta, this is the 22nd discourse in the Digha Nikaya (DN) and is thus often designated by "DN 22"; in the PTS edition of the Canon, the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta begins on the 289th page of the second volume of the PTS' three-volume Digha Nikaya (D), and is thus alternately represented as "D ii 289."

Later sources

The Satipaṭṭhāna material including the various meditation objects and practices is outlined is various later Abhidharma works such as the Theravada Vibhanga and Paṭisambhidāmagga, the Sarvastivada Dharmaskandha, the Jñānapraṣṭhāna, the Śāriputrābhidharma and the Arthaviniscaya Sutra.[10]

In post-canonical Pali literature, the classic commentary on the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (as well as for the entire Majjhima Nikaya) is found in Buddhaghosa's Papañcasudani (Bullitt, 2002; Soma, 2003).

Later works such as the Abhidharmakośakārikā of Vasubandhu and Asanga's Yogacarabhumi and Abhidharma-samuccaya also outline the four satipatthanas.

Contents of the Pali version

In this sutta, the Buddha identifies four domains to be mindful of (satipatthana): body (kāyā), sensations/feelings(vedanā), mind/consciousness (cittā)) and elements of the Buddhist teachings (dhammas). These are then further broken down into the following sections and subsections:

  1. Body (Kāyā)
  2. Sensations/Feelings (Vedanā)
    • pleasant or unpleasant or neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant (neutral) feelings
    • worldly or spiritual feelings
  3. Mind/Consciousness (Cittā)[note 4]
    • lust (sarāgaṃ) or without lust (vītarāgaṃ)
    • hate (sadosaṃ) or without hate (vītadosaṃ)
    • delusion (samohaṃ) or without delusion (vītamohaṃ)
    • contracted (saṅkhittaṃ) or scattered (vikkhittaṃ)
    • lofty (mahaggataṃ) or not lofty (amahaggataṃ)[note 5]
    • surpassable (sa-uttaraṃ) or unsurpassed (anuttaraṃ)[note 6]
    • quieted (samāhitaṃ) or not quieted (asamāhitaṃ)
    • released (vimuttaṃ) or not released (avimuttaṃ)
  4. Elements of the Buddhist teachings (Dhammā)[note 8]

Comparison of the content in other sources

The Sarvāstivāda Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra differs in some ways from the Theravada version, including postures as the first contemplation instead of breathing for example. According to Bhikkhu Sujato, it seems to emphasize samatha or calm abiding, while the Theravadin version emphasizes Vipassana or insight.[14] The text also often refers to 'bhikkhus and bhikkhunīs' instead of just male bhikkhus.

A section on Smṛtyupasthāna is found in various Tibetan and Chinese recensions of large Prajñāpāramitā sutras, such as the 25,000 line version translated by Edward Conze. This skeletal version of the Smṛtyupasthāna is incorporated into the larger sutra and thus appears as part of the Buddha's discourse to Subhuti. It only outlines specific practices for the contemplation of the body, the other three satipatthanas are simply enumerated.[15]

VibhangaDharmaskandhaŚāriputrābhidharmaTheravāda Mahāsatipatṭhāna SuttaSarvāstivāda Smṛtyupasthāna SūtraEkāyana SūtraPrajñāpāramitā
Body (kaya)Parts of the bodyParts of the body, 6 elements4 postures, Clear Comprehending, Ānāpānasati, Parts of the body |4 elements, Food, Space (5th element), Oozing orifices, Death contemplationĀnāpānasati, 4 postures, Clear Comprehending, Parts of the body, 4 elements, Death contemplation4 postures, Clear Comprehending, Cutting off thought, Suppressing thought, Ānāpānasati, 4 jhāna similes, Perception of light, Basis of reviewing, Parts of the body, 6 elements, Death contemplationParts of the body, 4 elements, Oozing orifices, Death contemplation4 Postures, Comprehension, Ānāpānasati, 4 elements, Body parts, Death contemplation
Feelings (vedana)Happy/pain/neutral, Carnal/spiritualHappy/pain/neutral, Bodily/Mental, Carnal/spiritual, Sensual/Non–sensualHappy/pain/neutral, Carnal/spiritualHappy/pain/neutral, Carnal/spiritualHappy/pain/neutral, Bodily/Mental, Carnal/spiritual, Sensual/Non–sensualHappy/pain/neutral, Carnal/spiritual, No mixed feelingsN/A
Mind (Cittā)Greedy (or not), Angry, Deluded, Contracted, Exalted, Surpassed, Samādhi, ReleasedGreedy, Angry, Deluded, Contracted, Slothful, Small, Distracted, Quiet, Samādhi, Developed, ReleasedGreedy, Angry, Deluded, Contracted, Exalted, Surpassed, Samādhi, ReleasedGreedy, Angry, Deluded, Contracted, Exalted, Surpassed, Samādhi, ReleasedGreedy, Angry, Deluded, Defiled, Contracted, Small, Lower, Developed, Samādhi, ReleasedGreedy, Angry, Deluded, Affection, Attained, Confused, Contracted, Universal, Exalted, Surpassed, Samādhi, ReleasedN/A
DhammāHindrances, Factors of EnlightenmentHindrances, 6 Sense-Bases, Factors of EnlightenmentHindrances, 6 Sense-Bases, Factors of Enlightenment, Four Noble TruthsHindrances, Aggregates, 6 Sense-Bases, Factors of Enlightenment, Four Noble TruthsHindrances, 6 Sense-Bases, Factors of EnlightenmentHindrances, Factors of Enlightenment, 4 jhānasN/A

Alternate interpretattion

According to Grzegorz Polak, the four upassanā do not refer to four different foundations, but to the awareness of four different aspects of raising mindfulness:[16]

  • the six sense-bases which one needs to be aware of (kāyānupassanā);
  • contemplation on vedanās, which arise with the contact between the senses and their objects (vedanānupassanā);
  • the altered states of mind to which this practice leads (cittānupassanā);
  • the development from the five hindrances to the seven factors of enlightenment (dhammānupassanā).

Context

Personality-based typography

  experiential orientation
(character)
  affective
(extrovert)		 cognitive
(introvert)
reactivity /
temperament		 slow body mind
quick sensations mental contents

According to Analāyo[17] and Soma[18] the Papañcasudani recommends a different satipaṭṭhāna depending on whether a person:

  • tends more toward affective craving or intellectual speculation; and,
  • is more measured in their responses or quick reacting.

Based on these two dimensions the commentary's recommended personality-based satipaṭṭhāna is reflected in the grid shown at right.

Soma (2003, p. xxiv) adds that all practitioners (regardless of their character and temperament) should also practice mindfulness of Postures (moving, standing, sitting, lying down) and Clear Understanding, about which he writes: "The whole practice of mindfulness depends on the correct grasp of the exercises included in the two parts referred to here."

Single-focused, successive and simultaneous practices

There are a variety of ways that one could use the methods described in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta including:

  1. Focus on a single method.[note 9] The method most written about in the English language is that of mindfulness of breath.[19]
  2. Practice the various methods individually in succession.
  3. Maintain breath mindfulness as a primary object while using other methods to address non-breath stimuli.[note 10]
  4. Practice multiple methods either in tandem or in a context-driven manner.[note 11]

English commentaries

  • Nhất Hạnh, Thích (2002). Transformation and Healing: Sutra on the Four Establishments of Mindfulness. Parallax Press. ISBN 978-1888375626.
  • Analayo (2004). Satipatthana: The Direct Path to Realization. Windhorse Publications. ISBN 978-1899579549.
  • Gunaratana, Bhante (2014). The Four Foundations of Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-1614290384.
  • Goenka, S.N. (2015). Satipatthana Sutta Discourses. Pariyatti Publishing. ISBN 978-1938754906.
  • Goldstein, Joseph (2016). Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Awakening. Sounds True. ISBN 978-1622036059.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sanskrit: Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra स्मृत्युपस्थान सूत्र, Chinese: 念處經
  2. ↑ Famously, the Buddha declares at the beginning of this discourse: "This is the direct way [Pāli: ekāyano ... maggo],[subnote 1] monks, for the purification of beings, for the overcoming of sorrow and lamentation, for the extinguishing of suffering and grief, for walking on the path of truth, for the realization of nibbāna...." [3]
  3. ↑ Anālayo (2006), pp. 29-30, argues that the analysis of the term as sati-upaṭṭhāna is a more etymologically correct derivation as upaṭṭhāna appears both throughout the Pali Canon and in the Sanskrit translation of this sutta; whereas the paṭṭhāna is only found in the Abhidhamma and post-nikaya Pali commentary.
  4. ↑ Regarding English translations of citta, Thanissaro (2000) and VRI (1996) translate it as "mind" while Nyanasatta (1994) and Soma (1999; 2003) translate it as "consciousness." Partly based on material from this discourse, Oxford-trained Dr. Sue Hamilton argues that citta is best translated as "state of mind" while viññāṇa is "consciousness of" (Hamilton, 2001, pp. 105-114).
  5. ↑ Mahaggata is literally "become great." According to the Pali commentary, amahaggata (not become-great) refers to the "conscious state of the plane of existence of sense experience" (kāma), while mahaggata refers to the higher planes of forms (rūpāvacara) and formlessness (arūpāvacara) (Soma, 2003, p. 115).
  6. ↑ The commentarial treatment of anuttara ("unsurpassed") and sa-uttara ("surpassable") is similar to its analysis of mahaggata ("become great") and amahaggata ("not become great") above (Soma, 2003, p. 115).
  7. ↑ Frauwallner, E. (1973), History of Indian Philosophy, trans. V.M. Bedekar, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Two volumes., pp.150 ff
  8. ↑ "Dhammas" is often translated as "mentalobjects". Anālayo (2006), pp. 182-86, justly points out that translating dhamma as "mental object" (or anything similar, such as "mental contents" in this article) is problemmatic for multiple reasons, including that the three prior satipatthāna (body, sensations, mind) can become mental objects in themselves, and that those objects (such as the hindrances, aggregates and sense bases) identified under this satipatthāna (dhamma) are far from an exhaustive list of all possible mental objects. Thus, Anālayo more closely identifies this sutta's dhamma as "mental factors and categories," "classificatory schemes," and "frameworks or points of reference to be applied during contemplation" (p. 183). Anālayo (p. 183, nn. 2, 3) quotes Gyori (1996, p. 24) as stating that contemplation of these dhamma "are specifically intended to invest the mind with a soteriological orientation," and Gombrich (1996, p. 36) as writing that contemplating these dhamma teaches one "to see the world through Buddhist spectacles." According to Sharf, in the Satipațțhāna-sutta the term sati means to remember the dharmas, whereby the true nature of phenomena can be seen.[11] According to Paul Williams, referring to Erich Frauwallner, mindfulness provided the way to liberation, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths."[12][note 7] According to Vetter, dhyana may have been the original core practice of the Buddha, which aided the maintenance of mindfulness.[13]
  9. ↑ In support of a single-method practice, Analāyo (2006), p. 22, comments:
    Several [Pali Canon] discourses relate the practice of a single satipaṭṭhāna directly to realization. Similarly, the commentaries assign to each single satipaṭṭhāna meditation the capacity to lead to full awakening. This may well be why a high percentage of present-day meditation teachers focus on the use of a single meditation technique, on the ground that a single-minded and thorough perfection of one meditation technique can cover all aspects of satipaṭṭhāna, and thus be sufficient to gain realization.
    Among those teachers who Analāyo uses to exemplify this teaching method are S. N. Goenka and Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo. While justifying such a practice, Analāyo (2006), p. 23, nonetheless adds this caveat:
    Thus any single meditation practice from the satipaṭṭhāna scheme is capable of leading to deep insight.... Nonetheless, an attempt to cover all four satipaṭṭhānas in one's practice ... ensures speedy progress and a balanced and comprehensive development.
  10. ↑ This is espoused in various ways – either implicitly or explicitly – by numerous teachers such as Gunaratana, 1996; Goldstein, 1987; and, Nhat Hanh, 2005. In such an approach, the central instructions relate to breath meditation but additional instructions are provided for dealing with mindfulness in daily life (Clear Comprehension) and unwholesome mental content such as the Hindrances or the fetters (which are referenced in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta in regard to sense-base mindfulness). Typical of such approaches, Thanissaro (2000) writes:
    At first glance, the four frames of reference for satipatthana practice sound like four different meditation exercises, but MN 118 makes clear that they can all center on a single practice: keeping the breath in mind. When the mind is with the breath, all four frames of reference are right there. The difference lies simply in the subtlety of one's focus. It's like learning to play the piano. As you get more proficient at playing, you also become sensitive in listening to ever more subtle levels in the music. This allows you to play even more skillfully. In the same way, as a meditator get more skilled in staying with the breath, the practice of satipatthana gives greater sensitivity in peeling away ever more subtle layers of participation in the present moment until nothing is left standing in the way of total release.
  11. ↑ For instance, Analāyo (2006), pp. 21-23, has pointed out that the first three body-centered methods suggest different depths or a progression of practice based on one's activity. For example, one engaged in simply walking or standing (two of the so-called "postures") could be mindful of gross sensory stimulation; then when one is silent and planning to speak, one could first contemplate one's purpose in speaking (indicative of Clear Comprehension); in addition, while one is sitting still with a focus on one's in-breath and out-breath, one is able to pursue a deeper development of samatha and vipassana as part of formal breath meditation.
Subnotes
  1. ↑ While recognizing that ekāyano ... maggo is "more commonly" translated as "the only path," Anālayo (2006, pp. 27-29) argues that ekāyano ... maggo is best translated as "direct path" based on the contextual meaning of ekāyano in the Mahāsīhanāda Sutta (MN 12, Ñanamoli & Bodhi, 1994, where ekāyano describes a "one way only" path), its absence from other suttas, implications of speedy realization within the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta itself, and commentarial elaboration. The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25) appears to support Anālayo's assessment in their entry for "Ayana": "ekāyano maggo leading to one goal, a direct way" (retrieved 15 May 2010 from http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:2056.pali.895215).

References

  1. ↑ M.i.56ff.
  2. ↑ D.ii.290ff.
  3. ↑ Vipassana Research Institute, 1996, pp. 2, 3.
  4. ↑ The full text of this sutra in Chinese is at http://w3.cbeta.org/cgi-bin/goto.pl?linehead=T01n0026_p0582b07. An English translation (Nhat Hanh & Laity, 1990) is at http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/ebsut039.htm.
  5. ↑ The full text of this sutra in Chinese is at https://suttacentral.net/lzh/ea12.1. An English translation (Nhat Hanh & Laity, 1990) is at https://suttacentral.net/en/ea12.1.
  6. ↑ A History of Mindfulness: How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipatthana Sutta Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. by Bhikkhu Sujato, p. 164
  7. ↑ Sujato. A History of Mindfulness: How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipatthana Sutta Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine., page 273.
  8. ↑ The "dhyāna" chapter of the "Bodhisattvapiṭaka-sūtra" dissertation by Kusumita Priscilla Pedersen. Columbia University 1976 pg 64
  9. ↑ A History of Mindfulness: How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipatthana Sutta Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. by Bhikkhu Sujato
  10. ↑ Sujato. A History of Mindfulness: How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipatthana Sutta Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ Sharf 2014, p. 942.
  12. ↑ Williams 2000, p. 46.
  13. ↑ Vetter 1988.
  14. ↑ Sujato, A History of Mindfulness, 2005.
  15. ↑ Sujato. A History of Mindfulness: How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipatthana Sutta Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine., page 273.
  16. ↑ Polak 2011.
  17. ↑ 2006, pp. 24–25
  18. ↑ 2003, pp. xxii - xxiv
  19. ↑ Also see the Anapanasati Sutta.

Sources

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