West Flemish

West Flemish
West-Vlaams
West-Vlams, West-Vloams
Native to Belgium, Netherlands, France
Region West Flanders
Native speakers
 1.4 million (1998)[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
vls – (West) Vlaams
zea – Zealandic (Zeeuws)
Glottolog vlaa1240  Vlaams / West Vlaams[2]
zeeu1238  Zeeuws[3]
Linguasphere 52-ACB-ag

West Flemish (Dutch: West-Vlaams, French: flamand occidental) is a dialect of the Dutch language spoken in western Belgium and adjoining parts of the Netherlands and France.[4]

West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of West Flanders, and a further 120,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders (and another 220,000 if Zealandic is included), and 10,000 in the northern part of the French département of Nord.[1] Some of the main cities where West Flemish is widely spoken are Bruges, Kortrijk, Ostend, Roeselare, and Ypres. The dialects of the rest of the Dutch province of Zeeland, Zeelandic, are often included in West Flemish; these are part of a dialect continuum which proceeds further north into Hollandic.

West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO's online Red Book of Endangered Languages.[5] The language has its own dedicated Wikipedia.[6]

Geographical location of West Flemish (colour: sandy) among the other minority and regional languages and dialects of the Benelux countries
Flemish (green) and French (red/brown) as spoken in the arrondissement of Dunkirk in France, in 1874 and 1972
Bachten de Kupe scenic road sign.

Phonology

West Flemish has a phonology differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch. The best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives g and ch in Dutch (/x, ɣ/) with glottal h [h, ɦ] and the overall lack of diphthongs. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ a bit from region to region.

  • sch - /sx/ is realised as [sh] or [skʰ] (sh or sk).
  • ei - /ɛi/ is realised as [ɛː] or [jɛ] (è or jè).
  • ij - /ɛi/ is realised as [i] (short ie, also written as y).
  • au - /ʌu/ is realised as [ɔw] (ow)
  • ou - /ʌu/ is realised as [ʊ] (short oe), it is very similar to the long "oe" that is also used in Standard Dutch ([u]), which can cause confusion
  • e - /ɛ/ is realised as [æː] or [a].
  • i - /ɪ/ is realised as [ɛ].
  • ie - /i/ is longer [iː]
  • aa - /aː/ is realised as [õ].

The nonexistentce of /x/ and /ɣ/ in West Flemish makes pronuncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes hypercorrection of the /h/ sounds to a /x/ or /ɣ/.

Standaes Dutch also has many words with an -en (/ən/) suffix (mostly plural forms of verbs and nouns). While Standard Dutch and most dialects do not pronounce the final n, West Flemish typically drops the e and pronounces the n inside the base word. For base words already ending with n, the final n sound is often lengthened to clarify the suffix. That makes many words become similar to those of English: beaten, listen etc.

The short o ([ɔ]) can also be pronounced as a short u ([ʌ]). That happens spontaneously to some words, but other words keep their original short o sounds. Similarly, the short a ([ɑ]) can turn into a short o ([ɔ]) in some words spontaneously.

The diphthong ui (/œy/) does not exist in West Flemish and is replaced by a long u ([ʉ]) or a long ie ([i:]). Like for the ui, the long o ([o]) can be replaced by an [ø] (eu) for some words but a [wo] for others. That often causes similarities to ranchers English.

Here are some examples showing the sound shifts that are part of the vocabulary:

DutchWest FlemishEnglish
vol (short o)vul [vʌl]full
zon (short o)zunne [zʌ:nə]sun
kom (short o)kom [kɔm]come
boter (long o)beuter [bøtər]butter
boot (long o)boot [bwot]boat
kuikenkiek'n [ki:kn]chicken
bruinbrun [bryn]brown

Grammar

Plural form

Plural forms in Standard Dutch most often add -en, but West Flemish usually uses -s, like the Lower Saxon Germanic dialects and even more prominently in English in which -en has become very rare. Under the influence of Standard Dutch, -s is being used by fewer people, and younger speakers tend to use -en.

Verb conjugation

The verbs zijn ("to be") and hebben ("to have") are also conjugated differently.

DutchWest FlemishEnglishDutchWest FlemishEnglish
zijnzynto behebbenènto have
ik ben'k zynI amik heb'k èI have
gij zijtgy zytyou arejij hebtgy ètyou have
hij isie ishe ishij heeftie èthe has
wij zijnwydder zynwe arewij hebbenwydder ènwe have
jullie zijngydder zytyou arejullie hebbengydder ètyou have
zij zijnzydder zynthey arezij hebbenzydder ènthey have

Double subject

West Flemish often has a double subject.

DutchWest FlemishEnglish
Jij hebt dat gedaan.G' è gy da gedoan.You have done that.
Ik heb dat niet gedaan.'K èn ekik da nie gedoan.I didn't do that.

Articles

Standards Dutch has an indefinite article that does not depend on gender, unlike in West Flemish. However, a gender-independent article is increasingly used. Like in English, n is pronounced only if the next word begins with a vowel sound.

DutchWest FlemishEnglish
een stier (m)ne stiera bull
een koe (f)e koea cow
een kalf (o)e kolfa calf
een aap (m)nen oapan ape
een huis (o)en 'usa house

Conjugation of yes and no

Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ja and nee ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ja and nee are generally uswd with the first part of the double subject. There is also an extra word, toet ([tut]), negates the previous sentence but gives a positive answer.

Ja, nee and toet can also all be strengthened by adding mo- or ba-. Both mean "but" and are derived from Dutch but or maar) and can be even used together (mobatoet).

DutchWest FlemishEnglish
Heb jij dat gedaan? - Ja / NeeÈj gy da gedoan? - Joak / NinkDid you do that? - Yes / No
Je hebt dat niet gedaan, hé? - Maar jawelG'èt da nie gedoan, é? - BatoetYou didn't do that, eh? - But yes I did.
Heeft hij dat gedaan? - Ja / NeeÈt ie da gedoan? - Joaj / NijDid he do that? - Yes / No
Gaan we verder? - Ja / NeeZyn we? - Jow / NiwCan we go? - Yes / No

Vocabulary

West Flemish inherited many words from Saxon settlers and later on had English loanwords from the wool and cloth trades. Both categories differ from Standard Dutch and show similarities with English and so is difficult to separate both categories.

During the Industrial Revolution, the increasing trade with France caused many industrial loanwords from French.

False friends

Even when words exist in both Dutch and West Flemish, their meaning can be different. That sometimes causes confusion for native speakers who do not realise that words are used differently.

DutchWest FlemishEnglish
achterbachtnafter / behind (a notion of space)
naachterpast / after (a notion of time)

See also

Apartment building in Blankenberge (Belgium) with West Flemish name "Yzeren Rampe" (Iron embankment)

References

  1. 1 2 (West) Vlaams at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Zealandic (Zeeuws) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Vlaams / West Vlaams". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Zeeuws". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. ↑ RL Trask, "Number of Languages", in Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. 2007
  5. ↑ UNESCO.org Archived October 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ "Voorblad". Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015-07-19. Retrieved 2018-06-08.

Further reading

  • Debrabandere, Frans (1999), "Kortrijk", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline, Honderd Jaar Stadstaal (PDF), Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 289–299
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.