Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Bukhara
خانات بخارا
1506–1785
War flag
The Khanate of Bukhara (green), c. 1600.
Capital Bukhara
39°46′N 64°26′E / 39.767°N 64.433°E / 39.767; 64.433Coordinates: 39°46′N 64°26′E / 39.767°N 64.433°E / 39.767; 64.433
Common languages Persian (official, court, literature)[1][2]
Uzbek
Religion Islam (Sunni, Naqshbandi Sufism)
Government Monarchy
Khan  
• 1506–1510
Muhammad Shaybani
• 1599–1605
Baqi Muhammad Khan
• 1747–1753
Muhammed Rahim
• 1758–1785
Abu’l Ghazi Khan
Ataliq  
Historical era Early modern period
• Muhammad Shaybani conquers Bukhara from Timurid Empire
1506
• Establishment of Janid dynasty
1599
• The khanate is conquered by Nader shah After Mohammad Hakim surrenders
1745
• Manghit dynasty takes control after Nader shah dies and his empire breaks up
1747
• Establishment of Emirate of Bukhara
1785
Population
• 1902
2,000,000 est.[3]
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Golden Horde
Timurid Empire
Uzbek Khanate
Emirate of Bukhara
Khanate of Kokand
Durrani Empire
Today part of  Uzbekistan
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Kazakhstan
 Afghanistan
 Pakistan
 China

The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) (Persian: خانات بخارا‎; Uzbek: Buxoro Xonligi) was a Central Asian[4] state from the second quarter of the 16th century to the late 18th century. Bukhara became the capital of the short-lived Shaybanid empire during the reign of Ubaydallah Khan (1533–1540). The khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Shaybanid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II (r. 1577–1598).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the Janid Dynasty (Astrakhanids or Hashtarkhanids). They were the last Genghisid descendants to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered by Nadir Shah, the Shah of Iran. After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq. In 1785, his descendent, Shah Murad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.[5] The Manghits were non-Genghisid and took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan.

Shaybanid Dynasty

The battle between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani.

The Shaybanid dynasty ruled the Khanate from 1506 to 1598. Under their rule, Bukhara became a center of arts and literature and educational reforms were introduced.

New books on history and geography were written in this period, such as Haft iqlīm (Seven Climates) by Amin Ahmad Razi, a native of Iran. Bukhara of the 16th century attracted skilled craftsman of calligraphy and miniature-paintings, such as Sultan Ah Maskhadi, Mahmud ibn Eshaq Shakibi, the theoretician in calligraphy and dervish Mahmud Buklian, Molana Mahmud Muzahheb, and Jelaleddin Yusuf. Among the famous poets and theologians who worked in Bukhara in that era were Mushfiki, Nizami Muamaya, and Mohammad Amin Zahed. Molana Abd-al Hakim was the most famous of the many physicians who practised in the Bukharan khanate in the 16th century.

Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established a library "having no equal" the world over. The prominent scholar Sultan Mirak Munshi worked there from 1540. The gifted calligrapher Mir Abid Khusaini produced masterpieces of Nastaliq and Reihani script. He was a brilliant miniature-painter, master of encrustation, and was the librarian (kitabdar) of Bukhara's library.[6]

The Shaybanids instituted a number of measures to improve the khanate's system of public education. Each neighborhood mahalla — unit of local self-government — of Bukhara had a hedge school, while prosperous families provided home education to their children. Children started elementary education at the age of six. After two years they could be taken to madrasah. The course of education in madrasah consisted of three steps of seven years each. Hence, the whole course of education in madrasah lasted twenty-one years. The pupils studied theology, arithmetic, jurisprudence, logic, music, and poetry. This educational system had a positive influence upon the development and wide circulation of the Persian and Uzbek languages, and on the development of literature, science, art, and skills.

Janid Dynasty

The Janid Dynasty (descendents of Astrakhanids) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad from his wife, who was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler.

List of rulers

Janids

  • Baqi Muhammad Khan (1599–1605)
  • Vali Muhammad Khan (1605–1611)
  • Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642)
  • Nadir Muhammad Khan (1642–1645)
  • Abdul Aziz Khan (1645–1680)
  • Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702)[7][8][9]
  • Ubaidullah Khan (1702–1711)
  • Abu'l-Faiz Khan (1711–1747)
  • Muhammad Abd al-Mumin (1747–1748)
  • Muhammad Ubaidullah II (1748–1753, nominal)
  • Muhammad Rahim (usurper), atalik (1753–1756), khan (1756–1758)
  • Shir Ghazi (1758–?)
  • Abu'l Ghazi Khan (1758–1785)

See also

1902–1903 borders of the Imperial Russian Territories of Bukhara, Kiva, and Kokand.

References

  1. ↑ Ulugbek Azizov (2015). "Freeing from the "Territorial Trap"". LIT Verlag Münster. p. 58. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
    The Bukhara Khanate as a new administrative entity was founded in 1533 and was the continuation of the Shaybanid dynas- ty. The khanate occupied the territory from Kashgar (west of Chi- na) to the Aral Sea, from Turkestan to the east part of Chorasan. The official language was Persian as well as Uzbek was spoken widely.
  2. ↑ Ira Marvin Lapidus - 2002, A history of Islamic societies, p.374
  3. ↑ Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia Under the Impact of Human Activities, Nikolaĭ Gavrilovich Kharin, page 49, 2002
  4. ↑ Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig (2005), European Society for Central Asian Studies. International Conference, p.31
  5. ↑ Soucek, Svat. A History of Inner Asia (2000), p. 180.
  6. ↑ Khasan Nisari. Muzahir al-Ahbab
  7. ↑ László Karoly (14 November 2014). A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. BRILL. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-90-04-28498-2.
  8. ↑ Orvostörténeti Közlemények: Communicationes de historia artis medicinae. Könyvtár. 2006. p. 52.
  9. ↑ Nil Sarı; International Society of the History of Medicine (2005). Otuz Sekizinci Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1-6 Eylül 2002. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 845.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.