Ferdinand Schörner

Ferdinand Schörner
Commander-in-chief of the German Army
In office
30 April 1945 – 8 May 1945
Preceded by Adolf Hitler
Succeeded by Office abolished
Personal details
Born (1892-06-12)12 June 1892
Munich, German Empire
Died 2 July 1973(1973-07-02) (aged 81)
Munich, West Germany
Awards Pour le Mérite
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Signature
Military service
Nickname(s) Blutiger Ferdinand (Bloody Ferdinand)[1]
Allegiance  German Empire
 Weimar Republic
 Nazi Germany
Rank Generalfeldmarschall
Commands Army Group South
Army Group North
Army Group Centre
Oberkommando des Heeres
Battles/wars
See battles

World War I

World War II

Ferdinand Schörner (12 June 1892 – 2 July 1973) was a general and later Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded several army groups and was the last Commander-in-chief of the German Army.

Schörner is commonly represented in historical literature as a simple disciplinarian and a slavish devotee of Hitler's defensive orders.[2] More recent research by American historian Howard Davis Grier and German historian Karl-Heinz Frieser depicts Schörner as a talented commander with "astonishing" organizational ability in managing an army group of 500,000 men during the fighting in late 1944 on the Eastern Front.[2] He was harsh against superiors as well as subordinates and carried out operations on his own authority against Hitler's orders when he considered it necessary, such as the evacuation of the Sõrve Peninsula.[2]

Schörner was a convinced Nazi and became well known for his brutality. By the end of World War II he was Hitler's favorite commander. Following the war he was convicted of war crimes by courts in the Soviet Union and West Germany and was imprisoned in the USSR, East Germany and West Germany. At his death in 1973 he was the last living German Field Marshal.

Early life

Lieutenant Schoerner with the Pour le Mérite

Schörner was born on 12 June 1892 in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire. A veteran of World War I, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite military order as a lieutenant when he took part in the Austro-Hungarian and German Battle of Caporetto, which shattered the Italian lines in autumn 1917. Schörner served as a staff officer and instructor between the two wars. In 1923 he was adjutant to General Otto von Lossow, the commander of Military District VII in Munich and participated in the defeat of the Beer Hall Putsch.

World War II

Schörner commanded the 98th Mountain Regiment in the invasion of Poland in 1939. During the 1941 Balkans campaign, he commanded the German 6th Mountain Division and earned the Knight's Cross for his role in breaching the Metaxas Line. With this division, Schörner took part in Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The 6th Gebirgs Division was assigned to the Arctic sectors in the Eastern Front. In 1942 as a General der Gebirgstruppe he took command of the XIX Mountain Corps, part of the German Army in Finland. With this command he participated in the failed attack on Murmansk and the stalemate war that followed. Schörner's task was to keep the Pechenga Nickel Works in German hands. When the Soviets opened an offensive against the Arctic sector, the division took part in the fighting. In January 1942, Schörner was promoted to the rank of Generalleutnant, commanding the Mountain Corps Norway.

He later commanded the XXXX Panzer Corps on the Eastern Front from November 1943 to January 1944. In March 1944 he was made commander of Army Group A, and in May commander of Army Group South Ukraine. After stating that the Crimean port of Sevastopol could be held for a long time even if Crimea fell, he changed his mind and against Hitler's wishes, evacuated the Black Sea port.[3] This retreat occurred too late and the German–Romanian 17th Army that was holding Crimea suffered severe losses, with many men killed or captured while waiting on the piers to be evacuated. During the late spring of 1944, Schörner oversaw the retreat from the Dniester River in Romania.

Schörner was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst in April 1944. In July he became commander of Army Group North, which was later renamed Army Group Courland, where he stayed until January 1945 when he was made commander of Army Group Centre, defending Czechoslovakia and the upper reaches of the River Oder. He became a favorite of high-level Nazi leaders such as Joseph Goebbels, whose diary entries from March and April 1945 have many words of praise for Schörner and his methods. On 4 April 1945, Schörner was promoted to field marshal and was named as the new Commander-in-Chief of the German Army High Command (OKH) in Hitler's last testament.[4] He nominally served in this post until the surrender of the Third Reich on 8 May 1945 but continued to command his army group, since no staff was available to him. He did not have any discernible influence in the final days of the Reich.

On 7 May, the day General Alfred Jodl, Chief-of-Staff of OKW (Armed Forces High Command) was negotiating the surrender of all German forces at SHAEF, the last the OKW had heard from Schörner was on 2 May. He had reported he intended to fight his way west and surrender his army group to the Americans. On 8 May, "OKW" Colonel Wilhelm Meyer-Detring was escorted through the American lines to contact Schörner. The colonel reported that Schörner had ordered his operational command to observe the surrender but he could not guarantee that he would be obeyed everywhere.[5][lower-alpha 1] Schörner ordered a continuation of fighting against Red Army and the Czech insurgents of the Prague uprising. Later that day, Schörner deserted and flew to Austria, where he was arrested by the Americans on 18 May.[5] Elements of Army Group Centre continued to resist the overwhelming force of the Red Army liberating Czechoslovakia during the final Prague Offensive. Units of Army Group Centre, the last big German units to surrender, capitulated on 11 May 1945.

Post-war trials and convictions

Schörner was arrested in August 1951 by the Soviet authorities on charges of war crimes. In February 1952 the Military Board of the USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to 25 years of imprisonment. A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in April 1952 reduced this sentence to 12 and a half years. A decree of December 1954 allowed him to be handed over to authorities of the German Democratic Republic, which allowed him to leave for West Germany in 1958. There he was arrested and charged with executions of German Army soldiers accused of desertion, found guilty and sentenced to four and a half years' jail, which he served. He was released in 1963 and lived in obscurity in Munich until his death in 1973. In the late 1960s he gave a lengthy interview to Italian historian Mario Silvestri on his role and actions during the Austro-German victory at the Battle of Caporetto in World War I rather than on his World War II service.[lower-alpha 2]

Assessment

German veterans particularly criticized Schörner for a 1945 order that all soldiers found behind the front lines, who did not possess written orders to be there, were to be court-martialled on the spot and hanged if found guilty of desertion.[6] This is mentioned in the writings of Siegfried Knappe, Hans von Luck and Joseph Goebbels. "Deserters get no mercy from him" Goebbels wrote of Schörner on 11 March 1945. "They are hanged from the nearest tree with a placard round their necks saying 'I am a deserter. I have declined to defend German women and children and therefore I have been hanged'". ("Ich bin ein Deserteur. Ich habe mich geweigert, deutsche Frauen und Kinder zu beschützen und bin deshalb aufgehängt worden.") Goebbels continued with, "Naturally such methods are effective. Every man in Schörner's area knows that he may die at the front but will inevitably die in the rear".

Gottlob Bidermann, a German infantry officer who served in Schörner's command in 1944–45, reported in his memoirs that the General was despised by officers and men alike. He said that Schörner was said never to have uttered a word of praise and would demote or punitively transfer soldiers on the spot for the most minor infractions, even as the war was ending. Bidermann was especially bitter that while Schörner's men were marched off to die in Soviet POW camps at the cessation of hostilities, Schörner made certain that he avoided their fate. When captured by the Americans in their sector, Schörner is said to have been dressed as a Bavarian non-combatant, behavior for which he had only recently had his own soldiers executed.

Schörner was said to be devoted to Hitler, a view that is seen as confirmed by Hitler's appointment of Schörner as his replacement as Commander-in-Chief of the German Army on his suicide in the Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler.[7] Schörner did not hesitate to second Hitler's daydreams in the last weeks of the war, agreeing that the Red Army's main objective would be Prague instead of Berlin (in itself a colossal strategic blunder) and so leading him to weaken the critically thin defense lines in front of Berlin. Historian Ian Kershaw described him in 2011 (BBC History Magazine) as "extraordinarily brutal".

In The End (2012) Kershaw describes Schörner as "a fanatical (Nazi) loyalist", an indication of this being that he had served for a brief spell in March 1944 as Chief of the NS Leadership Staff of the Army. The latter was responsible for coordinating relations between the military and the Nazi Party.[8]

Awards and decorations

Notes

  1. ↑ Like many institutions in Nazi Germany, the control of the army was split between the OKW and the OKH. By 1945 OKW commanded all German forces in every theater apart from those on the Eastern Front, which were under OKH control and which, before his suicide, had reported directly to Hitler. So it was not clear if Schörner was under the command of OKW on 8 May or if President Karl Dönitz, or Chancellor von Krosigk, needed to order Schörner to surrender.
  2. ↑ The quoted material is translated from Soviet documents by the authors (Vinogradov 2005, p. 241)

References

Citations

  1. ↑ German Historical Institute, Soldiers into Citizens: Wehrmacht Officers in the Federal Republic of Germany (1945–1960) (PDF), London, p. 63, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2006
  2. 1 2 3 Frieser 2007, p. 662.
  3. ↑ Gilbert 1989, p. 522.
  4. ↑ Beevor 2002, p. 344.
  5. 1 2 Ziemke 1969, p. 134.
  6. ↑ Knappe 1992, p. 448.
  7. ↑ Kershaw 2012, p. 305.
  8. ↑ Kershaw 2012, p. 50.
  9. 1 2 3 Thomas 1998, p. 280.
  10. 1 2 3 Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 322.
  11. 1 2 3 Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 323.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Scherzer 2007, p. 681.

Bibliography

  • Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  • Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg [Germany and the Second World War] (in German). VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.
  • Gilbert, M. (1989). Second World War: A Complete History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. OCLC 848503251.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0.
  • Knappe, Siegfried (1992). Soldat: Reflections of a German Soldier, 1936–1949. Dell Publi. ISBN 978-0-440-21526-4.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Thomas, Franz; Wegmann, Günter (1994). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VI: Die Gebirgstruppe Band 2: L–Z [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VI: The Mountain Troops Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2430-3.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Vinogradov, V. K.; et al. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the files of the KGB. Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3.
  • Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin End of the Third Reich. Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Ballantine Books. OCLC 692300153.
  • Gießler, Klaus-Volker (2007), "Schörner, Johann Ferdinand", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 435–436 ; (full text online)
  • "Ferdinand Schörner". Der Spiegel 48/1963. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Military offices
Preceded by
Generaloberst Johannes Frießner		 Commander of Heeresgruppe Nord
23 July 1944 – 27 January 1945		 Succeeded by
Generaloberst Dr. Lothar Rendulic
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