Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat


Kraton of Yogyakarta
Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀
Pagelaran hall of Kraton of Yogyakarta
Location in Yogyakarta
Alternative names Kraton Jogja
General information
Type Royal Palace
Architectural style Javanese Architecture
Location Jl. Rotowijayan 1 55133, Yogyakarta
Country  Indonesia
Coordinates 7°48′20″S 110°21′51″E / 7.805689°S 110.36406°E / -7.805689; 110.36406
Current tenants Hamengkubuwono X
Construction started 1755
Completed 1756
Client
House of Hamengkubuwono
Owner Sultan of Yogyakarta
Technical details
Size 1,4 ha
Website
http://www.kratonjogja.id
One of the pavilions (bangsal)

The Kraton of Yogyakarta (Bahasa Indonesia: Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Javanese:ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀) is a palace complex located in the city of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. It is the official seat of the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta and his family. It also serves as a center of Javanese culture, and contains a museum displaying artefacts of princely provenance.

It is guarded by the Yogyakarta Kraton Guards (Indonesian: Prajurit Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat).

History

The palace complex was constructed between 1755 and 1756 (Javanese year: 1682) for Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta.[1] It was one of the monarch's first acts following the signing of the Treaty of Giyanti, which recognized the creation of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under the suzerainty of the Dutch East India Company.[1] A banyan forest, protected from flooding by its location between two rivers, was chosen as the site for the new palace.[1]

On 20 June 1812, Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to attack the walled royal city of Yogyakarta. The Javanese, although outnumbering the invader, weren't prepared for the attack and were taken back by the event. In one day the city of Yogyakarta fell and the royal palace was sacked and burned. The total loot from the palace valued £15,000 in gold, jewels and hard currency (which values £500,000 today). The event was the first time an attack has been carried out into a court in Java and as a result the sultanate was completely subjugated to colonial authority.[2]

Most of the palace's current form was built by Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII who reigned from 1921 to 1939. It suffered from an earthquake in 1876 and 2006, and was subsequently rebuilt after the devastation.[3]

Architecture

The chief architect of this palace is Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, the founder of Yogyakarta Sultanate. His expertise in architecture was appreciated by the Dutch scientist Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud and Lucien Adam who regarded him as the "architect" of the brother of Pakubuwono II Surakarta Sunanate.[4] The basic building and basic design of the palace layout following the basic design of the old city landscape of Yogyakarta[5] was completed between 1755 -1756. Another building was later added by the later Sultan of Yogyakarta. The present form of the palace is largely the result of restoration by Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII (reigned 1921-1939).

Javanese Architecture

The floral pattern usually found in the temple relief becomes the inspiration for Javanese architecture. Above is the example on the Kraton's ceiling.

In general, each major complex consists of a courtyard covered with sand from the south coast, the main building and companion, and sometimes planted with certain trees. The first complex with the other separated by a wall that is high enough and associated with regol,[6] which is usually style of Semar Tinandu.[7] The palace door is made of thick teak wood. Behind or in front of each gate there is usually an insulating wall called Renteng or Baturono. In certain regol of this insulation, there is a distinctive traditional Javanese ornament.

Main bangsal

The buildings of Kraton Yogyakarta look a more traditional Javanese architectural style, the traditional Javanese architecture usually has a construction of existing wooden buildings in the temple relief, which of course, was the building used by the community in the classical period. Some ornaments with flora, fauna, or nature motifs are often found in this architectural work. In some parts, a visible touch of foreign cultures such as Portuguese, Dutch, even Chinese can be seen. Buildings in each complex are usually shaped / constructed Joglo or derivation / derivative construction. Joglo is open without walls called Bangsal, while joglo is covered with a wall called Gedhong (gedung). In addition, there is a building in the form of a canopy of bamboo and has poles called Tratag. The development of this building is roofed with zinc and iron.

Every main poles must be made of wood and has Javanese architectural style

The surface of the joglo roof is trapezoidal. The material is made of shingle, tile, or zinc and is usually red or gray. The roof is supported by the main pillar which is called soko guru, located in the middle of the building, as well as other poles. Building poles are usually dark green or black with yellow ornaments, light green, red, and gold or others. Other building parts made of wood have a color matching with the color on the pole. In certain buildings (eg Manguntur Tangkil) have Mirong Princess ornaments, a stylisation of Allah's calligraphy, Muhammad's calligraphy, and Alif Lam Mim Ra, in the center of the pole.

For the stone pedestal, Ompak, the black color is combined with gold ornaments. The white color dominates the walls of the building as well as the complex separating walls. The floors are usually made of white marble or from patterned tiles. The floor is made higher than the sandy courtyard. Certain buildings have a higher main floor.[8] Other buildings are equipped with a square stone called Selo Gilang, to place the throne of the Sultan.

Each building has a class depending on its function including its proximity to the user's position. The main class for example, is the building used by the Sultan in the capacity of his position, has more ornament detail that is more complicated and beautiful than the class below. The lower class of the building has simple ornaments or even do not have at all. In addition to the ornaments, the building class can also be seen from the material as well as the shape of the part or the whole of the building itself.[9]

Philosophy

Gilig Golong Monument, popularly known as Tugu Yogyakarta.
Donopratono gate and the 2 Dwarapala guardian statue.

Kraton means the place where the Ratu (in English: Queen, in Javanese also means: King) resides. The word Keraton (Keraton is living quarter of the royal family in the palace) (shortened form of ratu/Ka-ratuan) derived from the word Ratu, which in Malay means king. The palace was built according to Javanese Philosophy and is shrouded by mysticism. The spatial arrangement of the palace, including the cityscape of the old city of Yogyakarta, including its architecture, direction of buildings, and objects all belongs to the mythological value and belief system of the Javanese. The main street of the old city forms a straight line from Tugu Yogyakarta, Kraton, Mount Merapi to Krapyak Hunting House. The layout mean "the origin of human beings and their last purposes" (Javanese: sangkan paraning dumadi).[1]

The road from Krapyak Hunting House to the palace symbolizes the first creation of men stage to adulthood. The villages surrounding Krapyak Hunting House are named mijen from the word wiji (seed). Along the way, Tamarind and Spanish cherry trees are planted to represent the journey from childhood to adulthood. It then goes to Tugu Yogyakarta and finally ends at the palace, meaning the end of human life and meeting the creator. And finally the seven gates of Gladhag to Donopratopo means the seven step to heaven.[1]

Tugu Yogyakarta (Gilig golong monument) located on the north side of the old city is a symbol of "unification between the king (golong) and the people (gilig)" (Javanese: manunggaling kawulo gusti). It also symbolizes the final unity of the creator (Khalik) and his subjects. Gate Donopratoro (Gate to Kedaton quarter) means "a good person is someone who is generous and knows how to control his lust" and the two Dwarapala statues, named Balabuta and Cinkarabala, each represent good and evil. The palace's magical artifacts are believed to have the power to repulse evil intention.[1]

Cultural Performances

Gamelan performance

Yogyakarta Palace holds cultural performances everyday:

  • Gamelan - held every Monday-Tuesday at 10 AM.
  • Golek Menak puppet performance - held every Wednesday at 10 AM.
  • Dance Performance - Thursdays at 10 AM.
  • Macapat - Fridays at 9 AM.
  • Wayang Performance - Saturdays at 9:30 AM.
  • Wayang Orang and dance performances - Sundays at 9:30 AM.

The Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat was served as the second pit stop in The Amazing Race 19.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 OBYEK PENELITIAN, http://elib.unikom.ac.id/
  2. ↑ When Raffles ran Java, Tim Hanningan, historytoday.com
  3. ↑ Kraton, yogyes.com
  4. ↑ Tulisan awal
  5. ↑ Kota ini memiliki batas utara Tugu Yogyakarta, timur Sungai Code, selatan Panggung Krapyak, dan barat Sungai Winongo.
  6. ↑ In the Javanese, Regol can be interpreted as a large door / gate
  7. ↑ Semar Tinandu is a gate that has a trapezoidal roof, like a joglo.
  8. ↑ eg Bangsal Witono and Bangsal Kencono
  9. ↑ In this section the book Chamamah Soeratno et. al. used in most posts. The description is derived from text as well as from the existing photographs. It also used the book Murdani Hadiatmadja

Further reading

  • Brongtodiningrat, K. P. H. (1975), The Royal Palace (Karaton) of Yogyakarta: Its Architecture and Its Meaning, Yogyakarta: Karaton Museum Yogyakarta, OCLC 12847099.
  • Dwiyanto, Djoko (2009), Kraton Yogyakarta: Sejarah, Nasionalisme & Teladan Perjuangan (in Indonesian), Yogyakarta: Paradigma Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-17834-0-8.

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Coordinates: 7°48′20″S 110°21′51″E / 7.805689°S 110.36406°E / -7.805689; 110.36406

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