Anton Raphael Mengs

Anton Raphael Mengs
Self-portrait, c. 1775
Born (1728-03-12)March 12, 1728
Ústí nad Labem, Bohemia
Died June 29, 1779(1779-06-29) (aged 51)
Rome, Italy
Nationality German
Known for Painting
Movement Neoclassical

Anton Raphael Mengs (March 22, 1728[1] – June 29, 1779) was a German Bohemian painter, active in Rome, Madrid and Saxony, who while painting in the Rococo period of the mid-17th century became one of the precursors to Neoclassical painting that replaced Rococo as the dominant painting syle.

Biography

Self-portrait, 1744

Mengs was born in 1728 at Ústí nad Labem (German: Aussig) in Bohemia, the son of Ismael Mengs, a Danish painter who eventually established himself at Dresden. His elder sister, Therese Maron was also a painter, as was their younger sister Julia. In 1741 Mengs's father took him from Dresden to Rome.

In 1749 he was appointed first painter to Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony, but this did not prevent him from continuing to spend much of his time in Rome. There he married Margarita Guazzi, who had sat for him as a model in 1748. He converted to Catholicism, and in 1754 he became director of the Vatican school of painting.[2] His fresco painting of Parnassus at Villa Albani gained him a reputation as a master painter.

In 1749 Mengs accepted a commission from the Duke of Northumberland to make a copy, in oil on canvas, of Raphael's fresco The School of Athens for his London home. Executed in 1752–5, Mengs' painting is full-sized, but adapts the composition to a rectangular format, with some additional figures. It is now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.[3] Mengs died in Rome in June 1779 and was buried in the Roman Church of Santi Michele e Magno.

Career

Self-portrait, 1774

On two occasions he accepted invitations from Charles III of Spain to go to Madrid. There he produced some of his best work, most notably the ceiling of the banqueting hall of the Royal Palace of Madrid, the subject of which was the Triumph of Trajan and the Temple of Glory. After the completion of this work in 1777, Mengs returned to Rome, where he died two years later, in poor circumstances, leaving twenty children, seven of whom were pensioned by the king of Spain.[4] His portraits and self-portraits recall an attention to detail and insight often lost in his grander paintings.

His closeness to Johann Joachim Winckelmann[5] has enhanced his historical importance. Mengs came to share Winckelmann's enthusiasm for classical antiquity, and worked to establish the dominance of Neoclassical painting over the then popular Rococo style. At the same time, however, the influence of the Roman Baroque remained strong in his work, particularly in his religious paintings. He would have fancied himself the first neoclassicist, while in fact he may be the last flicker of Baroque art. Rudolf Wittkower wrote: "In the last analysis, he is as much an end as a beginning".[6] Goethe regretted that "so much learning should have been allied to a total want of initiative and poverty of invention, and embodied with a strained and artificial mannerism."[7]

Anton Raphael Mengs' grave in Rome

Mengs had a well-known rivalry with the contemporary Italian painter Pompeo Batoni. He was also a friend of Giacomo Casanova. Casanova provides accounts of his personality and contemporary reputation through anecdotes in his Histoire de Ma Vie. Among his pupils in Italy were Anton von Maron, Antonio Maron (Vienna, 1731- Naples 1761).[8] His pupils in Spain included Agustín Esteve.

Besides numerous paintings in Madrid, the Ascension and St Joseph at Dresden, Perseus and Andromeda at Saint Petersburg, and the ceiling of the Villa Albani are among his chief works.[4] A Noli me tangere was commissioned as an altar-piece by All Souls College, Oxford, and is now held in the National Gallery, London.[9] Another altar-piece was installed in Magdalen College, Oxford.[2]

Theoretical writings

In his writings, in Spanish, Italian, and German, Mengs expressed an eclectic theory of art, seeing perfection as attainable by a well-schemed combination of diverse excellences: Greek design, with the expression of Raphael, the chiaroscuro of Correggio, and the colour of Titian.[4]

Selected works

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Anton Raphael Mengs (Bohemian painter)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  2. 1 2 Chisholm 1911.
  3. ↑ "The School of Athens (after Raphael)". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  4. 1 2 3  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mengs, Antony Raphael". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 129.
  5. ↑ "Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1000–1900)". wga.hu.
  6. ↑ Wittkower, p 469
  7. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert
  8. ↑ Supplemento alla Serie dei trecento elogi e ritratti degli uomini i più illustri in Pittura, Scultura, e Architettura. by Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi, published by Stamperia Allegrini, Pisoni, e comp, Florence (1776); column 1368–1369.
  9. ↑ "Noli me tangere". The National Gallery. The National Gallery. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  10. ↑ A case for an attribution to Giovanni Casanova, brother of the famous memoirist and rake, was made by Thomas Pelzel, "Winckelmann, Mengs and Casanova: A Reappraisal of a Famous Eighteenth-Century Forgery", The Art Bulletin 54.3 (September 1972:300-315).

Sources

  • Wittkower, Rudolf (1993). "Art and Architecture Italy, 1600–1750". Pelican History of Art. 1980. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 469.
  •  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Anthon Rafael Mengs". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition
  • Paintings by Anton Raphael Mengs at WikiGallery.org
  • Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mengs (see index)
  • 'Self-portrait' (1774) at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
  • 'Portrait of Charles III' (1761) at the Museo del Prado
  •  "Mengs, Raphael". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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