List of endangered languages in Europe
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
- Definitely endangered - "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
- Severely endangered - "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
- Critically endangered - "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
- Extinct - "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]
Albania
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
Armenia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey | aii, cld |
Austria
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Azerbaijan
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budukh | Severely endangered[1] | bdk | |
| Juhuri | Definitely endangered[1] | Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia | jdt |
| Khinalug | Severely endangered[1] | kjj | |
| Kryz | Severely endangered[1] | kry | |
| Lezgian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | lez |
| Rutul | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | rut |
| Talysh | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Iran | tly |
| Tat | Severely endangered[1] | ttt | |
| Tsakhur | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | tkr |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | (Azerbaijan) | udi |
Belarus
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Belgium
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Limburgian-Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands | ksh, lim |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | pcd |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France, Netherlands | vls, zea |
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Bulgaria
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Deli Orman Gagauz | Critically endangered[1] | (Deli Orman) | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Maritime Gagauz | Severely endangered[1] | (Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania | bgx, gag |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
Croatia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arbanasi | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Istriot | Severely endangered[1] | ist | |
| Istro-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | ruo | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia | vec |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Serbia | |
Cyprus
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cypriot Arabic | Severely endangered[1] | acy | |
Czech Republic
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | vmf |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Denmark
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Faroese | Vulnerable[1] | fao | |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | swe |
| South Jutish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Estonia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Võro-Seto | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | est |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Finland
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inari Saami | Severely endangered[1] | smn | |
| Karelian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | krl |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Olonetsian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | olo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia | sms |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
France
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany,Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | oci |
| Auvergnat | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | eus |
| Breton | Severely endangered[1] | bre | |
| Burgundian | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Champenois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | cos |
| Franc-Comtois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | fra |
| Francoprovençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland | frp |
| Gallo | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | oci |
| Languedocian | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco | lij |
| Limousin | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Lorrain | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
| Norman | Severely endangered[1] | nrn | |
| Picard | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium | pcd |
| Poitevin-Saintongeais | Severely endangered[1] | fra | |
| Provençal | Severely endangered[1] | oci | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Germany | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg | wln |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | vls, zea |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Georgia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey | abk |
| Bats | Severely endangered[1] | bbl | |
| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | bhn |
| Homshetsma | Severely endangered[1] | (Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia | hye |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Turkey | lzz |
| Mingrelian | Definitely endangered[1] | xmf | |
| Ossete | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | oss |
| Pontik Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Svan | Definitely endangered[1] | sva | |
| Udi | Severely endangered[1] | (Georgia) . | udi |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine | uum |
Germany
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| East Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic | vmf |
| Limburgish–Ripuarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | lim |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg | ltz |
| North Frisian | Severely endangered[1] | frr | |
| Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France | pfl |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Saterlandic | Severely endangered[1] | stq | |
| Sorbian | Definitely endangered[1] | dsb, hsb | |
| South Jutish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark | jut |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Greece
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
| Arvanitika | Severely endangered[1] | aat | |
| Cappadocian Greek | Critically endangered[1] | cpg | |
| Corfiot Italkian | Critically endangered[1] | ||
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | (South Balkans) . Also spoken in: Macedonia, Turkey | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Macedonia | ruq |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Tsakonian | Critically endangered[1] | tsd | |
Hungary
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Ireland
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: United Kingdom | gle |
Italy
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
| Algherese (Catalan) | Definitely endangered[1] | cat | |
| Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | oci |
| Arbëresh | Definitely endangered[1] | aae | |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland | bar |
| Cimbrian | Definitely endangered[1] | cim | |
| Corsican | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | cos |
| Emilian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: San Marino | egl |
| Faetar | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal | frp |
| Francoprovençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Switzerland | frp |
| Friulan | Definitely endangered[1] | fur | |
| Gallo-Italic of Sicily | Definitely endangered[1] | lmo | |
| Gallurese | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdn |
| Gardiol | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal | |
| Griko | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento | ell |
| Ladin | Definitely endangered[1] | lld | |
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Monaco | lij |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | lmo |
| Mòcheno | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Bavarian | mhn |
| Molise Croatian | Severely endangered[1] | svm | |
| Piedmontese | Definitely endangered[1] | pms | |
| Resian | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Slovene | slv |
| Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: San Marino | rgn |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Sardinian | Definitely endangered[1] | src, sro | |
| Sassarese | Definitely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdc |
| Sicilian | Vulnerable[1] | scn | |
| South Italian | Vulnerable[1] | nap | |
| Swabian German | Severely endangered[1] | swg | |
| Swiss German | Severely endangered[1] | gsw | |
| Töitschu | Severely endangered[1] | An outlying dialect of Alemannic | gsw, swg, wae |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia | vec |
| Walser | Severely endangered[1] | wae | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Kazakhstan
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dungan | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan | dng |
Latvia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Latgalian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | lav |
| Livonian | Critically endangered[1] | liv | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Liechtenstein
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Lithuania
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Karaim | Severely endangered[1] | (Lithuania). | kdr |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Luxembourg
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany | ltz |
| Walloon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | wln |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Macedonia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia | rup |
| Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Greece | ruq |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Moldova
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
Monaco
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ligurian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | lij |
Montenegro
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Netherlands
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Limburgish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany | lim |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| West Flemish | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | vls, zea |
| West Frisian | Vulnerable[1] | fry | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Norway
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lule Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden | sme |
| Pite Saami | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sje |
| Skolt Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia | sms |
| South Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sma |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Poland
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
| Kashubian | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Canada | csb |
| Low Saxon | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine | |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Vilamovian | Severely endangered[1] | wym | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Portugal
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Spain | ast, ext, mwl |
Romania
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Serbia | bul |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
| Csángó | Severely endangered.[1] | hun | |
| Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia | lad |
| Nogay | Severely endangered[1] | (Dobruja) . | nog |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia | bos, hrv, srp |
| Transylvanian Saxon | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Russia
San Marino
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emilian-Romagnol | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | eml |
Serbia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromanian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia | rup |
| Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Romania | bul |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey | lad |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Torlakian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania | bos, hrv, srp |
| Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia | |
Slovakia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary | bos, hrv, srp |
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Ukraine | slk |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine | rue |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Slovenia
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gottscheerish | Critically endangered[1] | ||
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Venetian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy | vec |
Spain
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aragonese | Definitely endangered[1] | arg | |
| Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Portugal | ast, ext, mwl |
| Basque | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: France | eus |
| Gascon | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | oci |
Sweden
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dalecarlian | Definitely endangered[1] | swe | |
| Modern Gutnish | Definitely endangered[1] | swe | |
| Lule Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | smj |
| North Saami | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia | sme |
| Pite Saami | Critically endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | sje |
| Scanian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Denmark | swe |
| South Saami | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Norway | sma |
| Ume Saami | Critically endangered[1] | sju | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Switzerland
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemannic | Vulnerable[3] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein | gsw, swg, wae |
| Bavarian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy | bar |
| Franc-Comtois | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France | fra |
| Francoprovençal | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | frp |
| Lombard | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Italy | lmo |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Romansh | Definitely endangered[1] | roh | |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Turkey
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | abq |
| Abkhaz | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | abk |
| Adyge | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Macedonia, Russia, Syria | ady |
| Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered[1] | (South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, Macedonia | bgx |
| Homshetsma | Definitely endangered[1] | hye | |
| Judezmo | Severely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia | lad |
| Kabard-Cherkes | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Russia | kbd |
| Laz | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia | lzz |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Suret | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria | aii, cld |
| Western Armenian | Definitely endangered[1] | hye | |
| Zazaki | Vulnerable[1] | zza | |
Ukraine
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia | bel |
| Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered[1] | (Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia | crh, jct |
| Crimean Turkish | Severely endangered[1] | ||
| Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Slovakia | slk |
| Gagauz | Definitely endangered[1] | (Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova | bgx, gag |
| Karaim | Critically endangered[1] | (Western Ukraine) | kdr |
| Mariupolitan Greek | Severely endangered[1] | ell | |
| Nogay | Severely endangered[1] | (Crimea) | nog |
| Plautdietsch | Definitely endangered[1] | pdt | |
| Polesian | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland | |
| Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey | pnt |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Rusyn | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia | rue |
| Urum | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | uum |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | ydd |
United Kingdom
| Language | Status | Comments | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cornish | Critically endangered[1] | cor | |
| Guernsey French | Severely endangered[1] | (Guernsey) | fra |
| Irish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Ireland | gle |
| Jersey French | Severely endangered[1] | (Jersey) | fra |
| Manx | Critically endangered[1] | (Isle of Man) | glv |
| Romani | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
| Scots | Vulnerable[1] | sco | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Canada | gla |
| Welsh | Vulnerable[1] | Also spoken in: Patagonia | cym |
| Yiddish | Definitely endangered[1] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine | ydd |
See also
 |
Wikiversity has learning resources about Endangered languages of Europe |
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ↑ For the online atlas version see here
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger - Interactive Map." (Alemannic was added to the list as "Vulnerable" in July, 2017)
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