Irma Grese

Irma Grese
Irma Grese in August 1945, while awaiting trial
Nickname(s) The Beautiful Beast
Die Hyäne von Auschwitz
("The Hyena of Auschwitz")
Born 7 October 1923
Wrechen, Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany
Died 13 December 1945(1945-12-13) (aged 22)
Hamelin, Germany
Allegiance  Nazi Germany
Service/branch Schutzstaffel
Years of service 1942–1945
Rank SS-Helferin
Unit

Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female SS guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen.[1]

Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the "Hyena of Auschwitz" (German: die Hyäne von Auschwitz).[2][3][4][5]

Early life and family

Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born to Berta Grese and Alfred Grese, a dairy worker, on 7 October 1923. Irma was the third of five children (three girls and two boys).[6] In 1936, her mother committed suicide by drinking hydrochloric acid after discovering that Alfred had had an affair with a local pub owner's daughter.[7]

Historian Peter Vronsky speculated that Alfred Grese joined the Nazi Party in 1937[8][9] and remarried in 1939.[7]

Irma's sister, Helene Grese, noted at Irma's trial that in primary school, when "girls were quarreling and fighting, [Irma] never had the courage to fight, but… ran away."[10]

She left school in 1938 at age 15, probably due to a combination of a poor scholastic aptitude, bullying by classmates, and a fanatical preoccupation with the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel), the Nazi female youth organization, of which her father disapproved. Among other casual jobs, she worked as an assistant nurse in the sanatorium of the SS for two years and unsuccessfully tried to find an apprenticeship as a nurse.

Concentration camp guard

By the time she was a teen, Irma devoted herself to the Nazi cause and trained to become a nurse, but after a series of failures, she became obsessed with the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls.[11]

By the time she was eighteen, she had moved to the SS Female Helpers’ training base, which was located near Ravensbrück, the all-female concentration camp.[10] After her training, which stressed "the feminine ideal of nurturance", she volunteered to work at Ravensbrück.

She was soon promoted to a guard position at Auschwitz-Birkenau. From mid-1942 she was an Aufseherin (guard) at Ravensbrück, and in March 1943 she transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In the second half of 1944 she was promoted to Rapportführerin, the second-highest rank open to female KZ-wardens.

Soon after gaining power, she developed a reputation as a sadist. She was considered to be a nymphomaniac who slept with SS guards as well as prisoners—the latter, forcibly. She bribed young Jewish girls to stand watch for her as she raped other inmates, and, according to inmate and doctor Gisella Perl, Grese "relished whipping well-developed young women on the breasts… Grese would eventually become sexually aroused just watching the women suffering."[11]

Author Wendy Adele-Marie Sarti wrote in her book Women and Nazis that she beat prisoners until their faces were completely raw, kicked them with her hobnailed jackboots until blood flowed, used her dog on the prisoners, forced men and women to hold rocks above their heads and kneel for hours at a time, and had a "whip which [she] used consistently whenever necessary."[11]

Grese participated in prisoner selections for the gas chambers at Auschwitz.[12]:219 Prisoner Olga Lengyel wrote in her memoir Five Chimneys that selections in the women's camp were made by SS Aufseherin Elisabeth Hasse and Irma Grese (spelled Griese in Lengyel's account). The latter was visibly pleased by the terror her presence inspired in the women at roll call. Grese had a penchant for selecting not only the sick and the weak but any woman who had retained vestiges of her former beauty. Lengyel said Grese had several lovers among the SS in the camp, including Josef Mengele. After Grese forced the inmate surgeon at the infirmary into performing her illegal abortion, she disclosed that she planned a career in film acting after the war. Lengyel felt that Grese’s meticulous grooming, custom-fitted clothes and overuse of perfume were part of a deliberate act of sadism directed toward the ragged women prisoners.[13]

In early 1945, Grese accompanied a prisoner evacuation transport from Auschwitz to Ravensbrück. In March 1945, she went to Bergen-Belsen along with a large number of prisoners from Ravensbrück.[12]:219 Grese was captured by the British Army on 17 April 1945, together with other SS personnel who did not flee.[14]

War crimes trial

Irma Grese and Josef Kramer in prison in Celle in August 1945

Grese was among the 45 people accused of war crimes at the Belsen Trial. She was tried over the first period of the trials (17 September – 17 November 1945) and was represented by Major L. Cranfield. The trials were conducted under British military law in Lüneburg, based on charges derived from the Geneva Convention of 1929 regarding the treatment of prisoners. The accusations against her centered on her ill-treatment and murder of those imprisoned at the camps.[6]

Survivors provided detailed testimony of murders, tortures, and other cruelties, especially towards women, in which Grese engaged during her years at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. They testified to acts of sadism, beatings, and arbitrary shootings of prisoners, savaging of prisoners by her trained and allegedly half-starved dogs, and her selecting prisoners for the gas chambers. Grese was reported to have habitually worn heavy boots and carried a whip and a pistol. Witnesses testified that she took pleasure in using physical and psychological methods to torture camp inmates and enjoyed shooting prisoners in cold blood. They also claimed that she beat some women to death and flogged others using a plaited whip.[6]

Under direct examination, Irma Grese testified about her background,

I was born on 7 October 1923. In 1938 I left the elementary school and worked for six months on agricultural jobs at a farm, after which I worked in a shop in Lychen for six months. When I was 15 I went to a hospital in Hohenlychen, where I stayed for two years. I tried to become a nurse but the Labor Exchange would not allow that and sent me to work in a dairy in Fürstenberg. In July 1942, I tried again to become a nurse, but the Labour Exchange sent me to Ravensbrück Concentration Camp, although I protested against it. I stayed there until March 1943, when I went to Birkenau Camp in Auschwitz. I remained in Auschwitz until January 1945.[6]

During the trial the press labelled Grese as "the Beautiful Beast" alongside Kommandant Josef Kramer ("the Beast of Belsen"). After a nine-week trial, Grese was sentenced to death by hanging.[15] Although the charges against some of the other female wardens (a total of 16 were charged) were as serious as those against Grese, she was one of only three female guards to be sentenced to death.[12]:219

Execution

Grese and two other concentration camp workers, Johanna Bormann and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were convicted along with eight men for crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen and sentenced to death. As the verdicts were read, Grese was the only prisoner to remain defiant.[16] Her subsequent appeal was rejected.

According to Wendy Adele-Marie Sarti, the night before her execution, Grese sang Nazi songs until the early hours of the morning with Johanna Bormann.[17] On Thursday, 13 December 1945, in Hamelin prison, Grese was led to the gallows. The women were executed singly by long-drop hanging and then the men in pairs.[18] Regimental Sergeant Major Richard Anthony O'Neill assisted the British executioner, Albert Pierrepoint:

We climbed the stairs to the cells where the condemned were waiting. A German officer at the door leading to the corridor flung open the door and we filed past the row of faces and into the execution chamber. The officers stood at attention. Brigadier Paton-Walsh stood with his wristwatch raised. He gave me the signal, and a sigh of released breath was audible in the chamber, I walked into the corridor. 'Irma Grese', I called. The German guards quickly closed all grilles on twelve of the inspection holes and opened one door. Irma Grese stepped out. The cell was far too small for me to go inside, and I had to pinion her in the corridor. 'Follow me,' I said in English, and O'Neil [sic] repeated the order in German. At 9.34 a.m. she walked into the execution chamber, gazed for a moment at the officials standing round it, then walked on to the centre of the trap, where I had made a chalk mark. She stood on this mark very firmly, and as I placed the white cap over her head she said in her languid voice, 'Schnell'. [English translation: 'Quickly'].[19] The drop crashed down, and the doctor followed me into the pit and pronounced her dead. After twenty minutes the body was taken down and placed in a coffin ready for burial.[20]

Dramatizations

Grese has been portrayed as a minor character in two films: Pierrepoint (2005), which portrays her execution following the Belsen war crimes trial; and Out of the Ashes (2003). Both films feature additional female guards in much smaller roles. Grese was briefly portrayed in a nonspeaking reenactment in Auschwitz: The Nazis and the 'Final Solution' (2005).

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Times; The Belsen trial; 18 September 1945; pg. 6
  2. ↑ Magda Hollander-Lafon (2013). Vier Stückchen Brot: Ein Hymne an das Leben. Verlag. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-3641127091. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Barbara Möller (30 August 2014). "Die Hyäne von Auschwitz". Sie waren Mörderinnen aus Gelegenheit. DIE WELT. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  4. ↑ Sonja Peteranderl (2014). "Der Mann, der Rudolf Höß jagte". KZ-Aufseherin Irma Grese. Die "Hyäne von Auschwitz". Spiegel Online, Hamburg, Germany. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  5. ↑ Pierre Heumann (2013). "Hitlers Furien". Grese, die «Hyäne von Auschwitz». Die Weltwoche Magazin. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Excerpts from The Belsen Trial (5/5)". Nizkor.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  7. 1 2 First Belsen Trial Oberaufseherin Irma Ilse Ida Grese, bergenbelsen.co.uk; accessed 8 April 2018.
  8. ↑ Vronsky, Peter (2007). Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters. Penguin. ISBN 9781101205693.
  9. ↑ "Biographie de Irma Grese Gardienne SS à Auschwitz" [Biography of Irma Grese, Guardian SS at Auschwitz]. BlogBoyerHistory.Bloguez.com. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  10. 1 2 Kater, Michael H. Hitler Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006, pg. 70.
  11. 1 2 3 Sarti, Wendy Adele-Marie. Women and Nazis. Bethesda: Academica Press, 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010). Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940–1945, Concentration Camp 1943–1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945–1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition. Wallstein. ISBN 978-3-8353-0794-0.
  13. ↑ Lengyel, Olga (1995). Five Chimneys. Academy Chicago. ISBN 978-0-89733-376-4.
  14. ↑ Celinscak, Mark (2015). Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442615700.
  15. ↑ Belsen Beast, Irma Grese hanged with nine other horror camp aides, UPI, 14 December 1945
  16. ↑ "Verdicts in the Belsen Trial", The Times, 17 November 1945, pg. 4.
  17. ↑ Sarti, Wendy Adele-Marie (2012), Women and Nazis, Bethesda: Academica Press, ISBN 978-1936320127
  18. ↑ The Times; Belsen Gang Hanged; 15 December 1945.
  19. ↑ "Nazi She-Devils". Mirror. 21 November 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  20. ↑ Pierrepoint, Albert (1974). Executioner. Harrap. ISBN 978-0-245-52070-9.
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