List of people from Madrid
This article is a list of notable people from Madrid, the capital of Spain:
Born in
Architecture and urban planning
Pedro de Heredia
Félix Lope de Vega
Tirso de Molina
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Francisco de Quevedo
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Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Juan Caramuel
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Arturo Soria
Federico Chueca
Jacinto Benavente
Plácido Domingo
Pedro Duque
- Teodoro Ardemans (1664–1726): Spanish architect
- José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725) and Churriguera family: Spanish Baroque architects and sculptors; the highly decorated Churrigueresque style of architectural construction is named after the family
- Juan de Villanueva (1739–1811): Spanish architect of Neoclassicism
- Arturo Soria (1844–1920): Spanish urban planner, well known for his concept of the linear city
- Antonio González Echarte (1864–1943): Spanish civil engineer; one of the creators of the Metro de Madrid[1]
- Carlos Mendoza y Sáez de Argandoña (1872–1950): Spanish civil engineer; one of the creators of the Metro de Madrid[2]
- Eduardo Torroja (1899–1961): Spanish structural engineer and architect
Army
- Pedro de Heredia (1505 – c. 1554): Spanish conquistador and founder of Cartagena de Indias
- Alonso de Contreras (1582–1648): Spanish privateer, a friend of Lope de Vega
Art music
- Dionisio Aguado y García (1784-1849): Spanish classical guitarist and composer
- Francisco Asenjo Barbieri (1823–1894): Spanish composer of the popular Spanish opera form, the zarzuela
- Federico Chueca (1846–1908): Spanish composer of zarzuelas
- Conrado del Campo (1878–1953): composer, violinist and professor at the Madrid Conservatory
- Teresa Berganza (1935): Spanish mezzo-soprano
- Plácido Domingo (1941): international tenor and conductor
- Miguel Álvarez-Fernández (1979): Spanish sound artist, composer, theorist and curator
Bullfighting
- Luis Miguel Dominguín (1926–1996): Spanish bullfighter, a lover of Ava Gardner
- Julián López Escobar, El "Juli" (1982): Spanish bullfighter
Engineering
- Rafael del Pino (1920–2008): founder of the construction company Ferrovial
- Pedro Duque (1963): Spanish astronaut and aeronautical engineer
Finances
- Esther Koplowitz (1953): Spanish noble and businesswoman
- Juan Villalonga (1953): Spanish businessman
- Alicia Koplowitz (1954): Spanish noble and businesswoman
- Pablo Isla (1964): current Chairman and CEO of Inditex
Formal sciences
- Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606–1682): Spanish Catholic scholastic philosopher, ecclesiastic, mathematician and writer
Literature
- Alonso de Ercilla (1533–1594): Spanish soldier and poet
- Félix Lope de Vega (1562–1635): Spanish Baroque playwright and poet; renewed the Spanish theatre at a time when it was starting to become a mass cultural phenomenon
- Tirso de Molina (1579–1648): Spanish Baroque playwright, poet and Roman Catholic monk, known as the creator of Don Juan
- Francisco de Quevedo (1580–1645): Spanish nobleman, politician and Baroque writer; his style is characterized by what was called conceptismo
- Pedro Calderon de la Barca (1600–1681): Spanish Baroque playwright and poet; his work is regarded as the culmination of the Spanish Baroque theatre
- Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760–1828): Spanish playwright and poet
- Ramón de Mesonero Romanos (1803–1882): Spanish prose writer, author of Guía de Madrid (Madrid guide)
- Mariano José de Larra (1809–1837): Spanish Romantic writer and journalist
- José Echegaray (1832–1916): Spanish engineer, mathematician and dramatist; Nobel Prize in Literature 1904
- Jacinto Benavente (1866–1954): Spanish dramatist, Nobel prize in Literature 1922
- Pedro Salinas (1891–1951): Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27
- Dámaso Alonso (1898–1990): Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic
- Enrique Jardiel Poncela (1901–1952): Spanish playwright and novelist who wrote mostly humorous works
- Liboria o "Borita Casas" Casas Regueiro (1911-1999): journalist, playwright and author known for inventing the character Antoñita la Fantastica (Fantastic Antonia)
- Francisco Umbral (1932–2007): Spanish novelist, journalist, essayist and biographer
Media and entertainment
- Jesús Álvarez (1926–1970): Spanish journalist and first anchorman of Telediario
- Jesús de Polanco (1929–2007): businessman; founder of El País and Cadena SER
- Belén Esteban (1973): Spanish television personality
- Matías Prats Luque (1952): Spanish sports and news journalist
- El Gran Wyoming (1955): Spanish humourist and actor
- Ana Rosa Quintana (1956): Spanish journalist and TV presenter
- David Cantolla (1967): founder of companies engaged in technology and entertainment; one of the creators of Pocoyo[3]
- Ana Pastor (1977): Spanish journalist and anchorwoman
- Guillermo García Carsí (1974): director and creator of Pocoyo[4]
Natural sciences
- Maslama al-Majriti (10th century – 1007 or 1008): Muslim astronomer
- Andrés Manuel del Río (1764–1849): Spanish-Mexican scientist and naturalist
- Ignacio Bolívar (1850–1944): Spanish naturalist and entomologist
- Gonzalo Rodriguez Lafora (1886–1971): Spanish neurologist
- Gregorio Marañón (1887–1960): Spanish physician, scientist, historian, writer and philosopher
- Carlos Jiménez Díaz (1898–1967): Spanish physician
- Manuel Díaz Rubio (1908–1976): Spanish physician; made important contributions in the field of liver and digestive diseases[5][6]
- Francisco J. Ayala (1934): Spanish-American biologist and philosopher at the University of California, Irvine
- Antonio García-Bellido (1936): Spanish developmental biologist; his ideas and new approaches to the problem of development have been followed and pursued by many researchers worldwide
- Mariano Barbacid (1949): molecular biologist
- José Bermúdez de Castro (1952): Spanish anthropologist; a member of the research team investigating Pleistocene deposits in the Atapuerca Mountains[7]
- Juan Luis Arsuaga (1954): Spanish anthropologist; a member of the research team investigating Pleistocene deposits in the Atapuerca Mountains
- Ignacio Martínez Mendizábal (1961): Spanish anthropologist, a member of the research team investigating Pleistocene deposits in the Atapuerca Mountains[8]
Philosophy
- José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955): Spanish liberal philosopher
Politics
- Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo (1370–1412): Castilian ambassador to the court of Timur
- Joanna la Beltraneja (1462–1530): Queen of Portugal and claimant to the throne of Castile
- Maria of Spain (1528–1603): spouse of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
- Antonio Perez (1540–1611): secretary of Philip II of Spain
- Philip III of Spain (1578–1621): Spanish Habsburg monarch
- Ferdinand VI of Spain (1713–1759): King of Spain
- Charles III of Spain (1716–1788): King of Spain, Naples (as Charles VII) and Sicily (as Charles V)
- Isabella II of Spain (1830–1904): Queen of Spain
- Alfonso XII of Spain (1857–1885): King of Spain
- Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones (1863–1950): Prime Minister of Spain
- Francisco Largo (1869–1946): politician and trade unionist
- Julián Besteiro (1870–1940): socialist politician
- Tomás Dominguez, Carlist and Francoist politician
- Alfonso XIII of Spain (1886–1941): King of Spain
- Miguel Maura (1887–1971): politician
- Luis Jiménez (1889–1970): politician; president of Parliament
- José Antonio Primo de Rivera (1903–1936): Spanish lawyer, nobleman and politician; founder of Falange Española
- Enrique Tierno Galván (1918–1986): Mayor of Madrid from 1978 to 1986
- Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (1926–2008): Spanish political figure and prime minister during the period of transition after the end of Francisco Franco's regime
- Javier Solana (1942): Spanish politician; appointed the High Representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union and the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union
- Rodrigo Rato (1949): Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2004 to 2007
- Esperanza Aguirre (1952): 3rd President of Madrid (2003–2012) and former president of the Spanish Senate (1999–2012)
- José María Aznar (1952): Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004
- Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón (1958): former Minister of Justice; former Mayor of Madrid (2003–2011)
- Philip VI of Spain (1968): current king of Spain
- Pablo Iglesias Turrión (1978): Spanish political scientist and leader of Podemos
Popular music
- María Dolores Pradera (1924-2018): Spanish singer and actress
- Fina de Calderón (1927–2010): Spanish writer, poet, songwriter and musician
- Julio Iglesias (1943): Spanish singer and songwriter who has sold over 300 million records worldwide
- Rocío Durcal (1944–2006): Spanish singer and actress
- Massiel (1947): Spanish pop singer; winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1968
- Antonio Vega (1957–2007): Spanish pop singer-songwriter; member of Nacha Pop
- Antonio Flores (1961–1995): Spanish singer-songwriter and actor
- Alejandro Sanz (1968): Spanish singer-songwriter and musician
- Los Chichos (1973–1995, 1990–2008): Spanish rumba band
- Enrique Iglesias (1975): Spanish singer-songwriter, model, and actor
- Barón Rojo (1980): Spanish heavy metal band
- Mecano (1981–1992): Spanish pop band
- Hombres G (1982–1992; 2002–present): Spanish pop-rock band
- Mägo de Oz (1988): Spanish rock and folk/heavy metal band
- Belinda (1989): Mexican singer, songwriter and actress
Religion
- Saint Isidro Labrador (1070–1130): Catholic patron saint of farmers and Madrid
- Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (1595–1658): Spanish Jesuit and mystic
- Álvaro del Portillo (1914–1992): former prelate of the Opus Dei
Scenic arts
- María Calderón, "La Calderona" (1611–1646): Spanish theatre actress and lover of Philip IV of Spain
- María Guerrero (1867–1928): Spanish theatre actress, producer and director
- Edgar Neville (1899–1967): Spanish playwright and film director, a member of the Generation of '27
- Antonio Castillo (1908–1984): Academy Award winning costume designer
- Juan Antonio Bardem (1922–2002): Spanish screenwriter and film director
- César Fernández Ardavín (1923–2012): Spanish film director and screenwriter; won the Golden Bear at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival
- José Luis Garci (1944): Spanish director, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1982
- Carmen Maura (1945): Spanish actress; has collaborated with Pedro Almodóvar in several times
- Emilio Martínez Lázaro (1945): Spanish film director; shared a Golden Bear at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival
- Fernando Trueba (1955): Spanish director; won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994
- Belén Rueda (1962): Spanish actress, known for her roles as Julia in The Sea Inside (2004) and as Laura in The Orphanage (2007)
- Santiago Segura (1965): Spanish film actor, screenwriter, producer and director
- Maribel Verdú (1970): Spanish actress
- Penélope Cruz (1974): first Spanish actress in history to receive an Academy Award and the first Spanish actress to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
- Nathalia Ramos (1992): Spanish and American actress; born/lived in Madrid for two years
Social sciences
- Juan Lopez de Hoyos (1511–1583): Spanish schoolmaster and Miguel de Cervantes' teacher
- Claudio Sánchez Albornoz (1893–1984): Spanish historian
- Manuel Tuñón de Lara (1915–1987): Spanish historian
- Pio Filippani Ronconi (1920–2010): Italian orientalist
- Ramón Tamames (1933): Spanish economist and politician[9]
- Jesús Huerta de Soto (1956): economist
Sports
- José Navarro Morenés (1897–1974): Spanish horse rider
- Luis González Maté (born 1931): retired Spanish boxer
- Luis Aragonés (1938–2014): former Spanish footballer and national coach
- Manolo Santana (1938): former amateur tennis champion
- Florentino Pérez (1957): Spanish businessman, civil engineer, former politician; current president of Real Madrid C.F., and Grupo ACS
- Begoña Gómez Martín (born 1964): Olympic judoka
- Carlos Sainz (1962): Spanish rally driver
- Fernando Martín Espina (1962–1989): Spanish basketball player
- Emilio Butragueño (1963): Spanish retired footballer
- Pedro García Aguado (1968): former water polo player; current psychologist
- Jesús Ángel García (1969): Spanish race walker
- Rafael Pascual, "El Toro" (1970): Spanish volleyball player
- Raúl González (1977): professional football player
- Estela Giménez (1979): retired rhythmic gymnast
- Gabi Fernández (born 1983), professional footballer
- Fernando Verdasco (1983): professional tennis player
- David De Gea (1990): professional football player
- Koke Resurrección (born 1992), professional footballer
Visual arts
- Sebastián Herrera Barnuevo (1611–1616): Spanish painter, architect and sculptor
- Francisco Camilo (1615–1673): Spanish Baroque painter
- Francisco Rizi (1608–1615): Spanish Baroque painter
- Francisco de Solís (1620–1645): Spanish Baroque painter[10]
- Claudio Coello (1642–1693): Spanish Baroque painter
- Eduardo Rosales (1836–1873): Spanish realist painter
- José Gutiérrez Solana (1886–1945): Spanish expressionist painter and printmaker[11]
- Juan Gris (1887–1927): international artist of Cubism
- Lucio Muñoz (1929–1998): Spanish abstract painter and engraver
- Eduardo Arroyo (1937): Spanish painter and graphic artist
- Juan Muñoz (1953–2001): Spanish sculptor, working primarily in papier-mâché, resin and bronze
- Ouka Leele (1957): Spanish photographer
- Chema Madoz (1958): Spanish photographer, best known for his black and white surrealist photography
- Muelle (1966–1995): Spanish graffiti pioneer
Others
- María Cayetana de Silva (1762–1802): 13th Duchess of Alba
- Manuela Malasaña (1791–1808): one of the townspeople who lost their lives during the Dos de Mayo Uprising against the troops of Napoleon I of France during the Peninsular War
- Agatha Ruiz de la Prada (1960): Spanish designer
Other influential people who have lived in Madrid
Architecture and urban planning
- Juan de Herrera (1530–1597): Spanish architect, mathematician and geometrician
- Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736): Italian architect and stage set designer
- Ventura Rodríguez (1717–1785): Spanish architect and artist
- Francesco Sabatini (1722–1897): Italian architect
- Antonio Palacios (1872–1945): Spanish architect
- Miguel Otamendi (1878–1958): Spanish civil engineer, known for being one of the creators of the Metro de Madrid
Army
- Don John of Austria (1545–1578): illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, best known for his victory at the Battle of Lepanto
Engineering
- Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (1852–1936): Spanish civil engineer and mathematician
Finances
- Ramón Areces Rodríguez (1905–1989): Spanish businessman and founder of El Corte Inglés
- Emilio Botín (1934–2014): Spanish banker; former Executive Chairman of Spain's Grupo Santander
Formal sciences
- Grégoire de Saint-Vincent (1584–1667): Flemish Jesuit mathematician
- Jean-Charles de la Faille (1597–1652): Flemish Jesuit mathematician
- Johann Baptist Cysat (1587–1657): Swiss Jesuit mathematician and astronomer
- Hugh Sempill (between 1589 and 1596 – 1654): Scottish Jesuit mathematician and linguist
Literature
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616): Spanish novelist, poet and playwright; soldier; his magnum opus, Don Quixote, is the first modern European novel
- Luis de Góngora (1561–1627): Spanish Baroque lyric poet
- Manuel de Faria e Sousa (1590–1649): Portuguese poet and historian[12]
- Miguel Unamuno (1864–1936): Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher; Greek professor and later rector at the University of Salamanca
- Pío Baroja (1872–1956): Spanish Basque writer, one of the key novelists of the Generation of '98
- Vicente Aleixandre (1889–1984): Spanish poet, Nobel Prize in Literature 1977
- Federico García Lorca (1898–1936): Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director
- Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961): American author and journalist
- Camilo José Cela (1916–2002): Spanish novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize in Literature 1989
- Mario Vargas Llosa (1936): Peruvian-Spanish writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature
Media and entertainment
- Torcuato Luca de Tena (1861–1929): Spanish journalist, founder of the ABC newspaper
- Matías Prats Cañete (1913–2004): Spanish radio and television journalist
Music
- Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757): Italian composer; spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families
- Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805): Italian classical era composer
- Tomás Bretón (1850–1923): Spanish musician and composer of zarzuelas
- Lola Flores (1923–1995): Spanish singer, dancer and actress
- Joaquín Sabina (1949): Spanish singer, songwriter, and poet
- José Antonio Bowen (born 1952): American jazz musician and president of Goucher College
- Nacho Canut (1957): bass player and one of the main composers (along with Alaska) of the bands Alaska y los Pegamoides, Alaska y Dinarama and Fangoria
- Loquillo (1960): Spanish rock singer and founder of Loquillo y Trogloditas
- Alaska (1963): Spanish-Mexican singer, DJ, and TV personality; one of the main characters in the so-called Movida
- Shakira (1977): Colombian singer-songwriter, dancer and model
Natural sciences
- Alexius Sylvius Polonus (1593–1653): Polish Jesuit astronomer and maker of astronomical instruments
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934): Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate (1906)
- Severo Ochoa (1905–1933): Spanish–American Doctor of Medicine and Biochemist, and joint winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Philosophy
- Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658): Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher; his proto-existentialist writings were lauded by Nietzsche and Schopenhauer
- María Zambrano (1904–1991): Spanish essayist and philosopher
Politics
- Philip II of Spain (1527–1598): Habsburg King of Spain and Portugal; during his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power
- Count-Duke of Olivares (1587–1645): Spanish royal favourite of Philip IV; minister
- Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665): King of Spain and Portugal (as Philip III)
- Philip V of Spain (1683–1743): first Spanish King of the House of Bourbon
- Elizabeth Farnese (1692–1766): Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip V, and de facto ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746
- Joseph Bonaparte (1768–1844): elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I)
- Simón Bolivar (1783–1830): Venezuelan military and political leader; played a key role in Hispanic America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire
- Ferdinand VII of Spain (1784–1833): Spanish monarch
- Baldomero Espartero (1793–1879): Spanish general and political figure; associated with the radical (or progressive) wing of Spanish liberalism and would become their symbol and champion after taking credit for the victory over the Carlists in 1839
- Leopoldo O'Donnell (1808–1867): Spanish general and statesman
- Francisco Pi y Margall (1824–1901): liberal Spanish statesman and romanticist writer; was briefly president of the short-lived First Spanish Republic in 1873
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1825–1903): Prime Minister of Spain during the Spanish–American War of 1898 (during which time Spain lost its remaining colonies), and founder of the Liberal Party
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1807): Spanish politician and historian, known principally for serving six terms as Spanish Prime Minister
- Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (1832–1899): Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic
- Amadeo I of Spain (1845–1890): the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy
- José Rizal (1861–1896): Filipino nationalist and revolutionary
- Francisco Franco (1892–1975): Spanish dictator from 1939 to 1975
- Pablo Iglesias (1887–1927): Spanish socialist and labour leader, founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Spanish General Worker's Union (UGT)
- Manuel Azaña (1880–1940): first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1933)
- Juan Perón (1895 -1974): Argentine military officer and politician
- Santiago Carrillo (1915–2012): general secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1960 to 1981
- Manuel Fraga Iribarne (1922–2012): Spanish People's Party politician
- Adolfo Suárez (1930): Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, and the key figure in the country's transition to democracy
- Simeon II of Bulgaria (1937): important political and royal figure in Bulgaria
- Juan Carlos I of Spain (1938): King of Spain from 1975 to 2014
- Queen Sofía of Spain (1938): Queen consort and wife of King Juan Carlos I of Spain
- Felipe González (1942): Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996
- Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida (1952): Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations of the Generalitat de Catalunya
- Mariano Rajoy (1955): current Prime Minister of Spain, elected on 21 December 2011
- José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (1960): Prime Minister of Spain from 2004 to 2011
Religion
- Josemaría Escrivá (1902–1975): Roman Catholic priest from Spain and founder of Opus Dei
Scenic arts
- Luis Buñuel (1900–1983): Aragonese filmmaker who worked in Spain, Mexico and France
- Fernando Fernán Gómez (1921–2007): Spanish actor, screenwriter, film director, theater director and member of the Royal Spanish Academy
- Sara Montiel (1928–2013): Spanish singer and actress
- Alfredo Landa (1933–2013): Spanish actor; winner of Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival 1984)
- Pedro Almodóvar (1949): Spanish film director, screenwriter and producer; member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2001
- Javier Bardem (1969): Spanish actor; won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2007
- Alejandro Amenábar (1972): Chilean-Spanish film director, screenwriter and composer; won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2005
Social sciences
- Beatriz Galindo, "La Latina" (1465?–1534): Spanish physician and educator; writer, humanist and a teacher of Queen Isabella of Castile and her children
- Francisco Giner de los Ríos (1839-1915): Spanish philosopher, educator; one of the most influential Spanish intellectuals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century
- Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968): Spanish philologist and historian
Sports
- Santiago Bernabéu Yeste (1895–1978): former president of Real Madrid C.F.
- Vicente Calderón (1913–1987): Spanish businessman and president of Atlético Madrid for twenty years
Visual arts
- Vincenzo Carducci (1598–1638): Italian painter
- Francisco de Zurbarán (1598–1664): Spanish Baroque painter
- Diego Velázquez (1599–1660): Spanish Baroque painter, important as a portrait artist
- Giambattista Tiepolo (1696–1770): Italian painter and printmaker
- Anton Raphael Mengs (1728–1779): German painter
- Francisco Goya (1746–1828): Spanish Romantic painter and printmaker, regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns
- Federico de Madrazo (1815–1894): Spanish realist painter
- Juan Luna (1857–1899): Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution
- Pablo Picasso (1881–1973): Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer; spent most of his adult life in France
- Salvador Dalí (1904–1989): Spanish Catalan surrealist painter
- Francis Bacon (1909–1992): Irish-born British figurative painter
- Fernando Botero (1932): Colombian figurative artist and sculptor; considered the most recognized and quoted living artist from Latin America
- Antonio López García (1936): Spanish painter and sculptor
- Carmen Cervera (1943): Spanish philanthropist, socialite and art dealer and collector
References
- ↑ es:Antonio González Echarte
- ↑ "Carlos Mendoza y Sáez de Arganzoña". !
- ↑ "David Cantolla".
- ↑ "Guillermo García Carsí".
- ↑ es:Manuel Díaz Rubio
- ↑ "Manuel Díaz Rubio Lurueña (obituary)".
- ↑ es:José María Bermúdez de Castro
- ↑ es:Ignacio Martínez Mendizábal
- ↑ "Ramón Tamames".
- ↑ "Francisco de Solís".
- ↑ solana.html "José Gutiérrez Solana" Check
|url=value (help). - ↑ "The Lusiads". World Digital Library. 1800–1882. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
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